Sommer's Test 14-16

Treaty of Paris

(1898) treaty that ended the Spanish American war. Provided that Cuba be free from Spain. On December 10, 1898, the United States and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris, under which Cuba became independent. Also, the United States acquired Puerto Rico and Guam and paid Spain $20 million for the Philippines. After an intense debate, the Senate approved the treaty in February 1899. The United States had become an imperial power.

Annexing Samoa

* United States needed ports for its ships to refuel and resupply as they crossed the Pacific *Pago Pago, in the Samoan Islands, had one of the finest harbors in the South Pacific *1878 the United States negotiated permission to open a base there *An 1899 agreement divided Samoa between Germany and the United States

Panama Canal

*(TR) , The United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. *It cost $400,000,000 to build. *Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. *The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal. *Roosevelt believed that displaying U.S. power to the world would deter nations from fighting. He expressed this belief with a West African saying, "Speak softly and carry a big stick." *His "big stick" policy was evident in the U.S. acquisition and construction of the Panama Canal. *He and others believed that having a canal through Central America was vital to U.S. power in the world and would save time and money for commercial and military shipping. *In 1889, a French company abandoned its efforts to build a canal in Panama. *In 1902 Congress authorized the U.S. purchase of the French company's assets and the construction of a canal. *Panama was a province of Colombia at that time. *In 1903 the United States offered Colombia a large sum of money and yearly rent for the right to build the canal and to control a narrow strip of land on either side of it. *When Colombia refused, tension increased between Colombia and those Panamanians who opposed Colombian rule. *Worried that the United States might back out of its offer, the French company met with Panamanian officials and decided to make a deal with the United States *. In November 1903, with U.S. warships looming offshore, Panama revolted against Colombia. Within days, the United States recognized Panama's independence, and the two nations signed a treaty allowing the canal to be built, ensuring the canal stayed in Panama. *During the construction, malaria and yellow fever, transmitted by mosquitoes, sickened workers and slowed their progress. *By inspecting and controlling all potential breeding places, Surgeon General of the U.S. Army William Crawford Gorgas helped maintain a Canal Zone in which mosquitoes could not live. *His efforts minimized disease and allowed workers to continue the building of the canal.

Between June 22-24 of 1898

*17,000 U.S. troops had landed east of Santiago, Cuba. *The Spanish fleet, well protected by powerful shore-based guns, occupied Santiago Harbor *Americans wanted to capture those guns to drive the Spanish fleet out of the harbor and into battle with the American fleet waiting nearby. *The Rough Riders accompanied the army as it advanced. *Colonel Theodore Roosevelt was second in command.

Cuban Rebellion

*1868 Cuban rebels declared independence and launched a guerrilla war against Spanish authorities *the rebellion collapsed a decade later *Many Cuban rebels then fled to the United States, including their leader, José Martí. *By the early 1890s, the United States and Cuba had become closely linked economically *Cuba exported much of its sugar to the United States, and Americans had invested approximately $50 million in Cuba's sugar plantations, mines, and railroads *These economic ties created a crisis in 1894, when the United States imposed a new tariff on sugar that devastated Cuba's economy *With Cuba in financial distress, the Cuban rebels launched a new rebellion in February 1895 *Martí died during the fighting, but the rebels seized control of eastern Cuba, declared independence, and formally established the Republic of Cuba in September 1895.

The Platt Amendment

*Although the United States had promised to grant Cuba its independence, conditions were attached to the new Cuban constitution. *The Platt Amendment, submitted by Senator Orville Platt, specified the following: *(1) Cuba could not make any treaty with another nation that would weaken its independence; *(2) Cuba had to allow the United States to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba; *(3) Cuba's debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment; * (4) the United States would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order. *Reluctantly, the Cubans added the amendment to their constitution. *The Platt Amendment, which effectively made Cuba an American protectorate, remained in effect until its repeal in 1934.

July 1, 1898

*American troops attacked a village near Santiago and the San Juan Heights. *The Rough Riders and the all African American 9th and 10th Cavalry Regiments attacked and held Kettle Hill, then assisted in the capture of San Juan Hill.

Annexing Hawaii

*Americans found that sugarcane grew well in Hawaii * planters established sugar plantations there *1875 the United States signed a treaty exempting Hawaiian sugar from tariffs *This action was taken to aid Hawaii during an economic recession and prevent Hawaii from turning to Britain or France for help *When the treaty was up for renewal, the United States insisted Hawaii grant it exclusive rights to a naval base at Pearl Harbor. *1887 sugar planters forced Hawaii's king to accept a constitution limiting his power *The planters wanted Hawaii to become part of the United States *After ascending the throne in 1891, Queen Liliuokalani tried to reassert the Hawaiian monarchy's power, but the planters, supported by U.S. sailors, overthrew the monarchy in 1893 * United States annexed Hawaii in 1898.

Muckrakers

*Among the first people to articulate progressive ideas was a group of crusading journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption. *President Theodore Roosevelt nicknamed these writers "muckrakers" because of what he perceived as their obsession with scandal and corruption. *Widely circulated, cheap newspapers and magazines helped spread the muckrakers' ideas. *Muckrakers uncovered corruption in many areas. *Some, such as Ida Tarbell and Charles Edward Russell, concentrated on exposing the unfair practices of large corporations. *Other muckrakers targeted government and social problems. * Lincoln Steffens reported on vote stealing and other corrupt political practices of political machines. *Still other muckrakers concentrated on social problems. *In his influential book How the Other Half Lives (1890), Jacob Riis published photographs and descriptions of the poverty, disease, and crime that afflicted many immigrant neighborhoods in New York City *By raising awareness of these problems, the muckrakers stimulated calls for reform.

Limits of Progressivism

The most conspicuous limit to progressivism was its failure to address racial and religious discrimination. African Americans themselves, however, were absorbing the reform spirit, which fueled their long-standing desire for advancement. In 1905 W.E.B. Du Bois and 28 other African American leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand full rights for African Americans. There they launched what became known as the Niagara Movement. Du Bois and other African American leaders believed that voting rights were essential to end lynching and racial discrimination. "The power of the ballot we need in sheer self-defense," Du Bois said, "else what shall save us from a second slavery? Freedom too, the long-sought we still seek,—the freedom of life and limb, the freedom to work and think, the freedom to love and aspire. Work, culture, liberty,—all these we need, not singly, but together." In 1908 race riots in Springfield, Illinois, shocked many people, including Mary White Ovington, a settlement house worker. She had been studying African Americans in New York, determined to do something to improve their situation. Other progressives, including Jane Addams of Hull House and muckrakers Ida Wells-Barnett and Lincoln Steffens, joined Ovington in calling for change. Capitalizing on Springfield as Abraham Lincoln's hometown and on the centennial of his birthday on February 12, 1909, they organized a national conference in Springfield to take stock of the progress in emancipation. At a second conference the following year, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was born. Through Du Bois, the members learned of the Niagara Movement, and the two groups eventually merged. African Americans were not the only minority group facing discrimination. Jewish people also lived in fear of mob violence. In 1913 Leo Frank, a Jew being tried in Atlanta for a murder that the facts proved he did not commit, was sentenced to death. Although his sentence was changed to life imprisonment, a mob lynched him two years later. In this context, lawyer Sigmund Livingston started the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) to combat stereotypes and discrimination. According to its 1913 charter, the ADL's "ultimate purpose [was] to secure justice and fair treatment to all citizens alike and to put an end forever to unjust and unfair discrimination against and ridicule of any sect or body of citizens." The ADL worked to remove negative portrayals of Jews in movies, in print, and on stage. For example, the League protested a World War I army manual that claimed Jews were likely to pretend to be sick to escape work or battle. When the ADL complained, President Wilson had the manual recalled.

Mobilizing the Workforce

The war effort also required the cooperation of workers. To prevent strikes from disrupting the war effort, the government established the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in April 1918. The NWLB often pressured industry to improve wages, adopt an eight-hour workday, and allow unions the right to organize and bargain collectively. In exchange, labor leaders agreed not to disrupt war production with strikes or other disturbances. As a result, membership in unions increased by over one million between 1917 and 1919. With so many men in the military, employers were willing to hire women for jobs traditionally held by men. Some 1 million women joined the workforce for the first time, and another 8 million switched to better industrial jobs. Women worked in factories, shipyards, and railroad yards and served as police officers, mail carriers, and train engineers. When the war ended, however, most women returned to their previous jobs or stopped working. Yet the changes demonstrated that women were capable of holding jobs that many had believed only men could do. Desperate for workers, Henry Ford sent agents to the South to recruit African Americans. Other companies quickly followed suit. Promises of high wages and plentiful work convinced between 300,000 and 500,000 African Americans to move north. This massive population movement became known as the Great Migration. The racial makeup of such cities as Chicago, New York, Cleveland, and Detroit changed greatly. Eventually, so did politics in the Northern cities, where African Americans were able to vote. The war also encouraged other groups to migrate. Between 1917 and 1920, more than 100,000 Mexicans migrated into the Southwest, providing labor for farmers and ranchers. Mexican Americans also found new opportunities in factory jobs in Chicago, St. Louis, Omaha, and other American cities. Like other immigrant groups before them, they faced hostility and discrimination. Mexican Americans tended to settle in separate neighborhoods, called barrios, where they could support one anothe

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and ration food for the military. Increases for production Making people eat less Meatless Monday's

Inflation leads to strikes

While workers wanted higher wages to keep up with inflation, companies resisted because inflation was also driving up their operating costs. During the war, union membership had increased greatly. Business leaders, however, were determined to break the power of the unions. By the end of 1919, more than 3,600 strikes involving more than four million workers had taken place. The Seattle General Strike In Seattle, some 35,000 shipyard workers walked off the job demanding higher wages and shorter hours. Other unions in Seattle soon organized a general strike—a strike that involves all workers in a community—of more than 60,000 people that paralyzed the city for five days. The strikers returned to work without making any gains, but their actions worried many Americans because the general strike was a common tactic of Communists and some radical groups in Europe. The Boston Police Strike One of the most famous strikes of 1919 occurred in Boston, where roughly 75 percent of the police force walked off the job. Riots and looting forced Governor Calvin Coolidge to call in the National Guard. When the strikers tried to return to work, the police commissioner instead fired them. Despite protests, Coolidge agreed that the men should be fired, declaring: "There is no right to strike against the public safety by anybody, anywhere, anytime." Coolidge's response earned him widespread public support and convinced the Republicans to make him their vice-presidential candidate in 1920. The Steel Strike Soon after the police strike, an estimated 350,000 steelworkers went on strike for higher pay, shorter hours, and recognition of their union. U.S. Steel refused to talk to union leaders and set out to break the union. It blamed the strike on foreign radicals and called for loyal Americans to return to work. Meanwhile, the company hired African American and Mexican workers as replacements. Clashes between company guards and strikers were frequent. In Gary, Indiana, a riot left 18 strikers dead. The strike collapsed in 1920, setting back the union cause in the steel industry for more than a decade.

Dollar Diplomacy

a policy of joining the business interests of a country with its diplomatic interests abroad

War Industries Board (WIB)

an agency established during World War I to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries Told manufacturers what they could produce and order Would sometimes set prices

Rebellion in the Philippines

*In 1899 the United States met resistance in the Philippines when Emilio Aguinaldo ordered his troops to attack the American soldiers who had been sent there. *The conflict continued for almost three years. *To fight the Filipino guerrillas, the U.S. military established reconcentration camps to separate Filipino guerrillas from civilians. *Thousands died from disease and starvation. *Many U.S. soldiers died fighting the guerrillas. *While American troops fought the guerrillas, the first U.S. civilian governor of the islands, William Howard Taft, tried to win over the Filipinos by improving education, transportation, and health care. *These reforms slowly reduced Filipino hostility. *In March 1901, American troops captured Aguinaldo. * On July 4, 1902, the United States declared the war over. *Gradually the Filipinos gained more control over their government. *By the mid-1930s, they elected their own congress and president. *In 1946 they gained full independence from the United States.

First women's right convention

in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848, Elizabeth Cady Stanton convinced the delegates that winning suffrage— the right to vote—should be a priority. *Decades later, this right still had not been gained. *It became a major goal for female progressives.

Ballinger versus Pinchot

*In 1909 Taft further angered progressives by replacing Roosevelt's secretary of the interior, James R. Garfield, with Richard A. Ballinger. *Garfield was an aggressive conservationist; Ballinger was a conservative corporate lawyer. *Once in office, Ballinger tried to open nearly a million acres of public lands to private development. *Gifford Pinchot accused Ballinger of planning to give valuable public lands in Alaska to a private business group for his own profit. *Taft's attorney general investigated the charges and decided they were unfounded *Not satisfied, Pinchot went to the press and asked Congress to investigate. *Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination, or disobedience to authority. *The congressional investigation cleared Ballinger. *By the second half of Taft's term of office, many Americans had come to believe that he had betrayed the Square Deal. Popular indignation was so great that the congressional elections of 1910 resulted in a sweeping Democratic victory. Democrats took the majority in the House, and Democrats and progressive Republicans gained control of the Senate from conservative Republicans.

Wilson sends troops into Mexico

*In April 1914, American sailors visiting the Mexican city of Tampico were arrested after entering a restricted area. *Although they were quickly released, their American commander demanded an apology. *The Mexicans refused. *Wilson saw the refusal as an opportunity to overthrow Huerta. *He asked Congress to authorize the use of force, and shortly after Congress passed the resolution, he learned that a German ship was unloading weapons at the Mexican port of Veracruz. *Wilson immediately ordered American warships to Veracruz, where U.S. marines forcibly seized the city. *Although the president expected the Mexican people to welcome his action, anti-American riots broke out. Wilson then accepted international mediation to settle the dispute. *Venustiano Carranza, whose forces had acquired arms from the United States, became Mexico's president. *Mexican forces opposed to Carranza were not appeased, and they conducted raids into the United States, hoping to force Wilson to intervene. *In March 1916, Pancho Villa (VEE•yuh) and a group of guerrillas—armed fighters who carry out surprise attacks—burned the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing 17 Americans. *Wilson responded by sending about 5,800 troops under General John J. Pershing across the border to find and capture Villa. *The expedition dragged on with no success. *Wilson's growing concern over the war raging in Europe finally caused him to recall Pershing's troops in 1917. Wilson's Mexican policy damaged U.S. foreign relations. The British ridiculed the president's attempt to "shoot" the Mexicans into self-government. Latin Americans regarded his "moral imperialism" as no improvement over Theodore Roosevelt's "big stick" diplomacy. In fact, Wilson followed Roosevelt's example in the Caribbean. In 1914 he negotiated exclusive rights for naval bases and a canal with Nicaragua. In 1915 he sent marines into Haiti to put down a rebellion. The marines remained there until 1934. In 1916 he sent troops into the Dominican Republic to preserve order and to set up a government he hoped would be more stable and democratic than the current regime.

Yellow Journalism

*Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers *New York Journal and the New York World, swayed many Americans in the Cubans favor using this

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

*Like many progressives, Taft believed high tariffs limited competition, hurt consumers, and protected trusts. *Roosevelt had warned him to stay away from tariff reform because it would divide the Republican Party. *Nevertheless, Taft called Congress into special session to lower tariff rates. *The tariff debate did, indeed, divide the Republican Party into two groups: the progressives, who favored tariff reduction, and conservative Republicans, who wanted to maintain high tariffs. *As negotiations dragged on, Taft's support for tariff reductions waned. *Finally, he signed into law the Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which hardly cut tariffs at all and actually raised them on some goods.

Gifford Pinchot

*Roosevelt also backed efforts to save the nation's forests. *He supported careful management of the timber resources of the West. *He appointed his close friend Gifford Pinchot to head the United States Forest Service, established in 1905. *As progressives, Roosevelt and Pinchot both believed that trained experts in forestry and resource management should manage the nation's forests. *These professional managers would apply the same scientific standards to the landscape that others were applying to managing cities and industry. *Roosevelt and Pinchot rejected the laissez-faire argument that the best way to preserve public land was to sell it to lumber companies, who would carefully conserve it because it was the source of their profits *With the president's support, Pinchot's department drew up regulations to control lumbering on federal lands *Roosevelt also added more than 100 million acres to the protected national forests and established five new national parks and 51 federal wildlife reservations.

Roosevelt Takes on the Trust

*Roosevelt thought that trusts and other large business organizations were efficient and part of the reason for the prosperity of the United States. Yet he also felt that the monopoly power of some trusts hurt the public interest *He wanted to ensure that trusts did not abuse their power. *His first target was J. P. Morgan's railroad holding company, Northern Securities. *The company planned an exchange of stock that would merge existing railroad systems, creating a monopoly on railroad traffic in the Northwest. *Farmers and business owners feared that without railroad competition, shipping rates would rise and reduce their profits. *In 1902 Roosevelt ordered the attorney general to sue Northern Securities under the Sherman Antitrust Act. *The suit charged Northern Securities with restraint of trade. *The suit puzzled J. P. Morgan, who asked what could be done to fix the problem. *Unmoved, Roosevelt proceeded with the case. *In 1904, in Northern Securities v. United States, the Supreme Court ruled that Morgan's firm had violated the Sherman Antitrust Act. *Roosevelt was hailed as a "trustbuster," and his popularity with the public grew.

Open Door Policy

*Statement of U.S. foreign policy toward China. Issued by U.S. secretary of state John Hay (1899) *the statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade.

Reforming the Banks

*The United States had not had a central bank since the 1830s. *Periodic economic depressions that had occurred after that time had destroyed numerous small banks, wiping out many of their customers' life savings. *To restore public confidence in the banking system, Wilson supported a federal reserve system. * Banks would have to keep part of their deposits in one of 12 reserve banks, providing a cushion against unexpected financial losses. *The Federal Reserve Act of 1913 created the regional reserve banks, supervised by a Board of Governors appointed by the president. *The Board could set the interest rates the reserve banks charged other banks, thereby indirectly controlling the nation's interest rates and the amount of money in circulation. *This act became one of the most significant pieces of legislation in American history.

Wilson versus Roosevelt

*The election of 1912 was a contest between two progressives with different approaches to reform. *Roosevelt accepted large trusts as a fact of life and set out to create proposals to increase regulation *He favored laws to protect women and children in the labor force and supported workers' compensation for those injured on the job. *Roosevelt called his program the New Nationalism. *Wilson countered with what he called the New Freedom *He criticized Roosevelt's New Nationalism for supporting "regulated monopoly." *Wilson argued that Roosevelt's approach gave the federal government too much power in the economy and did nothing to restore competition *Wilson believed that freedom outweighed efficiency. *As expected, Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican voters. *Wilson won the Electoral College with 435 votes. *He won the election even though he received less than 42 percent of the popular vote. *For the first time since Grover Cleveland's election in 1892, a Democrat was elected president.

President William H. Taft

1909-1913 Dollar Diplomacy Republican

World War One Summary

1914 Central Powers:Germany, Austria-Hungry, Ottoman Empire Allies:Russia, Serbia, France, Britain started because of assassination of Austria Hungry's air to the throne and his wife 1915 first use of poison gas(Germany) Italy entered war 1916 British use tanks for the first time Romania joined the war 1917 U.S entered the War Russia ended participation in war 1918 American troops arrive November 11, 1918 fighting stops

Explain conclusion, resolution and treaty for the war

4 months August 12 1898 Over 5000 men died Only about 300-400 died in combat US victory Gained more territory Guam, Phillipains, Cuba

Sphere of Influence

A foreign region in which a nation has control over trade and other economic activities.

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

Moving towards war

A series of events gradually eroded American neutrality and drew the United States into the war. Shortly after the war began, the British blockaded German ports. They forced neutral merchant ships sailing to Europe to land at British ports to be inspected for contraband, or goods prohibited from shipment to Germany and its allies. Although the U.S. government protested Britain's decision, the German response angered Americans even more. In February 1915, the Germans announced that they would use submarines called U-boats to sink without warning any ship they found in the waters around Britain. This decision went against an international treaty signed by Germany that banned attacks on civilian ships without warning. On May 7, 1915, a U-boat sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, killing over 1,000 passengers—including 128 Americans. The attack gave credibility to British propaganda and changed American attitudes about the war. Wilson tried to defuse the crisis by sending official protests to Germany insisting that it stop endangering noncombatants. But in March 1916, a U-boat torpedoed a French passenger ship. Wilson threatened to break off diplomatic relations with Germany, but then decided to issue one last warning demanding that the German government abandon its methods or risk war with the United States. Germany did not want to strengthen the Allies by drawing the United States into the war. It promised with certain conditions to sink no more merchant ships without warning. This pledge met the foreign policy goals of both Germany and President Wilson by delaying the entry of the United States into the war. President Wilson's efforts played an important part in his reelection bid in 1916. His campaign slogan, "He kept us out of war," helped the "peace" candidate win a narrow victory.

Why did the nation's go to war for WW1?

Alliance system-you support your friends military Militarism-willingness to use your armed forces Imperialism-building an empire abroad, U.K. Was the biggest Nationalism-pride, love of ones homeland

Wining at Sin

American admiral William S. Sims proposed that merchant ships and troop transports travel in groups called convoys. Small, maneuverable warships called destroyers protected convoys across the Atlantic. If a ship was sunk, other ships in the convoy could rescue survivors. Convoys greatly reduced shipping losses and ensured that American troops arrived safely in time to help the Allies on the Western Front.

US declares war on Germany

April 2nd, 1917: president Wilson asked congress for a declaration of war 1917 :America had loaned the allies 2 billion:allies needed to win German U-boat attacks (Lusitania 1915) The Zimmerman Telegraph (1917) :Germany asks Mexico to attack the U.S February 1917: Germany continues with unrestricted u-boats attack-Americans killed

President Theodore Roosevelt

Big stick Diplomacy Years in office:1901-1909 Political party:republican but also democrat Example of their foreign policy: new square deal Policy quote: walk softly and keep ppl in line

New Technology

Breaking through enemy lines required new technologies. The Germans first used poison gas in 1915, and the Allies soon followed. Gas caused vomiting, blindness, and suffocation. Both sides developed gas masks to counter fumes. In 1916 the British introduced the armored tank, which could crush barbed wire and cross trenches. But there were still too few of the slow, unreliable machines to revolutionize warfare. World War I also marked the first use of aircraft in war. Early in the war, the Germans used giant rigid balloons called zeppelins to drop bombs on British warships in the North Sea. At first, airplanes were used to spy on enemy troops and ships. Then the Allies equipped them with machine guns and rockets to attack the German zeppelin fleet. Other aircraft carried small bombs to drop on enemy lines. As technology advanced, airplanes shot down other airplanes in battles known as dogfights. But early military aircraft were difficult to fly and easy to destroy. A combat pilot had an average life expectancy of about two weeks.

WWI Invention:Tank

British went to 3-4 miles an hour would bust trenches French tanks 6 miles an hour

Imperialism and Nationalism

By the late 1800s, nationalism, or a feeling of intense pride in one's homeland, had become a powerful idea in Europe. Nationalists place primary emphasis on promoting their homeland's culture and interests. They believe in the right of self-determination—the idea that those who share a national identity should have their own country and government. In the 1800s, nationalism led to a crisis in the Balkan region of southeastern Europe. In the 1700s and 1800s, imperialism—the ruling or controlling of other peoples or nations through annexation, military conquest, or economic domination—was how European powers built empires. For years the Ottoman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire had ruled the Balkans. But as nationalism spread in the late 1800s and early 1900s, national groups such as the South Slavs—Serbs, Bosnians, Croats, and Slovenes—began to press for independence. The Serbs, who were the first to gain independence, formed a nation called Serbia between the two empires. Serbia believed that its mission was to unite the South Slavs. Russia supported the Serbs, but Austria-Hungary worked to limit Serbia's growth. In 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, which had belonged to the Ottoman Empire, outraging the Serbs. The annexation demonstrated that Austria-Hungary had no intention of letting the Slavic people in its empire become independent.

WW1 Invention: Poison Gas

Chlorine Had grenades with tear gas Wind was to high for French to notice at first It was to cold in Russia so it didn't work at first 1915 German uses gas, it caused people to drown without being in water, your body fills up with fluid first First gas mask: a cloth soaked in a chemical Mustard Gas: won't kill you, but skin rots

Victory garden

Civilian garden to grow food(vegetables)

Fuel Administration

Day light savings Heartless Monday's Save fuel and coal

Red Scare

Deportations Bombings Indefinite jailing Fear of immigrants, socialists and communists

Trench Warefare

Early offensives demonstrated that warfare had changed. Powerful artillery guns placed far behind the front lines hurled huge explosive shells onto the battlefield. More people were killed by artillery fire than by any other weapon. As one American noted in his diary: To protect themselves from artillery, troops began digging trenches. On the Western Front—where German troops fought French, British, and Belgian forces—the troops dug a network of trenches that stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border. Both sides used barbed wire and a new weapon, the machine gun, to guard against the enemy. Attacks usually began with a massive artillery barrage. Soldiers then raced across the rough landscape toward enemy trenches. Troops used any weapon available to kill the enemy. The new style of fighting, which both sides eventually utilized, resulted in the loss of hundreds of thousands of men and a stalemate on the Western Front. Offensive and defensive moves by the Allies and the Germans failed to be particularly successful.

Square Deal

Economic policy by Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers

The Election of 1920

Economic problems, labor unrest, racial tensions, and the fresh memories of World War I created a general sense of disillusionment in the United States. During the 1920 campaign, Ohio governor James M. Cox and his running mate, Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt, ran on a platform of progressive ideals. President Wilson tried to convince the Democrats to make the campaign a referendum on the Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations. The Republican candidate, Warren G. Harding, called for a return to "normalcy," arguing that the country needed to return to the days before the Progressive Era reforms. Harding won the election by a landslide. Many Americans hoped to put racial, labor, and economic troubles behind them and build a more prosperous and stable society.

The United States Declares War

Events, however, soon brought the country to the brink of war. In January 1917, German official Arthur Zimmermann sent a telegram to the German ambassador in Mexico promising Mexico the return of its "lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona" if it allied with Germany. British intelligence intercepted the Zimmermann telegram, and it ran in American newspapers. Furious, many Americans concluded that war with Germany was necessary. Then, on February 1, 1917, Germany resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. German military leaders believed that they could starve Britain into submission if U-boats began sinking all ships on sight. They did not believe that the United States could raise an army and transport it to Europe in time if it decided to enter the war. Between February 3 and March 21, U-boats sank six American ships. Roused to action, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany on April 2, 1917: Within days the Senate and the House had voted for the resolution, and Wilson signed it. The United States was at war. Even so, 50 representatives and 6 senators had voted against declaring war.

America takes sides

For more than two years, the United States officially remained neutral. During this time a great debate began over whether the United States should prepare for war. Some believed that preparing for war was the best way to stay out of the conflict. Others, including Jane Addams, founded organizations urging the president not to build up the military. Many government officials, however, were decidedly pro-British, though Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan favored neutrality. In addition, many American military leaders believed that an Allied victory was the only way to preserve the international balance of power. British officials worked diligently to win American support. One method they used was propaganda, or information designed to influence opinion. The British cut the transatlantic telegraph cable from Europe to the United States so most war news would be based on British reports. The American ambassador to Britain endorsed many of these reports, and American public opinion swayed in favor of the Allies. Companies in the United States also had strong ties to the Allies, and many American banks invested heavily in an Allied victory. By 1917, American loans to the Allies totaled over $2 billion. Although other banks, particularly in the Midwest where pro-German feelings were strongest, lent some $27 million to Germany, the country's prosperity was intertwined with the Allies. If the Allies won, the investments would be paid back; if not, the money might never be repaid.

Allies (WWII)

France, Russia, Great Britain, Serbia, Italy(1915) and the U.S(1917)

Central Powers of WWI

Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria

How did Theodore Roosevelt see any potential war with Spain over Cuba? How did the U.S.S Maine play a role in the crisis?

Imperialism World power Remember the main made Americans angry at Spain Theodore was interested in the conflict, he was unhinged like war U.S.S Maine was a Navy Shop that was blown up supposedly by the Spanish which killed 266 men

Russia Leaves the war

In March 1917, riots broke out in Russia. Czar Nicholas II, the leader of the Russian Empire, abdicated his throne, and the Russian Revolution began. A temporary government took command whose leaders wanted Russia to stay in the war. However, the government was unable to deal adequately with the problems afflicting the nation, so Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik Party seized power and established a Communist government in November 1917. Germany's military fortunes improved with the Bolshevik takeover. Lenin pulled Russia out of the war to concentrate on establishing a Communist state. He explained: Lenin agreed to the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany on March 3, 1918. Under this treaty, Russia gave up the Ukraine, its Polish and Baltic territories, and Finland. With the Eastern Front settled, Germany could concentrate its forces in the west.

What was the undercurrent in Cuba around 1898? Explain the issues before war took place.

Jose Marti Sugar trade Before the war there were rebellions under Jose marti, the wanted independence because the Spanish were mean to them

America enters combat

March 1918 German offensive Battle of argonne forest sept 1918 Revolution in Austria Hungary and Ottoman Empire surrenders oct 1918

The War Ends

Meanwhile, a revolution had engulfed Austria-Hungary. In October 1918, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia declared independence. By early November, the governments of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire had surrendered to the Allies. In late October, sailors in Kiel, the main base of the German fleet, mutinied. Within days, groups of workers and soldiers seized power in other German towns. The German emperor stepped down, and on November 9, Germany became a republic. Two days later, the government signed an armistice—an agreement to stop fighting. On November 11, 1918, the fighting stopped. Although the fighting had stopped, World War I was not over. In January 1919, delegates from 27 countries traveled to the peace conference at the Palace of Versailles, near Paris. The treaty with Germany that resulted came to be called the Treaty of Versailles. The conference also negotiated the Treaty of Saint-Germain, ending the war with Austria-Hungary. Negotiations on the Treaty of Versailles lasted five months. The most important participants were the so-called "Big Four": President Wilson of the United States, British prime minister David Lloyd George, French premier Georges Clemenceau, and Italian prime minister Vittorio Orlando. Russian representatives were not invited to the conference because Allied leaders refused to recognize Lenin's government as legitimate.

Victories bond

Money raised (lent) by the government to fund the war efforts

President Woodrow Wilson

Moral Diplomacy Years in office:1913-1921 Party:democrat

What role did American press play in situation with Cuba?

Newspaper rivals-yellow journalism, they would make more money The newspapers wanted to outdo each other to get more money so they would use yellow journalism to get more money

Rough Riders

One volunteer cavalry unit was a rough mix of cowboys, miners, and law officers

New Technology

Poison Gas Tank Aircraft and Zeppelin Machine Guns

Radical Unrest

Postwar economic turmoil also contributed to widespread racial unrest. Many African Americans had moved north during the war to take factory jobs. As people began to be laid off and returning soldiers found it hard to find work and affordable housing, many blamed African Americans for taking their jobs. Frustration and racism combined to produce violence. In the summer of 1919, 25 race riots broke out across the nation. The riots began in July, when a mob of angry whites burned shops and homes in an African American neighborhood in Longview, Texas. A week later in Washington, D.C., gangs of African Americans and whites fought each other for four days before troops got the riots under control. The worst violence occurred in Chicago. On a hot July day, African Americans went to a whites-only beach. Both sides began throwing stones, and an African American teenager drowned as a result. A full-scale riot then erupted. Angry African Americans attacked white neighborhoods while whites attacked African American neighborhoods. The riot lasted for almost two weeks until the government sent in National Guard troops to impose order. By the time the rioting ended, 38 people had been killed—15 white and 23 African Americans—and more than 500 had been injured. The race riots of 1919 disillusioned some African Americans who felt their wartime contributions had been for nothing. For others, however, the wartime struggle for democracy encouraged them to fight for their rights at home. For the first time, African Americans organized and fought back. The NAACP experienced a surge in membership after the war, and in 1919 it launched a new campaign for a federal law against lynching.

Fourteen Points

President Wilson arrived in Paris in 1919 with a peace plan known as the Fourteen Points. It was based on "the principle of justice to all peoples and nationalities." In the first five points, Wilson proposed to eliminate the causes of the war through free trade, freedom of the seas, disarmament, an impartial adjustment of colonial claims, and open diplomacy. The next eight points addressed the right of national self-determination, the idea that the borders of countries should be based on ethnicity and national identity. Supporters of this idea believed that when borders are not based on national identity, nations are more likely to go to war to resolve border disputes. This principle also meant that no nation should keep territory taken from another nation. This required the Central Powers to evacuate all invaded countries and Germany to restore the French territory of Alsace-Lorraine, taken in 1871. The fourteenth point called for the creation of a League of Nations. The League's members would help preserve peace by pledging to respect and protect each other's territory and political independence. Wilson was willing to give up his other goals in exchange for support for the League.

U.S Senate Rejects the treaty of Versailles

President Wilson was confident the American people would support the Treaty of Versailles. But he had badly underestimated opposition to the League of Nations in the Senate. One group of senators, nicknamed the "Irreconcilables," assailed the League as the kind of "entangling alliance" that the Founders had warned against. A larger group of senators known as the "Reservationists" agreed to ratify the treaty if it was amended to say that any military action by the United States required the approval of Congress. Wilson refused, fearing the change would undermine the League's effectiveness. Wilson decided to take his case directly to the American people. Starting in September 1919, he traveled some 8,000 miles and made more than 30 major speeches in three weeks. Soon afterward he suffered a stroke. Although bedridden, Wilson still refused to compromise on the treaty. The Senate voted in November 1919 and in March 1920, but both times it refused to give its consent to the treaty. After Wilson left office in 1921, the United States negotiated separate peace treaties with each of the Central Powers. The League of Nations took shape without the United States.

Shaping Public Opinion

Progressives did not think that organizing the economy was enough to ensure the success of the war effort. They also believed the government needed to shape public opinion. Soon after Congress declared war, Wilson created the Committee on Public Information (CPI) to "sell" the war to the American people. Headed by journalist George Creel, the CPI recruited advertising executives, artists, authors, songwriters, entertainers, public speakers, and motion picture companies to help sway public opinion in favor of the war. The CPI distributed pamphlets and arranged for thousands of "four-minute speeches" to be delivered at movie theaters and other public places. Some 75,000 speakers, known as Four-Minute Men, urged audiences to support the war in various ways, from buying war bonds to reporting draft dodgers to the authorities. Nongovernmental groups also helped raise awareness and funds for the war. For example, the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee raised $63 million in relief funds. The Jewish Welfare Board set up centers at home and abroad for Jewish servicemen. In addition to using propaganda, the government passed legislation to limit opposition to the war and to fight espionage, or spying to acquire government information. The Espionage Act of 1917 made it illegal to aid the enemy, give false reports, or interfere with the war effort. The Sedition Act of 1918 made it illegal to speak against the war publicly. In practice, it allowed officials to prosecute anyone who criticized the government. These two laws led to more than 2,000 convictions. Despite protests, the constitutionality of the Espionage and Sedition Acts was upheld in court. In Schenck v. United States (1919), Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes wrote the unanimous opinion of the Court: Wartime fears led to attacks on German Americans, labor activists, socialists, and pacifists. Ads urged Americans to monitor their fellow citizens. Some German Americans hid ties to their culture to avoid suspicion or abuse. Individuals and businesses changed their names, and many German-language newspapers ceased publication.

U.S- China Relations

Relationships between countries Trade and willingness to have access to foreign ports The boxer rebellion (killing of foreign westerners in China) China kept in tract but weakened

War ends

Revolution in Austrian-Hungary Ottoman Empire surrenders German fleet mutinied German Kaiser steps down Nov 9th Armistice on Nov 11th, 1918

"Why the story matters"

Safe food and medicine Women right to vote Improved working conditions Conserve natural places

Treaty of Versailles

Signed June 1919 Germany responsible for reparations-morey loss of territory/ lands/ military limited

The Red Scare

Since the late 1800s, many Americans had accused immigrants of importing socialist and communist ideas and had blamed them for labor unrest and violence. Events in Russia seemed to justify fears of a Communist revolution. The strikes of 1919 fueled fears that Communists, or "reds," might seize power, leading to a nationwide panic known as the Red Scare. Many people were particularly concerned about workers using strikes to start a revolution.

Why Spain and America weren't prepared for War

Spain:Their soldiers were weak and sick, and their warships were old with untrained crews. If the United States could defeat the Spanish fleet, Spain would not be able to supply its troops in Cuba. America:. The army had recruited volunteers but lacked proper resources to train and equip them. One volunteer cavalry unit was a rough mix of cowboys, miners, and law officers known as the "Rough Riders."

Why was America eager to fight war with Spain

Sugar trade USS Maine The American people were angry at what happened at the U.S.S Maine The eagerness came from the American people wanting revenge on the Spanish

Building the military

Volunteers Conscripts 2.8 million drafted The draft randomly selected African American soldiers 400k drafted 42k serve

WW1: Airplane

WW1 they were slow at first Ballro-single man, single wing, 800lbs Shoot from the airplane

Volunteers and Conscripts

When the United States entered the war in 1917, the army and the National Guard together had slightly more than 200,000 troops. Many men quickly volunteered, but many more were still needed. Many progressives believed that forced military service was a violation of democratic and republican principles. Believing a draft was necessary, however, Congress, with Wilson's support, created a new system called selective service. Instead of having the military run the draft from Washington, D.C., the Selective Service Act of 1917 required all men between 21 and 30 to register for the draft. A lottery randomly determined the order in which they were called before a local draft board in charge of selecting or exempting people from military service. The thousands of local boards were the heart of the system. The members of the draft boards were civilians from local communities. Progressives believed local people, understanding community needs, would know which men to draft and would do a far better job than a centralized government bureaucracy. Eventually, about 2.8 million Americans were drafted. Not all American soldiers were drafted. Approximately 2 million men volunteered for military service. Some had heard stories of German atrocities and wanted to fight back. Others believed democracy was at stake. Many believed they had a duty to respond to their nation's call. Although the horrors of war soon became apparent to the American troops, their morale remained high, helping to ensure victory. More than 50,000 Americans died in combat, and over 200,000 were wounded. Another 60,000 soldiers died from disease, mostly from the influenza epidemic of 1918 and 1919. The flu epidemic was not limited to the battlefield. It spread around the world and made more than a quarter of all Americans sick. The disease killed an estimated 25 to 50 million people worldwide, including more than 500,000 Americans. Of the nearly 400,000 African Americans who were drafted, about 42,000 served overseas as combat troops. African American soldiers encountered discrimination and prejudice in the army, where they served in racially segregated units, almost always under the supervision of white officers. Despite these challenges, many African American soldiers fought with distinction. For example, the African American 92nd and 93rd Infantry Divisions fought in bitter battles along the Western Front. Many of the soldiers in those divisions won praise from the French commander, Marshal Henri Pétain, and the United States commander, General John Pershing. An estimated 12,000 Native Americans and about 20,000 Puerto Ricans served in the armed forces. Thousands of Mexican Americans also served in the war, volunteering for service more than any other minority group in the United States. Some Asian immigrants fought on the side of the United States even before they were citizens. Though they faced discrimination, many Asians served in the U.S. Army with distinction, being granted citizenship in recognition of their contributions.

Democratic Reforms

*Another group of progressives focused on making government more democratic and more responsive to citizens. *Many believed that the key to improving government was to make elected officials more responsive and accountable to voters. *Wisconsin became a "laboratory of democracy" under the leadership of its governor, Robert M. La Follette, who attacked the way political parties ran their conventions. *Party bosses controlled the selection of convention delegates and the nomination of candidates. *La Follette pressured the state legislature to pass a law requiring parties to hold a direct primary, in which all party members could vote for a candidate to run in the general election. *The direct primary soon spread to other states. *Other progressives also pushed for additional reforms: the initiative, the referendum, and the recall. *The initiative permitted a group of citizens to introduce legislation and required the legislature to vote on the legislation. *The referendum allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws directly, without going to the legislature. *Both of these measures empowered public interest groups to speed change. *The recall provided voters an option to demand a special election to remove an elected official from office before his or her term had expired. *Progressives also targeted the U.S. Senate. *The U.S. Constitution originally directed each state legislature to elect two senators. *Political machines and business interests often influenced these elections. *Some senators, once elected, repaid their supporters with federal contracts and jobs. *To counter corruption in the Senate, reformers called for the direct election of senators by voters. *In 1912 Congress passed a direct-election amendment. *In 1913 the amendment was ratified and became the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution. *Although direct election was meant to end corruption, it also removed one of the state legislatures' checks on federal power.

Coal Strike of 1902

*As president, Roosevelt believed that it was his job to keep society operating efficiently by helping settle conflicts between different groups and their interests * In the fall of 1902, he put this belief into practice. *He worked to help resolve a coal strike between mine owners and nearly 150,000 members of the United Mine Workers (UMW) *The UMW wanted increased pay, reduced hours, and union recognition *If the strike had dragged on, the nation would have faced a coal shortage that could have shut down factories and left many homes unheated. *Roosevelt urged the UMW and the mine owners to accept arbitration—a settlement negotiated by an outside party *The union agreed to arbitration. *The mine owners refused, however, until Roosevelt threatened to order the army to run the mines *By intervening in the dispute, he took the first step toward establishing the federal government as an honest broker between powerful groups in society.

Picking the Candidates for the Election of 1912

*Believing that President William Howard Taft had failed to live up to progressive ideals, Theodore Roosevelt informed seven state governors that he was willing to accept the Republican nomination. *My hat is in the ring!" he declared. "The fight is on." *The struggle for control of the Republican Party reached its climax at the national convention in Chicago in June 1912. *Conservatives rallied behind Taft. *Most progressives supported Roosevelt. *When it became clear that Taft's delegates controlled the nomination, Roosevelt decided to leave the party and campaign as an independent. *Declaring himself "fit as a bull moose," Roosevelt became the presidential candidate for the newly formed Progressive Party, which quickly became known as the Bull Moose Party *Because Taft had alienated so many groups, the election of 1912 became a contest between two progressives: Roosevelt and the Democratic candidate Woodrow Wilson. *After a university teaching career that culminated in his becoming the president of Princeton University, Woodrow Wilson entered politics as a firm progressive *As the governor of New Jersey, he pushed through many progressive reforms *He introduced the direct primary, established utility regulatory boards, and allowed cities to adopt the commissioner form of government *In less than two years, New Jersey became a model of progressive reform.

Regulating Big Business

*Despite his lawsuit against Northern Securities and his role in the coal strike, Roosevelt believed that most trusts benefited the economy. *He held that breaking up the trusts would do more harm than good. *Instead, he proposed to create a federal agency to investigate corporations and publicize the findings. *Roosevelt believed the most effective way to prevent big business from abusing its power was to keep the public informed. * 1903 Roosevelt convinced Congress to create the Department of Commerce and Labor. *The following year, this department began investigating U.S. Steel, a gigantic holding company that had been created in 1901 *Worried about a possible antitrust lawsuit, the company's leaders met privately with Roosevelt. *They offered to open their files for examination *In exchange, the Department of Commerce and Labor would privately tell the company about any problems and allow them to fix the problems quietly *Roosevelt accepted this "gentlemen's agreement," as he called it, and soon made similar deals with other companies. *These deals gave him the ability to regulate big business without having to sacrifice economic efficiency by breaking up the trusts. *In keeping with his belief in regulation, Roosevelt pushed the Hepburn Act through Congress in 1906. *The act was intended to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by giving it the power to set railroad rates. *At first, railroad companies were suspicious of the ICC. *However, the railroads eventually realized they could work with the commission to set rates and regulations that limited competition and prevented new competitors from entering the industry. *By 1920, the ICC had begun setting rates at levels intended to ensure the industry's profits. *By 1905, consumer protection had become a national issue. *Journalists and others reported on questionable and potentially dangerous practices of the manufacturers of patent medicines. *They revealed that many of these medicines contained unknown ingredients and that the manufacturers made unproven health claims. *For similar reasons, food preparation businesses came under scrutiny. *In 1906 Upton Sinclair published a novel, The Jungle, based on his close observations of the slaughterhouses of Chicago *The appalling conditions in the meatpacking industry, as described by Sinclair, enraged consumers. *The government responded by passing the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act on the same day in 1906 +It helped businesses by enlarging consumer confidence in their products.

Taft Achievements

*Despite his political problems, Taft also had several successes. *Although Roosevelt was nicknamed the "trustbuster," Taft actually brought twice as many antitrust cases in four years as his predecessor had in seven. *In other areas, Taft also pursued progressive policies *In 1912 he established the Children's Bureau. *This agency investigated and publicized the problems of child labor. *The agency still exists today, and deals with issues such as child abuse prevention, adoption, and foster care. *The Ballinger-Pinchot controversy aside, Taft was a dedicated conservationist, and his achievements in this area equal or surpass those of Roosevelt *In 1910 Taft set up the Bureau of Mines to monitor the activities of mining companies, expand national forests, and protect waterpower sites from private development *The bureau helped make possible many new technologies in the field of mining. *Taft took office in 1909, Roosevelt left the country for a long voyage to Africa and Europe. *He did not return to the United States until June 1910. *Although disturbed by stories of Taft's "betrayal" of his progressivism, Roosevelt refused to criticize the president. *He soon became impatient. *In 1907, while president, Roosevelt had approved the purchase of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company by U.S. Steel *In October 1911, Taft declared that the deal violated the Sherman Antitrust Act *Roosevelt believed Taft's focus on breaking up trusts was destroying the system of cooperation and regulation that he had set up with big business *In November 1911, Roosevelt publicly criticized Taft for this decision. *After Roosevelt broke with Taft, it was only a matter of time before progressives convinced Roosevelt to reenter politics *In late February 1912, Roosevelt announced he would enter the presidential campaign of 1912 and attempt to replace Taft as the Republican nominee for president.

Antitrust Action

*During his campaign, Wilson had promised to restore competition to the economy by breaking up monopolies *After the election, he realized that Roosevelt had been right: big businesses were more efficient and unlikely to be replaced by smaller, more competitive firms. *Wilson decided against pursuing the monopolies. Progressives in Congress, however, continued to demand action against big business. *In 1914, at Wilson's request, Congress created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to monitor American business. *The FTC had the power to investigate companies and issue "cease and desist" orders against those it found to be engaging in unfair trade practices, or practices that hurt competition. *If a business disagreed with its rulings, it could take the FTC to court. *Wilson did not want the FTC to break up big business. * Instead, it was to work toward limiting unfair trade practices. He deliberately appointed conservative business leaders as the FTC's first commissioners. *Unsatisfied by Wilson's approach, progressives in Congress responded by passing the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914. *The act outlawed certain practices that restricted competition such as price discrimination, or charging different customers different prices. +The passing of the Clayton Antitrust Act corrected deficiencies in the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. *Before the law passed, labor unions lobbied Congress to exempt unions. *As a result, the Clayton Antitrust Act stated that its provisions did not apply to labor organizations or agricultural organizations. *When the bill became law, Samuel Gompers, the head of the American Federation of Labor, called the act the workers' "Magna Carta" because it gave unions the right to exist.

Reasons for War against Spain

*February 9, 1898, the New York Journal printed a letter written by the Spanish ambassador to the United States, describing McKinley as "weak." The United States erupted in fury over the insult. *the Maine

Battle of Manila Bay

*First Battle of the Spanish-American War in the Philippines; decisive US victory under Commodore George Dewey (US steel ships vs. Spanish wooden ships) *On May 1, 1898, the American ships in Dewey's squadron entered Manila Bay in the Philippines *They quickly destroyed the outdated and outgunned Spanish fleet. *Dewey's quick victory surprised McKinley *Hastily, the army assembled 20,000 troops to sail from San Francisco to the Philippines *On the way, the Americans also seized the island of Guam, another Spanish possession. *While waiting for the American troops to arrive, Dewey contacted Emilio Aguinaldo, a Filipino revolutionary leader who had staged an unsuccessful uprising against the Spanish in 1896. *Now, while Aguinaldo and his rebels took control of most of the islands, American troops seized the Philippine capital of Manila.

Reforming tariffs

*Five weeks after taking office, Wilson appeared before Congress, the first president to do so since John Adams. *He had come to present his bill to reduce tariffs. *Wilson personally lobbied members of Congress to support the tariff reduction bill. *Not even Roosevelt had taken such an active role in promoting legislation. +In 1913 Congress passed the Underwood Tariff, and Wilson signed it into law. *This law reduced the average tariff on imported goods to about 30 percent of the value of the goods and provided for levying the first federal graduated income tax—a direct tax on people's earnings. *Graduated refers to the percentage of a person's income that is taxed. *A person with a large income would pay more income tax than a person with a small income. *The Sixteenth Amendment, also passed in 1913, had given the federal government the power to levy such a tax on income.

The Mexican revolution

*For more than 30 years, Porfirio Díaz ruled Mexico as a dictator. *During Díaz's reign, Mexico became much more industrialized, but foreign investors owned and financed the new railroads and factories that were built. *Most Mexican citizens remained poor and landless. *In 1910 discontent erupted into revolution. *Francisco Madero, a reformer who seemed to support democracy, constitutional government, and land reform, led the revolution. Madero, however, proved to be an unskilled administrator. *Worried about Madero's plans for land reform, conservative forces plotted against him. *In 1913 General Victoriano Huerta seized power, and Madero was murdered. *Huerta's brutality repulsed Wilson, who refused to recognize the new government. Instead, Wilson announced a new policy. *To win U.S. recognition, groups that seized power in Latin America would have to establish a government based on law, not on force. *Wilson believed that, without U.S. support, Huerta soon would be overthrown. *Meanwhile, Wilson ordered the navy to intercept arms shipments to Huerta's government. *He also permitted Americans to arm Huerta's opponents.

Foraker Act of 1900

*Gave the Puerto Ricans a limited degree of popular government. *establishing a civil government for Puerto Rico. *The law provided for an elected legislature, and a governor and executive council that were appointed by the president. *Supreme Court rulings later held that Puerto Ricans were not American citizens and so did not have rights of citizens. *In 1917 it granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. *Thirty years later, Puerto Ricans were allowed to elect their own governor. *A debate eventually began over whether Puerto Rico should become a state, become independent, or continue as a self-governing commonwealth of the United States.

NAWSA (National American Woman Suffrage Association)

*In 1890 the two groups united to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). *The movement still faced the challenge of convincing women to become politically active. *As the Progressive movement gained momentum, however, many women realized that they needed the vote to promote reforms and pass labor laws. *Women began lobbying lawmakers, organizing marches, and delivering speeches. *Quaker social worker and former NAWSA member Alice Paul founded the National Woman's Party. +Its members picketed, blocked sidewalks, chained themselves to lampposts, and went on hunger strikes if arrested. *Suffragist Rose Winslow and several other women, including Alice Paul, were arrested for picketing the White House. *After being sentenced to seven months in jail, Winslow and other women prisoners went on a hunger strike. *In 1915 Carrie Chapman Catt became NAWSA's leader and tried to mobilize the suffrage movement in one final nationwide push * As more states granted women the right to vote, Congress began to favor a constitutional amendment. *In 1918 the House of Representatives passed a woman suffrage amendment. In the Senate, however, the amendment failed by two votes. *During the midterm elections of 1918, Catt used NAWSA's resources to defeat two antisuffrage senators. *In 1919 the Senate passed the amendment by slightly more than the two-thirds vote needed. *On August 26, 1920, after three-fourths of the states had ratified it, the Nineteenth Amendment guaranteeing women the right to vote went into effect.

Health and Safety Codes

*Many adult workers also labored in difficult conditions. *Factories, coal mines, and railroads were particularly dangerous. *When workers were injured or killed on the job, they and their families received little or no compensation. *Progressives joined union leaders to pressure states for workers' compensation laws. *These laws established insurance funds that employers financed. Workers injured in accidents received payments from the funds. *In two cases, Lochner v. New York (1905) and Muller v. Oregon (1908), the U.S. Supreme Court addressed government's authority to regulate business to protect workers. *in the Lochner case, the Court ruled that a New York law forbidding bakers to work more than 10 hours a day was unconstitutional, saying the state did not have the right to interfere with the liberty of employers and employees. *In the Muller case, which involved women working in laundries in Oregon, however, the Court upheld the state's right to limit hours. *The different judgments were based on gender differences. *The Court stated that healthy mothers were the state's concern and, therefore, the limits on women's working hours did not violate their Fourteenth Amendment rights. *On March 25, 1911, a tragedy occurred in New York City that led to new reforms. *A fire on the top floors of the Triangle Shirtwaist Company caused nearly 150 of the factory's 500 workers to lose their lives. *The disaster illustrated that fire precautions and inspections were inadequate. *In response, New York created a Factory Investigating Commission and soon passed new laws that reformed the labor code. *Some progressives also favored zoning laws as a method of protecting the public. *These laws divided a town or city into zones for commercial, residential, or other development, thereby regulating how and buildings could be used *Building codes set minimum standards for light, air, room size, and sanitation and required buildings to have fire escapes *Health codes required restaurants and other facilities to maintain clean environments for their patrons.

Progressives Verus Big Businesses

*Many progressives agreed that big business needed regulation. *Some believed the government should break up big companies to restore competition. *This led to the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act in 1890. *Others argued that big business was the most efficient way to organize the economy. *They pushed for government to regulate big companies and prevent them from abusing their power. *The Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), created in 1887 to regulate the railroads, was an early example of this kind of thinking. *Some activists even went so far as to advocate socialism—the idea that the government should own and operate industry for the community *They wanted the government to buy up large companies, especially industries that affected everyone, such as railroads and utilities. *At its peak, socialism had some national support. Eugene V. Debs, the former leader of the American Railway Union, won nearly a million votes as the American Socialist Party candidate for president in 1912 *Most progressives and most Americans, however, believed in the superiority of the American system of free enterprise.

The Prohibition Movement

*Many progressives blamed alcohol for many of society's problems. *Settlement-house workers knew that wages were often spent on alcohol and that drunkenness often led to physical abuse and illness. *Some employers believed drinking hurt workers' efficiency. *From these concerns emerged the temperance movement, which advocated that people stop, or at least moderate, their alcohol consumption. *Women were important leaders of the temperance movement. *In 1874 a group of women formed the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). *By 1911, the WCTU had nearly 250,000 members. *As the WCTU's second president, Frances Willard served for nearly 20 years and championed rights for women, including equal pay and suffrage. *In 1893 evangelical Protestant ministers formed another group, the Anti-Saloon League. *When the temperance movement began, it concentrated on reducing alcohol consumption. *Later it pressed for prohibition—laws banning the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages.

The Maine

*McKinley sent the battleship USS Maine to Havana to protect Americans living there *February 15, 1898, the Maine exploded in Havana Harbor *To this day, no one is sure why the Maine exploded *Many Americans believed the Spanish did it *"Remember the Maine!" became the rallying cry for those demanding a declaration of war against Spain

environmental conservation

*Of all his progressive actions, Roosevelt may be best remembered for his efforts in the area of environmental conservation. *Roosevelt realized that the nation's bountiful natural resources were being used up at an alarming rate. *He urged Americans to conserve those resources. *Roosevelt was an enthusiastic outdoorsman, and he valued the country's minerals, animals, and rugged terrain *He cautioned against unregulated use of public lands and argued that conservation should be the guiding principle in managing the United States's natural resources.

Making Government Efficient

*One group of progressives drew its ideas for increasing government efficiency from business. *Theories of business efficiency first became popular in the 1890s. *Books such as Frederick W. Taylor's The Principles of Scientific Management (1911) described how a company could increase efficiency by managing time, breaking tasks down into small parts, and using standardized tools—a scientific approach to business that some progressives wanted to extend to government. *Progressives saw corruption and inefficiency in city government. *Many municipal leaders traditionally chose political supporters and friends to run city departments, even though these people often knew little about managing city services. *Progressives supported proposals to reform city government. *One, a commission plan, divided city government into several departments, with each one under an expert commissioner's control. *A second, a council-manager system, employed a city manager who was hired by the city council. *In both systems, experts play a major role in managing the city. *Galveston, Texas, adopted the commission system in 1901. *In other cities, political machines were weakened by having officials elected city-wide instead of by neighborhoods.

Child Labor

*Probably the most emotional progressive issue was the campaign against child labor. *Children had always worked on family farms, but mines and factories presented more dangerous and unhealthy working conditions. *Muckraker John Spargo's 1906 book, The Bitter Cry of the Children, presented detailed evidence of child labor conditions. *It told of coal mines that hired thousands of 9- or 10-year-old "breaker boys" to pick slag out of coal, paying them 60 cents for a 10-hour day *It described how the work bent their backs permanently and often crippled their hands. *Reports like these convinced states to pass laws that set a minimum age for employment and established other limits on child labor, such as maximum hours children could work. *At the same time, many states began passing compulsory education laws, requiring young children to be in school instead of at work.

Progressivism

*The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. *It fought to end corruption in government and business, and worked to bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution. *Progressivism was partly a reaction against laissez-faire economics and its emphasis on an unregulated market. *Progressives generally believed that industrialization and urbanization had created many social problems. *After seeing the poverty of the working class and the filth and crime of urban society, reformers began doubting the free market's ability to address those problems. *Progressives belonged to both major political parties. *Most were urban, educated, middle-class Americans. *Among their leaders were journalists, social workers, educators, politicians, and members of the clergy. *Most agreed that government should take a more active role in solving society's problems. *At the same time, they doubted that the government in its present form could fix those problems. *They concluded that government had to be fixed before it could be used to fix other problems. *One reason progressives thought they could improve society was their strong faith in science and technology. *The application of scientific knowledge had produced the lightbulb, the telephone, and the automobile. *It had built skyscrapers and railroads. *Science and technology had benefited people; thus, progressives believed using scientific principles could also produce solutions for society.

Early challenges of Women Suffrage

*The woman suffrage movement started slowly. *Suffragists were threatened and called unfeminine and immoral. *Many of the movement's supporters were abolitionists as well, and in the years before the Civil War, ending slavery took priority over women's voting rights. *After the Civil War, Congress introduced the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments to grant citizenship to African Americans and voting rights to African American men. *Leaders of the woman suffrage movement wanted these amendments to give women the right to vote as well. *They were disappointed when established politicians refused. *The debate over these two amendments split the movement into two groups: the New York City-based National Woman Suffrage Association, founded by Stanton and Susan B. Anthony in 1869, and the Boston-based American Woman Suffrage Association, led by Lucy Stone and Julia Ward Howe. *The first group wanted to focus on passing a constitutional amendment. *The second believed that the best strategy was convincing state governments to grant women the right to vote first. *This split weakened the suffrage movement *. By 1900, only Wyoming, Idaho, Utah, and Colorado had granted women full voting rights.

Boxer Rebellion (1900)

*While foreign countries debated access to China's market, secret Chinese societies organized to fight foreign control and influence. *One group, the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, was known to Westerners as the Boxers. *In 1900 this group decided to destroy both the "foreign devils" and their Chinese Christian converts, whom they believed were corrupting Chinese society. *In what came to be called the Boxer Rebellion, the Boxers and some Chinese troops attacked foreign embassies in Peking (now Beijing) and Tientsin (now Tianjin), killing more than 200 foreigners, including many Christian missionaries. *After the German ambassador to China was killed, eight nations—Germany, Austria-Hungary, Britain, France, Italy, Japan, Russia, and the United States—intervened. *A large multinational force rescued the foreigners and ended the rebellion. *During the crisis, Secretary of State John Hay worked with British diplomats to persuade the other powers not to partition China. *In a second set of Open Door notes, Hay convinced the participating powers to accept compensation from China for damages caused by the rebellion. *After some discussion, the powers agreed not to break up China into European-controlled colonies. *The United States retained access to China's lucrative trade in tea, spices, and silk and gained a larger market for its own goods.

On July 3, 1898, American warships in Santiago Harbor

*destroyed every vessel in the Spanish fleet

Imperialism

*economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker ones *European nations expanded their power overseas for many reasons *They needed to import raw materials for manufacturing *High tariffs in industrialized nations—intended to protect domestic industries— reduced trade, forcing companies to look for new markets overseas *Investment opportunities had also slowed in Western Europe, so Europeans began looking overseas for places to invest their capital

Wartime Agencies

As part of the war effort, Congress created new agencies staffed by business executives, managers, and government officials to coordinate mobilization and ensure the efficient use of national resources. These agencies emphasized cooperation between big business and government. The War Industries Board (WIB) coordinated the production of war materials. Early problems convinced President Wilson to expand the Board's powers. The WIB told manufacturers what they could produce, allocated raw materials, ordered new factory construction, and sometimes set prices. The Food Administration, run by Herbert Hoover, was responsible for increasing food production while reducing civilian consumption. The agency encouraged families to conserve food and grow their own vegetables in victory gardens. "Eat more corn, oats and rye products—fish and poultry—fruits, vegetables and potatoes, baked, boiled and broiled foods. . . . Eat less wheat, meat, sugar and fats to save for the army and our allies," urged Food Administration posters. The Fuel Administration managed use of coal and oil. To conserve energy, it introduced the first usage of daylight saving time, shortened workweeks for civilian goods factories, and encouraged Heatless Mondays. By the end of the war, the United States had spent about $32 billion. To fund the war effort, Congress raised income tax rates, placed new taxes on corporate profits, imposed an extra tax on the profits of arms factories, and borrowed over $20 billion through the sale of Liberty Bonds and Victory Bonds. Americans who bought bonds were lending money to the government to be repaid with interest in a specified number of years

Americans Enter Combat

At the time World War I began, many Americans believed they owed the French a debt for their help in the American Revolution. General John J. Pershing, commander of the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), arrived in Paris on July 4, 1917. British and French commanders wanted to integrate American troops into their armies. Pershing refused, and eventually only one unit, the 93rd Infantry Division—an African American unit—was transferred to the French. Germany's Last Offensive On March 21, 1918, the Germans launched a massive gas attack and artillery bombardment along the Western Front. Strengthened by reinforcements from the Russian front, the Germans pushed deep into Allied lines. By early June, they were less than 40 miles (64 km) from Paris. In late May, as the offensive continued, the Americans launched their first major attack, quickly capturing the village of Cantigny. On June 1, American and French troops blocked the German drive on Paris at the town of Château-Thierry. On July 15, the Germans launched one last massive attack in an attempt to take Paris, but American and French troops held their ground. The Battle of the Argonne Forest With the German drive stalled, French marshal Ferdinand Foch, supreme commander of the Allied forces, ordered massive counterattacks. In mid-September American troops drove back German forces at the battle of Saint-Mihiel. On September 26, 1918, the most massive offensive for the American Expeditionary Force was launched in the region between the Meuse River and the Argonne Forest. Although the Germans inflicted heavy casualties, their positions slowly fell to the advancing American troops. By early November, the Americans had opened a hole on the eastern flank of the German lines. All across the Western Front, the Germans began to retreat.

Alliance in WW1

In 1870, as part of its plan to unify Germany, Prussia forced France to give up territory along the German border. As a result, France and Germany became enemies. To protect itself, Germany signed alliances with Italy and with the huge empire of Austria-Hungary, which controlled much of southeastern Europe. This became known as the Triple Alliance. The new alliance alarmed Russian leaders, who feared that Germany intended to expand eastward. In addition, Russia and Austria-Hungary were competing for influence in southeastern Europe. A common interest in opposing Germany and Austria-Hungary led Russia and France to sign the Franco-Russian Alliance in 1894. Under the alliance, the two nations promised to come to each other's aid in a war against the Triple Alliance. Such alliances fostered militarism—the strong buildup of armed forces to intimidate and threaten other nations. Over time, German militarism led Britain to become involved in the alliance system. Britain's policy was to try to prevent one nation from controlling all of Europe. By the late 1800s, Germany had clearly become Europe's strongest nation. In 1898 Germany began building a large modern navy. The buildup threatened the British, who rushed to build warships. By the early 1900s, Britain and Germany were engaged in an arms race. The race convinced Britain to build closer ties with France and Russia. The British refused to sign a formal alliance, so the relationship became known as an entente cordiale, or friendly understanding. Britain, France, and Russia became known as the Triple Entente.

Palmer Raids

In April the postal service intercepted more than 30 parcels containing homemade bombs addressed to prominent Americans. The next month, a parade in Cleveland to protest the jailing of American Socialist Party leader Eugene Debs turned into a series of riots. Two people were killed and another 40 were injured. In June eight bombs in eight cities exploded within minutes of one another, suggesting a nationwide conspiracy. One of these bombs damaged the home of United States attorney general A. Mitchell Palmer. Palmer took action, establishing a special division within the Justice Department, the General Intelligence Division, which eventually became the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Although evidence pointed to no single group, Palmer's agents targeted the foreign-born. On November 7, 1919, Palmer ordered a series of raids on offices of the Union of Russian Workers in 12 cities. Less than seven weeks later, a transport ship left New York for Russia carrying 249 immigrants who had been deported or expelled from the country. In January 1920, Palmer ordered another series of raids on the headquarters of various radical organizations. Nearly 6,000 people were arrested. Palmer's raids continued until the spring of 1920, and authorities detained thousands of suspects. Palmer's agents often ignored the civil liberties of suspects. Officers entered homes and offices without search warrants. Some suspects were jailed indefinitely and were not allowed to talk to their attorneys. Many of the nearly 600 immigrants who were deported never had a court hearing. Palmer defended his actions: For a while, Palmer was regarded as a national hero. But his raids failed to turn up any hard evidence of revolutionary conspiracy. The Red Scare, however, greatly influenced people's attitudes during the 1920s. The New York state legislature expelled five members of the Socialist Party in January 1920, and within a few months, nearly 30 states passed sedition laws making it illegal to join groups advocating revolution. Many linked radicalism with immigrants, which led to calls to limit immigration.

Assassination causes

In June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, visited the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. As he and his wife rode through the city, Bosnian revolutionary Gavrilo Princip rushed their car and shot them dead. The assassination occurred with the knowledge of Serbian officials who hoped to start a war that would damage Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary decided the time had come to crush Serbia in order to prevent Slavic nationalism from undermining its empire. Knowing an attack on Serbia might trigger a war with Russia, the Austrians asked their German allies for support. Austria-Hungary then issued an ultimatum to the Serbian government. The Serbs counted on Russia to back them up, and the Russians, in turn, counted on France. On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia immediately mobilized its army, including troops stationed on the German border. Within days Germany declared war on Russia and France. World War I had begun. Germany immediately launched a massive invasion of France, hoping to knock the French out of the war, so it could turn its attention east to Russia. But the German plan required forces to advance through Belgium. The British government, which had signed an earlier treaty with Belgium guaranteeing the country's neutrality, declared war on Germany when German troops crossed the Belgian frontier. Those fighting for the Triple Entente were called the Allies. Italy joined them in 1915 after being promised control of Austro- Hungarian territory after the war. What remained of the Triple Alliance—Germany and Austria-Hungary—joined with the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria to form the Central Powers. Germany quickly conquered much of France, but Russia was a fierce opponent to the east. When Russia invaded Germany, the Germans were forced to move some troops eastward to thwart the attack. The Western Front became a bloody stalemate along hundreds of miles of trenches, with British and French forces on one side and German forces on the other.

Americans arrive

Two million troops Dough boys Germany sees the war ending in failure

The Treaty of Versailles

Wilson's popularity in Europe put him in a strong negotiating position. The peace conference decided to use the Fourteen Points as the basis for negotiations. But not everyone was impressed by Wilson's ideas. Premier Clemenceau of France and British prime minister Lloyd George wanted to punish the Germans for the suffering they had inflicted on the rest of Europe. Additionally, Britain refused to give up its sizable naval advantage by agreeing to Wilson's call for freedom of the seas. The Treaty of Versailles, reluctantly signed by Germany on June 28, 1919, included many terms designed to punish and weaken Germany. Germany's armed forces were greatly reduced and its troops were not allowed west of the Rhine River. The treaty also specifically blamed "the aggression of Germany" for the war. This allowed the Allies to demand that Germany pay reparations—monetary compensation for all of the war damages it had caused. A commission decided that Germany owed the Allies about $33 billion. This sum far exceeded what Germany could pay all at once and was intended to keep its economy weak for a long time. Wilson had somewhat better success in promoting national self-determination. The Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Russian Empire, the German Empire, and the Ottoman Empire were dismantled, and new nations created. In general, the majority of people in each new country were from one ethnic group. But both Poland and Czechoslovakia were given territory where the majority of the people were German, and Germany was split in two in order to give Poland access to the Baltic Sea. This arrangement helped set the stage for a new series of crises in the 1930s. The Treaty of Versailles ignored freedom of the seas, free trade, and Wilson's goal of a fair settlement of colonial claims. No colonial people in Asia or Africa received independence. France and Britain took over colonial areas in Africa and the Middle East, and Japan assumed responsibility for colonies in East Asia. The treaty did, however, call for the creation of a League of Nations. League members promised to reduce armaments, to submit all disputes that endangered the peace to arbitration, and to aid any member who was threatened with aggression.

Women Join the Military

Women officially serve Noncombat positions Clerical work (office) Other duties such as photographers, radio operators, pharmacists Nurses more than 20 thousand

Women Join the workforce

World War I was the first war in which women officially served in the armed forces, although they served only in noncombat positions. As the military prepared for war in 1917, it faced a severe shortage of clerical workers because so many men were assigned to active duty. Early in 1917, the navy authorized the enlistment of women to meet its clerical needs. Women serving in the navy wore a standard uniform and were assigned the rank of yeoman. By the end of the war, more than 11,000 women had served in the navy. Although most performed clerical duties, others served as radio operators, electricians, pharmacists, chemists, and photographers. Unlike the navy, the army refused to enlist women. Instead, it began hiring women as temporary employees to fill clerical jobs. The only women to actually serve in the army were in the Army Nurse Corps. Women had served as nurses in both the army and the navy since the early 1900s, but as auxiliaries. They were not assigned ranks and were not technically enlisted in the army or navy. More than 20,000 nurses served in the Army Nurse Corps during the war, including more than 10,000 overseas.

WW1 invention: balloon

Zeppelin could move 70 mikes an hour 1-2 could be in basket Zeppelin invented in 1900 It's bombing was inaccurate Full of flammable objects Danger