sociology test 2

Plessy v. Ferguson

"separate but equal" doctrine supreme court upheld the constitutionally of jim crow laws

a minority group is distinguished by five characteristics

(1) unequal treatment and less power over their lives (2) distinguishing physical or cultural traits like skin color or language (3) involuntary membership in the group (4) awareness of subordination (5) high rate of in-group marriage

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate. this act was a result of anti-Chinese sentiment burgeoned by a depressed economy and loss of jobs. White workers blamed Chinese migrants for taking jobs, and the passage of the Act meant the number of Chinese workers decreased. Chinese men did not have the funds to return to China or to bring their families to the United States, so they remained physically and culturally segregated in the Chinatowns of large cities.

Arab Americans

- Arab Americans represent all religious practices, despite the stereotype that all Arabic people practice Islam -The 2010 Census, as in previous years, did not offer an "Arab" box to check under the question of race. - Individuals who want to be counted as Arabs had to check the box for "Some other race" and then write in their race. - when the Census data is tallied, they will be marked as white -the Arabic population in the United States grew from 850,000 in 1990 to 1.2 million in 2000, an increase of .07 percent

Asian Americans

- Asian Americans represent a great diversity of cultures and backgrounds.

How and why did native Americans go to USA

- Dates of the migration are debated with estimates ranging from between 45,000 and 12,000 BCE. - It is thought that early Indians migrated to this new land in search of big game to hunt, which they found in huge herds of grazing herbivores in the Americas.

The National Urban League's 2011

- Equality Index reports that blacks' overall equality level with whites has dropped in the past year, from 71.5 percent to 71.1 percent in 2010 - The Index, which has been published since 2005, notes a growing trend of increased inequality with whites, especially in the areas of unemployment, insurance coverage, and incarceration.

German Americans

- Many German immigrants of this period were political refugees: liberals who wanted to escape from an oppressive government. They were well-off enough to make their way inland, and they formed heavily German enclaves in the Midwest that exist to this day.

Hispanic Americans

- Of the total Hispanic group, 60 percent reported as Mexican, 44 percent reported as Cuban, and 9 percent reported as Puerto Rican. - The 2010 U.S. Census states that "Hispanic" or "Latino" refers to a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race."

Chinese Immigration

- The first Asian immigrants to come to the United States in the mid-nineteenth century were Chinese - Their main destination was the American West, where the Gold Rush was drawing people with its lure of abundant money.

why the came? White Ethnic Americans

- White ethnic Europeans formed the second and third great waves of immigration, from the early nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth century. - The first major influx of European immigrants came from Germany and Ireland, starting in the 1820s. - Germans came both for economic opportunity and to escape political unrest and military conscription, especially after the Revolutions of 1848. -

stage one of demographic transition theory

- birth, death, and infant mortality rates are all high, while life expectancy is short.' -

Mexican Americans

- form the largest Hispanic subgroup and also the oldest - Mexican migration to the United States started in the early 1900s in response to the need for cheap agricultural labor. - workers would stay for a few years and then go back to Mexico with more money than they could have made in their country of origin. The length of Mexico's shared border with the United States has made immigration easier than for many other immigrant groups

Malthusian theory

- three factors would control human population that exceeded the earth's carrying capacity, or how many people can live in a given area considering the amount of available resources. - Malthus identified these factors as war, famine, and disease

African Americans how and why they came here

-Many people with dark skin may have their more recent roots in Europe or the Caribbean -African Americans are the exemplar minority group in the United States whose ancestors did not come here by choice. - A Dutch sea captain brought the first Africans to the Virginia colony of Jamestown in 1619 and sold them as indentured servants. - The next 150 years saw the rise of U.S. slavery, with black Africans being kidnapped from their own lands and shipped to the New World on the trans-Atlantic journey known as the Middle Passage.

Why They Came Arab Americans

-The first Arab immigrants came to this country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries - They were predominantly Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian Christians, and they came to escape persecution and to make a better life.

Japanese Immigration

-began in the 1880s, on the heels of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. - Many Japanese immigrants came to Hawaii to participate in the sugar industry; others came to the mainland, especially to California. -the Japanese had a strong government that negotiated with the U.S. government to ensure the well- being of their immigrants. Japanese men were able to bring their wives and families to the United States, and were thus able to produce second- and third-generation Japanese Americans more quickly than their Chinese counterparts.

cornucopian theory

-scoffs at the idea of humans wiping themselves out; it asserts that human ingenuity can resolve any environmental or social issues that develop - As an example, it points to the issue of food supply. If we need more food, the theory contends, agricultural scientists will figure out how to grow it, as they have already been doing for centuries. After all, in this perspective, human ingenuity has been up to the task for thousands of years and there is no reason for that pattern not to continue

Preventive Checks (Malthus)

-which also control the population but by reducing fertility rates; preventive checks include birth control and celibacy.

what are the three reasons sociologists believe we are continuing to expand the population of our planet?

1) First, technological increases in food production have increased both the amount and quality of calories we can produce per person. 2) Second, human ingenuity has developed new medicine to curtail death from disease 3) third, the development and widespread use of contraception and other forms of family planning have decreased the speed at which our population increases.

Growth of Cities and the three prerequisites for the development of a city

1) good environment with fresh water and a favorable climate 2) advanced technology, which will produce a food surplus to support non-farmers 3)strong social organization to ensure social stability and a stable economy - first cities were developed somewhere in ancient Mesopotamia - Today, the primary influence on cities' growth is economic forces

how prejudice and discrimination can overlap

1)Unprejudiced non-discriminators are open-minded, tolerant, and accepting individuals 2) Unprejudiced discriminators might be those who unthinkingly practice sexism in their workplace by not considering females for certain positions that have traditionally been held by men. 3)Prejudiced nondiscriminators are those who hold racist beliefs but don't act on them, such as a racist store owner who serves minority customers. 4)Prejudiced discriminators include those who actively make disparaging remarks about others or who perpetuate hate crimes.

Trayvon Martin

17-year-old African American from Miami Gardens, Florida, who was fatally shot by George Zimmerman, a neighborhood watch volunteer - On the evening of February 26, 2012 - According to Zimmerman, Martin attacked him, and in the ensuing scuffle Martin was shot and killed - eorge Zimmerman, a white Hispanic male and the community's neighborhood watch program coordinator, noticed him

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

Arizona Senate Bill 1070

2010 legislative act in Arizona that allows for local and state law enforcement to use a lawful stop, detention, or arrest to try to determine whether the suspect is an illegal immigrant.

White Ethnic Americans

77.7 percent of U.S. adults currently identify themselves as white alone.

population pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

Expulsion

A subordinate group being forced, by a dominant group, to leave a certain area or country

Positive Checks (Malthus)

Anything but positive war, famine, and disease they increase mortality rates, thus keeping the population in check.

Stage 4 of Demographic Transition Theory

Birth and death rates are low, people are healthier and live longer, and society enters a phase of population stability. Overall population may even decline

Irish Immigrants

Came to the U.S. because of the Irish Potato Famine. Many worked in factories in harsh conditions for little pay in 1845 - Irish immigrants settled mainly in the cities of the East Coast, where they were employed as laborers and where they faced significant discrimination.

Who is Thomas Malthus?

He was the English economist who introduced the concept of human population growth and the problem of too many people, too little space

Native Americans genocide

Historical accounts suggest that between 1824-1908, white settlers killed more than 10,000 native aborigines in Tasmania and Australia - European settlers coerced America Indians off their lands, often causing thousands of deaths in forced removals ] - forced them to give up their religious and cultural practices - the major cause of Native Americans death were the introduction of European diseases and Indians lack of immunity to them

Cablinasian

How does Tiger Woods describe his own racial identity? -term he coined to combine several of his ethnic backgrounds

wet foot dry foot policy

If Cubans fleeing to the United States are found in the water, they are sent back to Cuba; if they are found on land, they are allowed to stay here

Loving v. Virginia (1967)

It wasn't until 1967's Loving v. Virginia that the last antimiscegenation law was struck from the books, making these laws unconstitutional.

Apartheid

Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separated different races into different geographic areas. -Under apartheid, black South Africans were stripped of their civil rights and forcibly relocated to areas that segregated them physically from their white compatriots. Only after decades of degradation, violent uprisings, and international advocacy was apartheid finally abolished.

Stage 2 of Demographic Transition Theory

Rapid growth because death rate drops, but birth rate remains high

Redlinng

Redlining is the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and businesses located in predominately minority communities, while sedimentation of racial inequality describes the intergenerational impact of both practical and legalized racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth.

de facto segregation

Segregation that occurs without laws but because of other factors - cannot be abolished by any courts mandate - differs racial or ethic groups often segregates by neighborhood, borough, or parish

minority groups

Sociologist Louis Wirth (1945) defined " any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination."

asylum-seekers

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee -whose claim to refugee status has not been validated

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

How many Native Americans are the in the us?

The only nonimmigrant ethnic group in the United States, Native Americans once numbered in the millions but by 2010 made up only 0.9 percent of U.S. populace; see above Currently, about 2.9 million people identify themselves as Native American alone, while an additional 2.3 million identify them as Native American mixed with another ethnic group

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This Act, which is still followed today, banned discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Some sociologists, however, would argue that institutionalized racism persists.

Concentric Zone Model

This model views a city as a series of concentric circular areas, expanding outward from the center of the city, with various "zones" invading adjacent zones (as new categories of people and businesses overrun the edges of nearby zones) and succeeding (then after invasion, the new inhabitants repurpose the areas they have invaded and push out the previous inhabitants).

Michael Brown

Was shot in an event that occurred on August 9, 2014, in Ferguson, Missouri, a northern suburb of St. Louis. He was an 18-year-old black man, was a suspect in a "strong-arm" robbery of a convenience store. He was fatally shot by Darren Wilson, a 28-year-old white police officer. - shot 6 times

"Final solution"

Was the eradication of European Jewry, as weak as the decimation of other minority groups such as Catholics, people with disabilities, and homosexuals. - responsible for 12 million death where 6 million were Jewish

Internment Camps

Where Japanese Americans were placed after Pearl Harbor attack Japanese residents and Japanese u.s citizens many of them children, were held in these camps for up to four years, despite the fact there was never any evidence of collusion or espionage.

Miscegenation

a demeaning historical term for interracial marriage

Paul Ehrlich

an alarmist- getting people upset with many things - according to Ehrlich, it is the environment, not specifically the food supply, that will play a crucial role in the continued health of planet's population

Suburbs

are the communities surrounding cities, typically close enough for a daily commute in, but far enough away to allow for more space than city living affords.

Stage 3 of Demographic Transition Theory

birthrates decline, while life expectancy continues to increase. Death rates continue to decrease.

population composition

changing fertility, mortality and migration rates make of the total. Can also be measured for societies, nations, world region, or other groups.

Exurbs

communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status "even wealthier families who want more space and have the resources to lengthen their commute"

Zone B

concentric circle surrounding the city center, is composed of formerly wealthy homes split into cheap apartments for new immigrant populations; this zone also houses small manufacturers, pawn shops, and other marginal businesses.

Zone C

consists of the homes of the working class and established ethnic enclaves

Zone e

contains the estates of the upper class (in the exurbs) and the suburbs.

Assimilation

describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture.

Banlieus

extreme poverty and unemployment in urban areas

Indian Removal Act of 1930

forced the relocation of any native tribes east of the Mississippi River to lands west of the river.

Zone D

holds wealthy homes, white-collar workers, and shopping centers.

megalopolis

huge urban corridor encompassing multiple cities and their surrounding suburbs. These metropolises use vast quantities of natural resources and are a growing part of the U.S. landscape.

Apartheid in South Africa

in South Africa, in which a numerical majority (the black inhabitants of the country) were exploited and oppressed by the white minority

Green Revolution

in the 1960s saw chemists and world aid organizations working together to bring modern farming methods, complete with pesticides, to developing countries. The immediate result was positive: food yields went up and burgeoning populations were fed. But as time has gone on, these areas have fallen into even more difficult straits as the damage done by modern methods leave traditional farmers with less than they had to start.

Zone A

in the heart of the city, is the center of the business and cultural district

Colorism

in which someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

in which the number of people entering a population through birth or immigration is equal to the number of people leaving it via death or emigration.

refugee

individual who has been forced to leave his or her country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

Islamophobia

irrational fear of or hatred against Muslims

internally displaced person,

is neither a refugee nor an asylum-seeker. Displaced persons have fled their homes while remaining inside their country's borders.

Italian Immigrants

mainly from the Southern part of the country, began arriving in large numbers in the 1890s. -were peasants forced into a hardscrabble existence in their native lands; political unrest, land shortages, and crop failures drove them to seek better opportunities in the United States.

fertitlity rate

measure noting the number of children born - The fertility number is generally lower than the fecundity number, which measures the potential number of children that could be born to women of childbearing age.

mortality rate

measure of the number of people who die - The crude death rate is a number derived from the number of deaths per 1,000 people per year. - When analyzed together, fertility and mortality rates help researchers understand the overall growth occurring in a population.

Little Italy

neighborhoods—originally segregated slums where Italians congregated in the nineteenth century—exist today. While tourists flock to the saints' festivals in Little Italies, most Italian Americans have moved to the suburbs at the same rate as other white group one of the oldest immigrant neighborhooods in New York City of italian immigrants

Gentrification

occurs when members of the middle and upper classes enter and renovate city areas that have been historically less affluent while the poor urban underclass are forced by resulting price pressures to leave those neighborhoods for increasingly decaying portions of the city.

Stereotypes

oversimplified generalizations about groups of people - can be based on race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation—almost any characteristic - They may be positive (usually about one's own group, such as when women suggest they are less likely to complain about physical pain) - are often negative (usually toward other groups, such as when members of a dominant racial group suggest that a subordinate racial group is stupid or lazy)

Creoles of color

people of mixed black and white ancestry. until the late nineteenth century, they enjoyed more freedom and were better educated than the general black population. Musicians from this group generally had classical training and could read musical scores. - people of mixed black and white ancestry who under french and spanish rule enjoyed more freedom than the general black population

Amalgamation

process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group. - Amalgamation creates the classic "melting pot" analogy; unlike the "salad bowl," in which each culture retains its individuality, the "melting pot" ideal sees the combination of cultures that results in a new culture entirely.

Driving While Brown

refers to the likelihood of getting pulled over just for being nonwhite.

Pluralism

represented by the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl": a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole - creating a multicultural environment of acceptance

Cuban Americans

second-largest Hispanic subgroup - The main wave of Cuban immigration to the United States started after Fidel Castro came to power in 1959 and reached its crest with the Mariel boatlift in 1980. - To avoid having their assets seized by the government, many wealthy and educated Cubans migrated north, generally to the Miami area.

De jury segregation

segregation by law - many former confederate states passes Jim Crow laws that required segregated facilities for blacks and whites

model minority

stereotype is applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment

demographic transition theory

suggests that future population growth will develop along a predictable four-stage model.

Bracero Program

that offered protection to Mexican guest workers - that allowed millions of Mexican men to come to the United States to work on, short-term, primarily agricultural labor contracts. From 1942 to 1964, 4.6 million contracts were signed, with many individuals returning several times on different contracts, making it the largest U.S. contract labor program.

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation. Example: Hitler's attempt to exterminate the Jewish people in the first part of the twentieth century

racial profiling

the use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone Police targeting of racial minorities as potential suspects of criminal activities.

Environmental racism

the way in which minority group neighborhoods (populated primarily by people of color and members of low socioeconomic groups) are burdened with a disproportionate number of hazards, including toxic waste facilities, garbage dumps, and other sources of environmental pollution and foul odors that lower the quality of life.

institutional racism

the way in which racism is embedded in the fabric of society - or example, the disproportionate number of black men arrested, charged, and convicted of crimes may reflect racial profiling, a form of institutional racism.

intersection theory

which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes. Feminist sociologist Patricia Hill Collins (1990) developed

sustainable development

will be to achieve development that occurs without depleting or damaging the natural environment

white flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs (This occurred throughout the twentieth century, due to causes as diverse as the legal end of racial segregation established by Brown v. Board of Education to the Mariel boatlift of Cubans fleeing Cuba's Mariel port for Miami)