sociology test chp. 4
51. __________ occurs when the expectations associated with a role are unclear. a. Role expectation b. Role relationality c. Role ambiguity d. Role alienation
c
106. All jobs place some burden on our feelings; however, the term emotional labor refers only to jobs that___________________________. a. involve working with children and the elderly b. require personal contact with the public or promote a particular state of mind c. are in the social work or mental health professions d. engage an audience in entertainment
b
60. __________ occurs when people disengage from social roles that have been central to their self-identity. a. Status rejection b. Role ambiguity c. Role exit d. Role rejection
c
77. From the __________ perspective, social institutions are not organized for the common good of everyone. a. postmodern b. functionalist c. conflict d. symbolic interactionist
c
85. Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values. a. gemeinschaft b. verstehen c. gesellschaft d. bourgeoise
c
90. Which of these is not true about postindustrial society? a. there has been an information explosion b. most people work in service or information-related occupations c. mechanized production of goods within the society d. knowledge becomes a commodity
c
110. Which of these statements about personal space is false? a. Physical space is an important component of communication. b. The amount of space that one prefers varies from one culture to another. c. Age, gender, and type of relationship are factors affecting the norms for personal space. d. Space is less important than other forms of communication, and violations of personal space are easily ignored.
d
52. It is not always clear when the provider-dependent aspect of the parent-child relationship ends. Should it end at age 18 or 21? When a person is no longer in school? This is an example of __________. a. role expectation b. role performance c. role alienation d. role ambiguity
d
18. Impression management is equally important, regardless of the nature of the social interaction and the status of the participants. a. True b. False
false
33. The sociological term for any physical or social attribute or sign that devalues a person's social identity and disqualifies that person from full social acceptance is __________. a. deviance b. stigma c. anomie d. alienation
b
34. A __________ is a socially defined position in a group or society characterized by certain expectations, rights, and duties, and it exists independently of the specific people occupying the position. a. role b. label c. status d. class
c
35. Teacher, student, professional athlete, rock musician, and homeless person are all examples of __________. a. roles b. labels c. statuses d. classes
c
82. The concept of __________ refers to the social cohesion found in industrial societies, in which people perform very specialized tasks and feel united by their mutual dependence. a. organic solidarity b. mechanical solidarity c. collective solidarity d. specialized solidarity
a
21. The sociological term for the process by which people act toward and respond to other people, and which is considered the foundation for all relationships and groups in society, is __________. a. response patterns b. social interaction c. symbolic interactionism d. structural functionalism
b
49. For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role. a. role expectation b. symbolic performance c. role performance d. status expectation
c
78. Sociologists Emile Durkheim and Ferdinand Tӧnnies both________________________. a. were interested in the economic system of a society b. were both more concerned with change than with stability c. developed typologies to explain change in the social structure of societies d. analyzed interpersonal interaction
c
2. Social structure creates stability and order in a society, but also creates boundaries and establishes unequal relations between groups of people. a. True b. False
true
24. Which of these is not considered one of the five traditional social institutions? a. family b. education c. military d. economy
c
26. The mass media is an example of a(n) _______ institution. a. traditional b. evolving c. primary d. emergent
d
4. Achieved statuses have a significant influence on the ascribed statuses that we occupy. a. True b. False
false: Ascribed statuses are those over which we have little or no control; they are not achieved. In fact, our ascribed statuses exercise significant influence over the achieved statuses we occupy.
65. Sociologists define a(n) __________ as a larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time. a. informal group b. primary group c. secondary group d. institution
c
69. The sociological term for a set of social relationships that link one individual to others is __________. a. social solidarity b. social support c. social network d. social institution
c
28. Which of these statements about social structure is false? a. Social structure gives us the ability to interpret the social situations we encounter. b. A predictable social structure makes it easier to develop one's self-concept. c. Social structure creates stability within society. d. Social structure creates relationships that are generally equal.
d
53. When __________ occurs, we may feel pulled in different directions. We may prioritize our roles and first complete the one we consider to be most important. Or we may compartmentalize our lives and "insulate" our various roles. a. role ambiguity b. role strain c. role performance d. role conflict
d
57. Cameron is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, but at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Jack is experiencing _________. a. role conflict b. role incompatibility c. role reversal d. role strain
d
70. Which of these statements about social networks is false? a. Social networks include members of primary groups and secondary groups. b. Social networks link individuals to others. c. Social networks function differently for members of different categories of people. d. Social networks work equally well for people of all social classes.
d
83. Durkheim believed that people in industrial societies rely on one another in much the same way that the organs of the human body function interdependently. Social interaction is less personal, more status oriented, and more focused on specific goals and objectives. He referred to this condition as __________. a. mechanical solidarity b. specialized solidarity c. collective solidarity d. organic solidarity
d
32. Being homeless, having immigrant status, wearing a prison uniform, and having a visible physical disability are all examples of __________. a. stigmas b. social norms c. anomie d. role conflicts
a
39. A(n) __________ status is a social position a person assumes voluntarily as a result of personal choice, merit, or direct effort. a. achieved b. central c. ascribed d. universal
a
46. Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it," and pushing a shopping cart is an indicator that one is homeless. These are examples of __________. a. status symbols b. conspicuous consumption c. social capital d. cultural capital
a
79. As a theorist, Emile Durkheim was most interest in the question:____________________. a. What holds societies together? b. Who benefits from the structure of society? c. What meanings do various symbols have for different groups of people? d. What is the experience of women and others with lower status in society?
a
84. Ferdinand Tӧnnies used the term __________ for traditional society in which social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability. a. gemeinschaft b. verstehen c. gesellschaft d. bourgeoise
a
88. Which of these is not characteristic of industrialized society? a. relationships based primarily on ascribed status b. large populations living in or near cities c. mechanized production of virtually all possessions d. a person is defined largely by his or her occupation
a
91. Sociologist Erving Goffman's term __________ refers to the ways in which an individual shows awareness that another is present without making this person the object of particular attention. a. civil inattention b. selective attention c. passive rudeness d. reserved rejection
a
96. According to _____________, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. For example, when you are talking with someone, what expectations do you have that you and the person with whom you are speaking will take turns speaking? a. conflict theorists b. ethnomethodologists c. functionalists d. rational choice theorists
b
5. The same status symbol may convey different meaning depending upon the status of the person who has it. a. True b. False
true
1. The social structure is essential for a society, but is not an essential part of any particular individual's life. a. True b. False
false: The social structure is essential for the well-being of individuals as well as society. It provides for the web of familial and social relationships that connects the individual to the larger society.
58. __________ refers to the conscious fostering of the impression of a lack of commitment or attachment to a particular role. It is clear one merely goes through the motions of role performance. a. Role distancing b. Role conflict c. Role ambiguity d. Role strain
a
64. Which of these is the best example of a primary group? a. the people working together in the same department b. a sociology class c. a jury d. the people at a bus station
a
66. Schools, churches, and corporations are examples of __________ groups. a. secondary b. acting c. primary d. informal
a
73. The family, religion, education, the economy, the government (politics), mass media, sports, science and medicine, and the military are all examples of __________. a. social institutions b. working groups c. informal organizations d. social associations
a
86. Relationships within a gemeinschaft society are largely based on __________. a. achieved status b. ascribed status c. master status d. social status
b
102. Which of these would not be considered a form of face-saving behavior? a. attributing the success of others to luck b. finding excuses for one's poor performance c. studied nonobservance of the mistakes or flaws of another d. attributing one's own success to preferential treatment by others
d
10. Exiting a role is more difficult for some roles than for others. a. True b. False
true
103. Most students behave differently in the classroom than they do in their own room or with friends. For most students, the classroom would be considered __________. a. front stage b. back stage c. ethnomethodological d. dramaturgical
a
104. A football coach who always plays the "tough guy" role in the presence of the players on his team feels comfortable showing emotional frailties when he is at home. This illustrates what sociologist Erving Goffman called __________ behavior. a. back stage b. interior stage c. front stage d. exterior stage
a
108. Maintaining eye contact during conversation is_____________________________. a. more common for women than for men b. a means of intimidating another person c. not important to establishing trust d. a sign of insecurity
a
109. When it comes to touching,________________________________. a. there are few differences that are correlated with gender b. boys are touched more often than girls c. men and women tend to use touch differently d. women are more likely than men to use touch to assert personal power
a
101. Sociologist Erving Goffman noted that people consciously participate in __________, a face-saving technique in which one role player ignores the flaws in another's performance to avoid embarrassment for everyone involved. a. studied nonobservance b. the definition of the situation c. front stage behavior d. back stage behavior
a
93. Some symbolic interaction theorists believe that there is very little shared reality beyond that which is socially created. They refer to this as the __________, which is the process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we give to an experience. a. social construction of reality b. objectification of social reality c. subjective assessment of reality d. recertification analysis of reality
a
95. If a person is told repeatedly that she or he is not a good student, eventually this person might come to believe it to be true, stop studying, and receive failing grades. This scenario is an illustration of __________. a. a self-fulfilling prophecy b. civil inattention c. survival of the fittest d. false consciousness
a
38. Jorge is a male born to Mexican American parents; he was assigned these positions at birth. He is an adult and—if he lives long enough—will someday become an "older adult," later in life. All of these are considered __________ statuses. a. universal b. achieved c. central d. ascribed
d
47. A __________ is a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status. a. position b. character c. value d. role
d
9. In order for a person to perform a role satisfactorily, he or she must have a commitment or attachment to the role. a. True b. False
false: A person may use role distancing to perform a particular role while demonstrating that he or she lacks commitment or attachment to that role.
6. Role expectations tend to be very specific regardless of the type of status that they refer to. a. True b. False
false: Some statuses have highly specific expectations, such as those for surgeons or college professors; other statuses, such as friend or significant other, have less structured role expectations.
12. Many people spend a majority of their time within formal organizations. a. True b. False
true
14. Within industrial and postindustrial societies, a person's occupation is a key defining characteristic. a. True b. False
true
16. Social encounters and social interaction have different meaning for people based on their status and previous experience. a. True b. False
true
27. __________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society. a. Functionalist b. Conflict c. Symbolic interactionist d. Premodern
a
55. Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________. a. role conflict b. role strain c. status symbol d. role expectation
a
100. Erving Goffman coined the term ___________ for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potentially or actually embarrassing situation. a. studied nonobservance b. front and back stage behavior c. face-saving behavior d. social reconstruction
c
41. Jane defines herself first and foremost as a student. For Jane, being a student is considered her _________ status. a. ascribed b. valued c. conspicuous d. master
d
89. A(n) __________ is one in which technology supports a service- and information-based economy. a. industrial society b. agrarian society c. horticultural and pastoral society d. postindustrial society
d
71. A __________ is a highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals. a. secondary organization b. formal organization c. social institution d. social organization
b
80. According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by________________________. a. commonly held values and beliefs b. mutual dependence established through the division of labor c. the power of the elite to create social control d. networks of family and friends
b
81. Durkheim used the term __________ to refer to the social cohesion of preindustrial societies, in which there is minimal division of labor and people feel united by shared values and common social bonds. a. organic solidarity b. mechanical solidarity c. specialized solidarity d. collective solidarity
b
98. The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________. a. ethnomethodology b. dramaturgical analysis c. impression management d. presentational analysis
b
22. Which of these is not generally considered a component of the social structure? a. social institutions b. social institutions c. values and beliefs d. social roles
c
30. __________ theorists maintain that in capitalistic societies, where a few people control the labor of many, the social structure reflects a system of relationships of domination and subordination. a. Differential association b. Symbolic interactionist c. Conflict d. Functionalist
c
31. __________ refers to the state of being part insider and part outsider in the social structure, such as that of immigrants who simultaneously share the life and traditions of two distinct groups. a. Alienation b. Stigmatization c. Social marginality d. Anomie
c
37. A(n) __________ status is a social position conferred at birth or received involuntarily later in life, based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender. a. achieved b. central c. ascribed d. universal
c
40. Which of these is not an achieved status? a. teacher b. mother c. sister d. tennis coach
c
43. Regardless of a person's other characteristics, which of these is most likely to become a stigmatized master status? a. father b. coach c. homeless d. male
c
44. In regard to media stories about the problem of homelessness, __________ is the term for news stories that focus primarily on statistics about the homeless population and recent trends in homelessness. a. sociological framing b. semantic framing c. thematic framing d. episodic framing
c
54. Charles has a final exam in the evening at a time when he is supposed to be working. That same evening Stephanie (his girlfriend) wants him to take her to a movie. To top it off, his mother calls, asking him to fly home because his father is going to have emergency surgery. Sociologists would say that Charles is very likely experiencing __________. a. role performance b. role ambiguity c. role conflict d. role alienation
c
56. Marital inequality, conflict over parenting responsibilities, unclear expectations, and lack of emotional support may contribute to __________ for both men and women. a. role conflict b. status inconsistency c. role strain d. status frustration
c
59. A former business manager is between jobs and takes a job at a local retail store in order to make ends meet. In that position, she frequently talks about her previous work and her plans for the future. She doesn't want people to view her as a "clerk." Her behavior is an example of __________. a. role ambiguity b. role inconsistency c. role distancing d. role exiting
c
72. A __________ is a set of organized beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will attempt to meet its basic social needs. a. group b. social organization c. social institution d. working group
c
76. Conflict and functionalist theorists are in agreement that______________________. a. social institutions primarily serve the interests of the more powerful in a society b. social institutions work for the common good of all in society c. social institutions are originally organized to meet basic needs within society d. all societies fulfill their basic needs in essentially the same ways
c
97. Which of these questions best describes the interests of ethnomethodologists? a. Who benefits from the structure of social institutions? b. How does a society maintain order and stability? c. How do we know how to interact in a given situation? d. What is the economic structure of society?
c
61. Sociologist Helen Ebaugh concluded that role exit occurs in four stages, the first of which is __________, in which people experience frustration or burnout when they reflect on their existing roles. a. a search for alternatives b. the creation of a new identity c. the turning point d. doubt
d
67. Which of these is the best example of a secondary group? a. the people working together in the same department b. a group of best friends c. a parent and child d. a sociology class
d
99. __________, or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image. a. Presentational analysis b. Dramaturgical presentation c. Ethnomethodological introduction d. Impression management
d
20. The need for personal space appears to decrease as one ages. a. True b. False
false
13. According to both Durkheim and Tӧnnies, social solidarity is impossible within industrialized societies. a. True b. False
false: Durkheim believed that mutual interdependence created by a complex division of labor creates solidarity within industrialized societies. Tӧnnies also described gesellschaft as a society based on impersonal relationships and logical calculation.
11. Social networks function equally well for members of all social classes. a. True b. False
false: Social networks are weak and unstable for poor and homeless individuals. The exit from homelessness is most dependent on large secondary organizations.
3. The expectations attached to any particular status depend on the person who occupies it at that time. a. True b. False
false: Statuses exist independently of the people who occupy them, so the expectations for any particular status are the same, regardless of who occupies it at that time.
63. __________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups. a. Institutions b. Secondary groups c. Formal groups d. Primary groups
d
19. Even in adulthood, women are touched more frequently than men. a. True b. False
true
23. All of these statements about social structure are true, except______________________. a. it is not essential for individual well-being b. it is essential for the survival of society c. it provides a web of familial support and social relationships d. it connects individuals to the larger society
a
25. At the __________, the social structure of a society has several essential elements: social institutions, groups, statuses, roles, and norms. a. mesolevel b. macrolevel c. metalevel d. microlevel
b
29. Social structure consists of all of these, except __________. a. institutions b. values c. groups and organizations d. status and roles
b
62. Which of these is not part of the sociological definition of any group? a. consists of two or more people b. interactions are emotion-based c. people who interact frequently d. shares a feeling of interdependence
b
45. __________ may focus on the problems of one homeless family, describing how the parents and kids live in a car and eat meals from a soup kitchen. These stories do not necessarily describe the larger context of homelessness. a. Semantic framing b. Thematic framing c. Procedural framing d. Episodic framing
d
50. Which of these is the best illustration of the characterization of roles as relational? a. It is not clear at what age children should no longer be expected to depend upon their parents for economic support. b. In times of rapid social change, the roles for various positions become somewhat unclear. c. One's role performance may not fit the role expectations for any particular status. d. In order for a teacher to perform in that role, there must be at least one student.
d
15. Even today, a majority of homes in the United States lack access to the Internet. a. True b. False
false
8. Role conflict and role strain are essentially the same thing. a. True b. False
false: Role conflict refers to a situation in which the role expectations pertaining to two or more statuses are incompatible. Role strain occurs when incompatible demands stem from a single status a person occupies.
7. Role performance always matches role expectations. a. True b. False
false: Role performance does not always match role expectations. Role expectations are typically based on a range of acceptable behaviors rather than on strictly defined standards.
75. __________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. They emphasize that social institutions are most likely to meet the needs of those with the greatest amount of power in a society. a. Conflict b. Functionalist c. Symbolic interaction d. Postmodern
a
74. __________ emphasize the role of social institutions in accomplishing essential tasks for society. a. Conflict theorists b. Functionalists c. Symbolic interactionists d. Postmodernists
b
105. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of __________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed. a. emotional labors b. dramaturgical guidelines c. feeling rules d. socioemotional norms
c
107. Which of these statements about emotional labor and emotion management is false? a. In some occupations, employees are trained to show feelings that are not really their own. b. In any society, members must be socialized into what feelings to have and when they are appropriate. c. Race is a factor in determining the amount of emotional labor one expends. d. Middle- and upper-class parents do not teach emotional labor because it is not a requirement of most professions.
d
17. According to ethnomethodologists, interaction is based on assumptions of shared expectancies. a. True b. False
true
36. Amber is a first grade teacher, a daughter, a wife, a mother, a Presbyterian, a soccer coach, and a Kansas resident. Taken together, all of these socially defined positions constitute her __________. a. status grouping b. status set c. status category d. status diagram
b
42. One's occupation is an indicator of level of education and income and may also reflect family background. In the United States, occupation is an important determinant of social position. This makes occupation a likely __________ status. a. set b. master c. predetermined d. ascribed
b
48. The expectations for being a college student include attending class, completing assignments, and being involved in campus activities. These expectations are an example of a __________. a. status symbol b. role c. social status d. status conflict
b
68. __________, or cohesion, refers to a group's ability to maintain itself in the face of obstacles. It exists when social bonds, attractions, or other forces hold members of a group in interaction over a period of time. a. Social networking b. Social solidarity c. Cultural bonding d. Cultural diffusion
b
87. __________ are based on technology that mechanizes production. New technologies, such as cars, computers, electric lights, stereos, and cell phones, are products of these societies. a. Agrarian societies b. Industrial societies c. Horticultural and pastoral societies d. Hunting and gathering societies
b
92. People engage in civil inattention in an elevator, regardless of where the elevator is located. This illustrates that meanings shared across situations serve to regulate the form and process of interaction, but not the content. Microsociologists use the term __________ to refer to this. a. patterned interaction b. interaction order c. socially programmed interaction d. reasonable interaction expectation
b
94. We act on reality as we see it. Sociologists describe this process as the __________, meaning that we analyze a social context in which we find ourselves, determine what is in our best interest, and adjust our attitudes and actions accordingly. a. reality impression b. definition of the situation c. interactionist dialogue d. self-fulfilling prophecy
b