South America & Caribbean

During this conflict, Leandro Gomez was executed in the aftermath of the Siege of Paysandú [[pai-sahn-DOO]]. One side joined this conflict after José Antônio Saraiva issued an ultimatum in the face of stalled negotiations. To seize the Platine basin, Francisco Solano López exploited this conflict, a move which led to Paraguay clashing with the Triple Alliance. For the point, name this war which ended after the Brazilian-backed Colorado party surrounded the Blanco party at Montevideo.

ANSWER: Uruguayan War

Detailing this event, journalist Euclides da Cunha [[coon-YAH]] wrote Rebellion in the Backlands, which painted the oppressed Sertãnejos [[sehr-tao-NEH-hohss]] in a sympathetic light. British-manufactured cannons known as the matadeiras, or "Killers," proved vital in breaking a siege of the town of Belo Monte during this conflict. Over 15,000 displaced Black, Indigenous, and mestizo people died in this conflict after the namesake village, led by Antonio the Counselor, was overrun by the Brazilian army. The First Brazilian Republic quashed, for the point, what late 19th century rebellion in the Bahia state?

ANSWER: War of Canudos (or Guerra de Canudos)

In this war, Prince Gaston of Orleans, the Count of Eu, led a massacre of poorly armed citizens in the city of Piribebuy. "I die with my homeland!" were the last words of a dictator who died in this war's Battle of Cerro Cor ́a. This war began with that dictator, Francisco Solano Lopez, and the Brazilian government supporting opposite factions in the Uruguayan Civil War. For the point, name this devastating South American conflict during which Brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay battled against Paraguay.

ANSWER: War of the Triple Alliance (accept Paraguayan War before it is mentioned)

Gruesomely, this non-Chinese organization nailed street dogs to lampposts with signs declaiming that Deng Xiaoping [[SHAO-PENG]] was a traitor to the Communist Party for his capitalistic economic reforms. This organization worked in tandem with the Tupac Amaru movement to control countryside communities known as Rondas. Abimael Guzman called for this organization to undertake the "People's War," which included a campaign of terrorism in Lima. For the point, name this guerrilla movement of Peru, a Maoist insurgency eradicated by Alberto Fujimori.

ANSWER: Shining Path (or Sendero Luminoso; accept Communist Party of Peru before "Peru")

This person may have cut funding to the Society of Beneficence, because they elected another president. In order to visit Francisco Franco and Antonio Salazar without repercussions, this person organized the "Rainbow Tour" of Europe. This person was named "Spiritual Leader of the Nation" just one month before dying of cervical cancer. Thiswoman coined the name descamisados for her husband's shirtless supporters. For the point,name this Argentinian actress who rose to power with her husband, Juan.

ANSWER: Eva Peron (accept Maria Eva Duarte; accept Evita)

This man quipped that he had "undertaken vengeance" in a declaration at Camp Turel. Gabriel, comte d'Hédouville, favored André Rigaud over this man during the War of Knives. This man died in prison in the Jura Mountains after he surrendered to Charles Leclerc. Henri Christophe served as a general under this man, who worked closely with his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, during an uprising in the colony of Saint-Domingue. For the point, name this former slave who led the bloody Haitian Revolution.

ANSWER: François-Dominique Toussaint Louverture

The British government promoted the evangelical Clapham Sect to promote this view in an effort to allow the sugar production of the West Indies to compete with a rival state. In response to this event, plantation owners, known as fazendeiros, started the organization "Society for the (+) Promotion of Immigration" to acquire replacement labor. The Rio Branco Law preceded this event, of which an ailing Pedro II (*) was informed while away in Milan for medical treatment. Princess Isabel of the House of Braganza championed, for the points, what action facilitated by the Golden Law?

ANSWER: Abolition of Slavery in Brazil (accept word forms and descriptions such as "getting rid of Slavery in Brazil")

Catholic novelist Ayako Sono gave refuge to this politician after he fled his nation, and while there, his attempted resignation by fax machine was rejected by the National Congress. This politician paraded Maoist insurgent Abimael [[ah-BEE-mah-EL]] Guzman in a cartoonesque prison outfit and cage in his national capital. This man's daughter, Keiko, made a failed bid to win the 2021 federal election, narrowly losing to union leader Pedro Castillo. For the point, name this right-wing president of Peru who defeated the Shining Path insurgency.

ANSWER: Alberto Fujimori (or Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto)

An expedition along this river's drainage basin led by Caˆndido Rondon and Teddy Roosevelt nearly killed Roosevelt from an infected leg. Along a tributary of this river, a motor company founded the ill-fated settlement of Fordlandia to streamline rubber production for car tires. Francis de Orellana gave this river its myth-inspired name after he fought multiple skirmishes with female dominated tribes. For the point, name this largest river by volume discharge in the world, located in South America.

ANSWER: Amazon River

An island on this river had phases of civilization known as the Formiga and the Ananatuba. A culture on this river was studied by Charles C. Mann and Anna Curtenius Roosevelt. Betty Meggers claimed that a civilization on an island in this river collapsed in 1400. That island in this river, Marajó [[mah-rah-HOH]], was one of the few locations in the world to avoid the Spanish Flu epidemic of 1918. Francisco de Orellana [[oh-reh-YAH-nah]] studied this river on which Manaus had a rubber boom. For the point, name this South American river.

ANSWER: Amazon River

Educational methods that were originally developed for people living in this region are described in Paulo Freire's book Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Patrick Tierny accused James Neel and Napoleon Chagnon of performing unethical research on people in this region in the book Darkness in El Dorado. Daniel Everett studied a tribe from this region who speak a language that lacks words for specific numbers. The Yanomami and Pirah~a live in, for the point, what rainforest in South America?

ANSWER: Amazon rainforest (accept Amazon River basin or similar answers; prompt on South America; prompt on Brazil)

Lewis Jones led a eet of Welsh settlers to the southern region of this nation, founding a colony along the Chubut River that grew into the city of Puerto Madryn. Right-wing paramilitary squads in this nation such as AAA rose up to combat the Montoneros in the Dirty War. In 1982, this nation launched an invasion on an island group known to them as the Malvinas against the United Kingdom. For the point, name this South American nation governed from Buenos Aires.

ANSWER: Argentina (accept Argentine Republic)

This nation's Almirante Brown Antarctica base was burned down by a scientist after he was ordered to stay the winter. This country's National Reorganization Process led to a period of state terrorism known as "La Guerra Sucia" [[soo-SEE-ah]], or the Dirty War. The "Shirtless Ones" dominated post-war politics of this nation under the leadership of Juan Perón. Perón ruled from Buenos Aires in, for the point, what South American nation?

ANSWER: Argentina (accept Argentine Republic; or República Argentina)

Two answers required. A planned invasion of one of these countries by the other was known as Operation Sovereignty. The de-escalation of an arms race between these two countries was a goal of the Pacts of May. During the Baltimore Crisis, a minister in one of these countries offered the U.S. access to a base in Salta in order to attack the other. During the Snipe incident, the navy of one of these countries attacked the other's lighthouse in the Beagle Channel. For the point, name these two countries which fought over colonization of Patagonia.

ANSWER: Argentina and Chile (accept Argentine Republic or República Argentina in place of Argentina; accept Republic of Chile or República de Chile in place of Chile)

This ruler was held prisoner by his brother for a week in a tambo administrative building after being defeated at Tomebamba. The Mapuche people told a myth of this native ruler resurrecting and killing the governor, Pedro of Valdivia. This son of Huayna Capac fought a five-year civil war with his sibling, Huascar. This Sapa lost the Battle of Cajamarca, which resulted in the Spanish razing his capital of Cuzco. For the point, name this Incan Emperor, defeated by Francisco Pizarro.

ANSWER: Atahualpa (or Atabalica, or Atabalipa)

Juan Guzmán Tapia investigated this man's regime and the disappearance of American journalist Charles Horman, finally placing this man under house arrest in 2001. This man, who enlisted the "Chicago Boys," used the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to amass a fortune hidden in the Riggs Bank. Upon being surrounded by this man's forces, the sitting president, Salvador Allende died in the presidential Moneda Palace in Santiago. For the point, name this US-backed Chilean dictator.

ANSWER: Augusto Pinochet

The Rettig Report studied human rights violations in this leader's regime. This leader's secret police operated the Villa Grimaldi torture site and assassinated Orlando Letelier in Washington D.C. The DINA secret police carried out Operation Condor for this leader, who created the Caravan of Death and employed the Chicago Boys to create economic policy. A 1973 coup at La Moneda Palace led to the rule of, for the point, what man who deposed Salvador Allende [eye-EN-day] as leader of Chile?

ANSWER: Augusto Pinochet

A KGB-led disinformation campaign against this man's regime, named Operation TOUCAN, included the forging of a CIA letter approving a hit on a New York Times journalist by DINA. The "Coalition of Parties for NO" formed in the late 1980s in an attempt to peacefully replace this man. On his 60th birthday, the CIA launched Operation Condor to suppress left-wing movements in this man's nation and neighboring Argentina. The overthrow of Salvador Allende [[ah-YEHN-deh]] was carried out by, for the point, which Chilean dictator?

ANSWER: Augusto Pinochet [[pee-noh-SHEH]] (accept Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte)

A controversy between this country and Argentina was caused by entrepreneur Guido Antonini Wilson in the "Suitcase Scandal" after he attempted to bribe Argentine officials to subsidize natural gas. Beginning in 2016, the currency of this nation, the Bol´ıvar fuerte, faced massive hyperinflation. For the point, name this South American nation whose presidents such as Nicolas Maduro and Juan Guaido have led from Caracas.

ANSWER: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

Footballer Alfredo Di St´efano was kidnapped in this country during the administration of president R´omulo Betancourt. Another president of this country supplied oil to Cuba in exchange for medics and was succeeded by a member of the MBR-200. A diplomat from this country, Juan Pablo Pe´rez Alfonso, created OPEC. The May, 2018 elections in this country have been contested, with Juan Guaid´o serving as the acting president. For the point, name this nation, of which the UN still recognizes Nicol´as Maduro as president.

ANSWER: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela

This country was the site of the Baltimore Crisis, in which two American sailors were stabbed after one of them spit on a photo of Arturo Prat. In this country, the democratically-elected Salvador Allende [ah-YEHN-day] was overthrown by the American-backed Augusto Pinochet. This country secured its territory in the Atacama desert by defeating a Bolivian-Peruvian alliance in the War of the Paci c. For the point, name this South American country governed from Santiago.

ANSWER: Chile

These people operated workshops to harvest Spondylus shells to produce jewelry and currency, with their free divers travelling over 55 yards to capture the bivalve. In modern Punta Lobos, these people massacred 200 fisherman in the 14th century as a sacrifice to their personification of the (+) Pacific Ocean, Ni. These non-Inca people provided the precious metals to build the temple of Coricancha, dedicated to the sun God Inti, after they were conquered by Tupac (*) Yupanqui [[yoo-pahn-KEY]]. For the point, name this Pre-Columbian, coastal Peruvian society centered on the city of Chan Chan.

ANSWER: Chimú Empire (accept Kingdom of Chimor; accept Chimú people or culture)

Under this fixture is a chapel dedicated to the patron saint of one nation, Our Lady Revealed, who supposedly appeared before three fishermen near the Paraiba [[pah-RYE-bah]] river. This figure, built to combat "an advancing tide of Godlessness," had much of its funding raised through the Semana do Monumento. This Philipp Landowski-designed statue sits atop Corcovado Mountain. For the point, name this massive statue of Jesus in Rio de Janeiro.

ANSWER: Christ the Redeemer (or Cristo Redentor)

This politician, who led the "Frente para la Victoria" coalition, faced a scandal after Alberto Nisman was found dead after uncovering her role concealing Iran's involvement in a possible Hezbollah bombing in the capital. This President, whose rise coincided with the leftist "Pink Tide," reasserted her nation's resolve to regain the Falklands Islands in the 21st century. For the point, name this second female President of Argentina, the wife of former President Nestor, who lost the Presidency to Mauricio Macri [[mah-CREE]] in 2015.

ANSWER: Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (or Cristina Elisabet Fernández de Kirchner; accept CFK)

In the leadup to this period, 16 prisoners were executed in Rawson Prison in the Trelew Massacre. During this period, masked men abducted people like Emilce Moler and Pablo Diaz in the "Night of the Pencils." The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Adolfo P erez Esquivel for his opposition to actions such as the "disappearing" of "los desaparacidos" under Jorge Rafael Videla during this period. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo held up pictures of their abducted children during, for the point, what troubled period from 1976 to 1983 in Argentina?

ANSWER: Dirty War (accept La guerra sucia, prompt on "Operation Condor")

During this period, the Jesuit priests Francisco Jalics and Orlando Yorio were kidnapped. The Montoneros were a guerrilla group during this period, many of whose leaders were pardoned by president Carlos Menem but retried under Nestor Kirchner. The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo mourned children who disappeared during this campaign, which began after a military junta installed Jorge Rafael Videla and overthrew Isabel Peron. For the point, name this 1976-1983 period in which leftists were suppressed in Argentina.

ANSWER: Dirty War (or Guerra Sucia)

This leader composed the Hino da Carta and Hino da Independencia. This man faced the "Night of the Broken Bottles," after which he abdicated his throne. This "Soldier King" crushed the "Confederation of the Equator" before fighting a southern neighbor in the Cisplatine War. This man declared independence from his father, though he returned later to lead a "Liberal War" in Portugal. Crowned in Rio de Janeiro, for the point, who was this first Emperor of Brazil?

ANSWER: Dom Pedro I (accept King Dom Pedro IV of Portugal; accept Pedro the Liberator)

This leader put down the Praieira Revolt in Pernambuco, which occurred following Liberal and Conservative tension after the Ragamuffin War. This leader was considered the "Number-one Volunteer" for his efforts in defending Mato Grosso from Francisco Solano Lopez during the War of the Triple Alliance, in which he allied his country with Uruguay and Argentina. This ruler's daughter, Princess Isabel, passed the "Golden Law" abolishing slavery in a South American nation. For the point, name this final Emperor of Brazil.

ANSWER: Dom Pedro II (prompt on "Pedro")

This man's forces fought the Ragamuffin War, a rebellion started by nomadic cowhands known as gauchos. This ruler deployed the Marquis of Erval to rebuff Paraguayan president Francisco Solano Lopez's invasion during the War of the Triple Alliance. This man's daughter, Isabel, passed the Golden Law, emancipating all the enslaved people in their nation in 1888. The final Emperor of Brazil was, for the point, which member of the House of Braganza, known as "The Magnanimous"?

ANSWER: Dom Pedro II (prompt on "Pedro")

This leader severed diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom after they refused to provide reimbursement for ve ships they seized in the Christie Question. Francisco Solano Lopez triggered a war with this man's country by ordering the invasion of Mato Grosso. This man was exiled to Europe following a military coup less than four months after his daughter Isabel abolished slavery with the Golden Law. For the point, name this final Emperor of Brazil.

ANSWER: Dom Pedro II (prompt on Pedro alone)

Roger Khan, a leader of one of these organizations, paid for an advertisement in Guyana which claimed his "Phantom Death Squad" was more effective than the local police. Ecuadorian authorities seized several submarines operated by these specific organizations, who intended to smuggle goods into Mexico and the United States. El Mayo, a leader of these organizations headquartered in Sinaloa, took over after the 2014 arrest of "El Chapo." Pablo Escobar headed the Medellin [[med-eh-YEEN]] iteration of, for the point, what type of criminal organization which traffics illicit substances?

ANSWER: Drug Cartels (accept Drug Trafficking Organizations)

One leader with this surname faced a coup from ve American mercenaries and former Tuskegee Airman, Alix Pasquet. That leader with this surname agreed to vote for sanctions against Cuba in exchange for aid at the Punta del Este Gathering. Jean-Bertrand Aristide opposed a leader with this surname who led the National Unity Party. One leader with this surname turned on Clement Barbot, who led the brutal Tonton Macoute. For the point, give this surname shared by two Haitian dictators who went by the nicknames 'Baby Doc" and "Papa Doc."

ANSWER: Duvalier

Jean-Baptiste Dutrou-Bornier bought most of this island, married a native islander, and killed or relocated many of the islanders to establish a sheep ranch. Founded by the legendary Austronesian chief Hotu Matu'a, this island is used as an example of societal destruction due to environmental damage in Jared Diamond's book Collapse. Known as Rapa Nui in its native tongue, for the point, name this island that was annexed by Chile in 1888 and is known for its Moai heads.

ANSWER: Easter Island (accept Rapa Nui before mentioned, accept Isla de Pascua)

Structures on this island were toppled over in the decades following the arrival of Jacob Roggeveen [ROH-ge-veen], the first European to visit this island. A yearly race to retrieve an egg from a rock next to this island was an important part of this island's birdman cult. The still-undeciphered Rongorongo script was found on this island, which was annexed by Chile in 1888. For the point, name this island, home to sculpted heads called moai [[MOH-eye]].

ANSWER: Easter Island (or Rapa Nui)

The last of these rulers said "witness how my enemies shed my blood" shortly before being executed on orders of Viceroy Toledo. One of these people named Manco supposedly became one with the sun god Inti upon his death. The two sons of Huayna Capac, a man in this position, fought a prolonged civil war until Atahualpa emerged victorious for this kingship. For the point, name these rulers who were dethroned by conquistadors and the Spanish Empire.

ANSWER: Emperor of the Inca (accept Sapa Inca)

Mario Teran offered to execute this man because three of his friends, also soldiers named Mario, had just been killed in a skirmish with this man's forces. This man assisted Jacobo Arbenz in his attempt to end the latifundia system in Guatemala. This author of the memoir The Motorcycle Diaries and a handbook on guerilla warfare was captured by CIA-backed Bolivian officers in October 1967. Revolutions in the Congo and Cuba were aided by, for the point, what Argentine Marxist revolutionary who worked with Fidel Castro?

ANSWER: Ernesto "Che" Guevara

Former Nazi Klaus Barbie may have helped capture this leader of the ELN. This man captured an armored train after leading the winning side at the Battle of Santa Clara. This Argentinian wrote a memoir about his travels titled The Motorcycle Diaries. Alberto Korda's famous photo, Guerrillero Heroico, portrays this leader wearing a starred beret. For the point, name this international revolutionary who was executed in Bolivia in 1967, a central figure of the Cuban Revolution.

ANSWER: Ernesto "Che" Guevara (accept pronunciations including a "B" sound or a "V" sound, accept either underlined portion)

Alberto Korda took a photograph of this man, a trained doctor, who responded to the disaster at a memorial service for the La Coubre explosion. This man described the need to rid his continent of the "Yankee-Friend" and how he met a Communist miner in his memoir The Motorcycle Diaries. After attempting to start a revolution in Bolivia, this man was killed with help from the CIA in 1967. For the point, name this Marxist revolutionary who was integral to the Cuban Revolution.

ANSWER: Ernesto "Che" Guevara (prompt on "Che")

The first settlement on this archipelago was Port Louis, founded by French explorer Louis-Antoine de Bougainville [[boo-gahn-VEEL]]. The USS Lexington raided this archipelago after three American ships were captured in a seal hunting dispute. An undeclared war over this archipelago and the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands was fought when Leopoldo Galtieri claimed sovereignty over Las Islas Malvinas. For the point, name this island chain fought over in a 1982 war between Argentina and the United Kingdom.

ANSWER: Falkland Islands (accept Falklands; accept Falklands War; accept Islas Malvinas before mentioned)

This country's MR8 guerilla group kidnapped U.S. ambassador Charles Elbrick. This country's leader Juscelino Kubitschek built its new capital farther inland as part of his interior development plan. This country's president Getu ́lio Vargas established its state-owned oil company Petrobras, which was tied to this country's president Dilma Rousseff in a 2015 scandal. For the point, name this largest and only Portuguese-speaking country in South America.

ANSWER: Federative Republic of Brazil

Rebels in this country, in opposition to conversion to the metric system, led the "revolt of the kilogram breaker," or Quebra-Quilos [[KEH-brah KEE-lohs]]. This country was rocked by the 1842 Liberal Rebellions, and it faced a 1798 social revolution called the Revolt of the Tailors. Landowners fought settlers in this country's Contestado War. This country faced the Praieira [[prah-YEH-rah]] revolt in its region of Pernambuco [[pehr-nahm-BOO-koh]]. Getulio Vargas governed this country during the Estado Novo period. For the point, name this country, whose Bandeirantes [[bahn-deh-RAHN-tehs]] explorers hailed from São Paulo.

ANSWER: Federative Republic of Brazil (accept Empire of Brazil; accept United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves)

The abolition of this country's monarchy occurred during an economic crisis named for the act of mounting a horse, the Encilhamento [[EN-cil-ha-men-to]]. This country's purchase of three dreadnoughts began a naval arms race with the two other members of the 'ABC powers.' Cattle and coffee barons controlled this country's politics during its "coffee with milk" period. Slavery in this country was abolished in the 1888 Golden Law. For the point, name this South American country ruled by the Emperor Pedro II.

ANSWER: Federative Republic of Brazil (or República Federativa do Brasil; accept Kingdom of Brazil; or Reino do Brasil)

In 1980, this man sent a large number of criminals and mental patients among a group of dissidents allowed to leave his country in the Mariel boatlift. In 1961, the Democratic Revolutionary Front launched a disastrous attempt to overthrow this man known as the "Bay of Pigs" invasion. Two years earlier, this man took power after deposing Fulgencio Batista [[ful-JEN-syoh bah-TEE-stah]] with the aid of Che Guevara [[cheh geh-VAH-rah]]. For ten points, name this revolutionary who was the dictator of communist Cuba from 1959 to 2008.

ANSWER: Fidel Castro (or Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz)

Despite facing a numerically greater force, this man's forces emerged victorious at the Battle of Pun a against natives and at the Battle of Las Salinas against Diego de Almagro. After the Battle of Cajamarca, this man took a leader hostage when that leader threw a Bible to the ground. This explorer later collected rooms full of gold and silver as ransom, but killed that leader, Atahualpa, anyway. For the point, name this Spanish conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire.

ANSWER: Francisco Pizarro Gonzalez

A rival of this leader, Blucher Philogenes, was decapitated and had his head packed into a pail of ice so this leader could talk with it. This ruler told his militia to hunt down black dogs because he believed Clement Barbot could transform into one. The Tonton Macoute helped enforce this man's rule, which was propped up by a cult of personality in which this man claimed to be a loa spirit from Voodoo culture. This man's son Jean-Claude succeeded him after his 1971 death. For the point, name this dictator of Haiti.

ANSWER: Francois Duvalier (accept Papa Doc Duvalier; prompt on Duvalier)

These people, whose name may be derived from the Quechua term for "vagabond," included a Jewish subgroup led by industrialist Maurice von Hirsch. Future president Domingo Sarmiento wrote a semi-fictional account of one of these people in Facundo who terrorizes the region of Entre Rios. These vaqueros worked as cattle herders and hunters for ranches called estancias [[eh-STAWN-see-AHS]]. For the point, name these Spanish-speaking cowboys of the Pampas.

ANSWER: Gauchos (prompt on "Vaquero" or "Cowboy" before mentioned)

Integralists attempted to overthrow this man's regime in the "Pajama Putsch," a night attack on Guanabara Palace. Júlio Prestes [[PREST-shiz]] was exiled in favor of this man after the downfall of the "Old Republic" during the Revolution of 1930. This Latin American leader wrote, "I gave you my life, now I give you my death" in the Carta Testamento, a suicide note written after his plan to assassinate Carlos Lacerda was exposed. For the point, name this president who, in 1937, established the Estado Novo in Brazil.

ANSWER: Getulio Vargas

In this war, Huey Long had a fort named after him because he denounced Standard Oil's involvement in it. During this war, Daniel Salamanca dismissed General Hans Kundt, whose losses included the Battle of Nanawa. This war was fought over a region bounded to the south by the Picomayo River. Troops of Quechua descent su ered extreme thirst in this war, while their Guarani counterparts fared better. For the point, name this 1932 to 1935 South American war in which Paraguay fought Bolivia over oil reserves in a namesake region.

ANSWER: Gran Chaco War

This state's first Constitution had an article which renamed the city of Angostura to the name of a revolutionary who led the "Admirable Campaign." The Cosiata nearly led to the secession of the army of General José Antonio Páez from this state, leading to negotiations in Maracaibo. This nation, formed out of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, established capitals at Quito, Caracas and Bogotá during the Congress. For the point, name this state made up of modern Venezuela, Ecuador, Panama and the title nation, a short-lived republic led by Simón Bolivar.

ANSWER: Gran Colombia (prompt on Republic of "Colombia"; do not accept "Grand Colombia" or "Grande Colombia")

Note: two answers required. One of these countries declared independence from the other on February 27, 1844, from La Puerta del Conde. Shortly after, Emperor Faustin I, a dictator of one of these two countries, launched a failed invasion of the other, led by Buenaventura Baez. In 1937, a dictator known as "El Jefe" [ell HAY-fay] ordered the Parsley Massacre along the frontier between these countries. Rafael Trujillo [troo-HEE-yo] and Papa Doc Duvalier [doo-vahl-YAY] were 20th century dictators of, for the point, what two Caribbean nations that share the island of Hispaniola?

ANSWER: Haiti and the Dominican Republic (accept in either order)

During this conflict, General Charles Dugua died in a costly fort assault near the Cahos Mountains called the Battle of Crˆete-`a-Pierrot. Gabriel, comte d'H´edouville sowed dissent on one side of this conflict, leading to the War of the Knives. (+) An invasion force in this conflict led by Napoleon's brother-in-law, Charles Leclerc, was crippled by yellow fever. After this conflict, all French settlers on the island were killed on the order of (*) Jean-Jacques Dessalines. For the points, name this conflict in which former slaves like Toussaint Louverture overthrew colonists in a Caribbean country.

ANSWER: Haitian Revolution

In 1982, this future politician created the MBR-200, which evolved into the Movement for the Fifth Republic. In 1992, this man launched a failed coup to replace Carlos Andrés Pérez with Rafael Caldera. Following the tenth anniversary of the Caracazo in 1999, this man drafted a new constitution granting himself additional presidential power, the abuse of which led him to be temporarily removed from office in 2002. Nicolás Maduro succeeded, for the point, what longtime president of Venezuela who died in 2013?

ANSWER: Hugo Chávez

Nicolino de Pasquale [[pah-SKWAH-leh]] claimed these people used base 40 representations. This empire had feminine schools called Aklla wasi, and these people used abacus-type devices called yupana. Felipe Poma de Ayala created a book about the recording devices made of camelid fibers which these people used to record information like mita, their mandatory public service. This empire had Chasqui runners who ate coca leaves and used quipu [[KEE-poo]] knotted strings to keep records. For the point, name this Quechua [[KEH-chwah]]-speaking South American empire.

ANSWER: Incan Empire

A ruler of these people led a Pacific Ocean expedition and supposedly found the "fire" and "outer" belt. Qullqa warehouses were built by this empire, whose rulers included Topa and Pachacuti. Upon being given a Bible, a ruler of this empire failed to realize its use and began the Battle of Cajamarca; that ruler led the Ransom Room with gold. Atahualpa led, for the point, what empire based at Cuzco in the Andes Mountains of Peru?

ANSWER: Incan Empire (accept Incas)

While commanding the Regiment of the Mounted Grenadiers, this man and his troops hid in a convent to defeat Antonio Zabala at the Battle of San Lorenzo. This man replaced Manuel Belgrano as General of the Army of the North in the Yatasto Relay. With Bernardo O'Higgins, this man crossed the Andes to defeat Mariano Osorio at the Battle of Maipu. This victor at the Battle of Chacabuco met with Simón Bolívar at the Guayaquil Conference. For the point, name this Argentine general known as "The Liberator of Argentina, Chile, and Peru."

ANSWER: José de San Martín (or José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras)

Diplomat Spruille [sprool] Braden tried to discredit this leader's campaign with the "Blue Book." Edelmiro Farrell helped this politician create a Department of Labour. This leader helped Ludwig and Rodolfo Freude organize "ratlines" through his country. This leader was ousted in a coup after the Plaza del Mayo was bombed in 1953. This leader's supporters were known as the "descamisados." For the point, name this president of Argentina and husband of Evita.

ANSWER: Juan Peron

He's not Tito, but this world leader's "Third Way" foreign policy courted both the U.S. and Soviet Union. Several of this leader's right-wing supporters killed Montoneros in the Ezeiza [[eh-ZEH-zah]] Massacre. This man's wife died of cancer after helping establish "The Children's Republic" theme park near Buenos Aires. The descamisados supported this man and his third wife, President Isabela. For the point, name this Argentine populist and president.

ANSWER: Juan Perón (or Juan Domingo Perón)

This body of water is home to ruins linked with the Tiwanaku [[tee-wah-NAH-koo]] people, who possibly built a massive, now-ruined temple on the Isla de la Luna. Thor Heyerdahl's Ra II [[TWO]] was constructed by the reed craftsmen from Suriki in this lake. The first warship to navigate this lake was the gunboat Colo Colo, sent by Chile to threaten two other countries during the War of the Pacific. For the point, name this "highest navigable lake" in the world, lying between Peru and Bolivia.

ANSWER: Lake Titicaca (or Lago Titicaca; accept Titiqaqa Qucha)

An extinct subset from the same genus as these domesticated animals named hueques were used by the Mapuche on the island of Mocha [MOTE-sha]. On Lake Maracucha, archaeologists found maize 10,000 feet above sea level brought by herds of this mammal. A relative of the god Inti named Urcuchillay was believed to be one of these camelids, which is one of two members of its genus, along with the guanaco. For the point, name this beast of burden used by Pre-Columbian societies like the Inca.

ANSWER: Llama (do not accept Alpaca or Guanaco. Editor's note: Guanaco were not domesticated.)

This man ordered the Jujuy Exodus and helped propose the Inca Plan to the Congress of Tucum an. A ship named for this man was known as the USS Phoenix and became the second ship after the INS Khukri to be sunk by submarine after World War Two. The Sun carried the headline, \Gotcha," after a ship named for this man was sunk, and later editions of the paper carried the line, \Did 1,200 Argies drown?" For the point, name this man who designed the flag of Argentina and also names a ship sunk in the Falklands War.

ANSWER: Manuel Belgrano

These people were forced to migrate to the region around Curarrehue by Julio Argentino Roca during the Conquest of the Desert. These people were led by chieftains called Loncos, who supposedly elected Frenchman Or elie-Antoine de Tounens (+) as the Great Toqui in return for arms in their independence struggle. A leader of these people named Pelantaru defeated the Spanish at the Battle of Curalaba. Settling near the Bio-Bio River, these people defeated and killed the conquistador Pedro de Valdivia during the (*) Arauco War. For the points, name these indigenous people from Chile.

ANSWER: Mapuche (accept Araucanians prior to \Arauco War," prompt on descriptions of indigenous people of Chile)

Polynesian chicken bones at the El Aranal site have been used as evidence that these people were visited by Trans-Pacific travelers from Tonga. These people, who built the wooden funerary statues known as Chemamull [[che-mah-MUHL]], were led by Chief Lautaro [[low-TAH-roh]] in their victory against the Spanish at Tucapel. Conquistador Pedro de Valdivia's prolonged 16th century campaign to conquer these people during the Arauco [[ah-RAO-koh]] War ended in his death. For the point, name this indigenous people group of Chile and Argentina who remained nominally independent until the 19th century.

ANSWER: Mapuche [[mah-POO-cheh]] (accept Araucanians before "Arauco" is mentioned

While the first published mention of these natural formations was by Pedro Cieza de León, these formations were not studied until Paul Kosok re-discovered them. When Greenpeace set up a banner at the site of these natural formations, they were accused of inadvertently damaging them. These landmarks are located near a namesake tectonic plate south of Lima. Designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, for the point, what group of very large geoglyphs are located in a namesake desert in southern Peru?

ANSWER: Nazca Lines (prompt on "Nazca desert")

In an effort to dismiss Erich von Däniken's claim that ancient astronauts created this site, Joe Nickell and a small team recreated these sites without aerial assistance and utilizing pre-Columbian tools. This site was inadvertently damaged by Greenpeace activists in 2014 after they set up banners there, leading to extensive fines from the Humala administration. A monkey with a spiral tail and a heron are two of the glyphs present at, for the point, what group of geoglyphs in a namesake desert in Peru?

ANSWER: Nazca Lines (prompt on partial answer)

In 2017, Mauricio Macri revoked this man's Order of the Liberator General San Martin award due to human rights abuses. This current chair of the Non-Aligned Movement funneled funds for food to his associates via his CLAP social program. This man was accused of fixing a 2018 election, causing the National Assembly to declare his opponent, Juan Guaido, acting President. For the point, name this current President of Venezuela.

ANSWER: Nicolas Maduro

The pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee hid in this nation's port after being pursued by the British navy, but was ordered to leave after 72 hours by the Hague Convention. To combat the urban guerilla group known as the Tupamaros, the Colorado party president Juan María Bordaberry called a state of emergency and later dissolved Parliament. This nation gained independence as the "Oriental Republic" following the Cisplatine War between neighboring Argentina and Brazil. The Treaty of Montevideo was signed in, for the point, what small South American country?

ANSWER: Oriental Republic of Uruguay

This man inadvertently introduced invasive hippos to Latin America after acquiring them for his private zoo. This man escaped an army encirclement by simply walking out the back gate of La Catedral. While in hiding, this man burned $2 million to keep his daughter warm. This criminal, labeled the"King of Cocaine," operated out of the city of Medellin. For the point, name this notorious Colombian drug lord.

ANSWER: Pablo Escobar

This man likely ordered the bombing of Avianca Flight 203 in an attempt to influence his country's 1990 elections. The first "Search Bloc," under the command of Hugo Martinez, was created by Virgilio [[veer-HEE-lee-oh]] Barco with the sole goal of apprehending this man. After this man's death, four hippos that he kept at Hacienda Nápoles escaped confinement and have since become an invasive species in this man's country. The Medellín [[meh-deh-YEEN]] Cartel was led by, for the point, what notorious Colombian drug lord?

ANSWER: Pablo Escobar

This ruler wrote a series of sacred hymns called jaillis [[hah-EE-yees]] to accompany the situa [[see-TOO-ah]] purification ceremony. This man established the Raymi festival, which greatly expanded the worship of the sun deity Inti. This ruler, who legendarily subjugated the (+) Chanka people with stone warriors, organized his realm into four suyus. (*) For the points, name this son of the ruler Viracocha, a Sapa who reorganized the Kingdom of Cuzco into the Incan Empire.

ANSWER: Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui (or Pachakutiq Inka Yupanki)

Pius VII excommunicated a leader of this country who responded by threatening to make the Pope his "private chaplain." After that leader's daughter was revealed to be a prostitute, prostitutes in this country wore gold combs in their hair to mock high-born ladies. This country's secret police were once known as the (+) \hairy feet" and helped put down a coup led by Fulgencio Yegros. This country was the site of a society based on the tenets of Rousseau's Social Contract under the leadership of \El Supremo," Jose Gaspar (*) Rodriguez de Francia. For the points, name this South American country.

ANSWER: Paraguay

A ruler of this name was victorious at the Battle of Asseiceira, allowing him to win the Liberal Wars and restore his daughter Maria II to the throne. Despite having destroyed the Confederation of the Equator, an emperor of this name lost control of Cisplatina, which would later become Uruguay. An emperor of this name issued the Law of the Free Womb and the Golden Law to abolish slavery. For the point, give the name shared by the two Braganza emperors who ruled Brazil.

ANSWER: Pedro (accept Pedro I and/or II of Brazil)

This man's most celebrated discovery should almost certainly be credited to the Spaniards, Diego de Lepe and Vicente Ya˜nez Pinz´on. In 1500, this man negotiated to establish a trading post with the Samoothiri of Kozhikode, but trading sabotage and an attack on their facilities caused this man to lead his troops in the Massacre in Calicut. This man's claim on the land he named Ilha de Vera Cruz occurred during a voyage backed by Manuel I. For the point, name this Portuguese explorer credited with discovering Brazil.

ANSWER: Pedro ´Alvares Cabral

A politician with this surname gave the military immunity following an attack on the Santisimia Trinidad. The Justicialist Party was founded by a man with this surname. A failed coup against a politician with this surname began with the bombing of the Plaza de Mayo. That politician, who was forced to flee to neighboring Paraguay, was supported by the Descamisados. For the point, give this surname shared by two Presidents of Argentina, Isabel and her husband Juan.

ANSWER: Peron (accept Martinez before \Justicialist" is read)

This company drastically changed its operations based on research by geologist Walter K. Link, and in 1963, this company opened its Cenpes research center. Marcelo Odebrecht was convicted of active corruption for his role in a scandal involving this company, which also involved politician Eduardo Cunha. Sérgio Moro led an investigation into this company, which accused figures like Lula da Silva and Dilma Rousseff of kickbacks and corruption. Operation Car Wash investigated, for the point, what state-owned Brazilian petroleum company?

ANSWER: Petrobras (or Petróleo Brasileiro S.A.; prompt on "Brazilian Petroleum Company" and similar answers)

After living with a member of this family, Quispe Sisa married Francisco de Ampuero. Members of this family named Gonzalo and Hernando worked with Pedro de Valdivia to defeat Diego de Almagro at the battle of Las Salinas. Another member of this family sailed with Alonso de Ojeda and tried to arrest Vasco de Balboa. That man in this family lost the Battle of Punto Quemada but led the Famous 13 and won at Cajamarca in his conquest of Peru. For the point, name this family of conquistadors, including Francisco.

ANSWER: Pizarro

A myth in this country states that a candidate repeatedly asked a Conservative "How did you get this land?" until he got the reply \We took it from the natives." A presidential candidate in this country was targeted in Operation Pantomime and eventually killed by Juan Roa Sierra. Alberto Lleras Camargo was the first Liberal leader to take power in this country's power sharing agreement from 1958 to 1974, the National Front. The death of Jorge Eliecer Gaitan sparked unrest in this nation leading to a civil war called "La Violencia." For the point, name this South American country where Gait an's assassination provoked riots in Bogota.

ANSWER: Republic of Colombia

This country was the only Latin American nation to join the Korean War. In this country, a decade-long civil war between Liberals and Conservatives was known as La Violencia. The Medellin [[meh-deh-YEEN]] Cartel smuggled drugs out of this country in the late twentieth century under the leadership of Pablo Escobar. In 2017, the leftist FARC disarmed after a decades-long insurgency in this country. For the point, name this country, which as its earlier "Gran" iteration, controlled much of northwest South America.

ANSWER: Republic of Colombia (accept República de Colombia; accept Gran Colombia)

In 2010, USAID [U S \aid"] set up Zunzuneo, a version of Twitter, in this country, in an effort to overthrow its government. This country's current leader is the first President since Osvaldo Dorticos left office in 1976 to not be from the same family; that leader was chosen by a man who shook Barack Obama's hand at Nelson Mandela's funeral, marking a thaw in relations between the US and this country. For the point, name this country led by Miguel Diaz-Canel, who succeeded to the presidency after Raul Castro's retirement.

ANSWER: Republic of Cuba

Writer Allen Ginsburg was expelled from this nation in the mid-1960s after recounting a dirty dream he had about one of its early leaders on public radio. The collapse of the USSR led to a period of economic instability in this nation known as "The Special Period." This nation traded its doctors in exchange for Venezuelan oil, and it was caught in between the US and the Soviets in a namesake "Missile Crisis." For the point, name this Communist island formerly ruled by Fidel Castro.

ANSWER: Republic of Cuba

This nation suffered a widespread blindness epidemic in the 1990s caused by gualfarina [[gwahl-fah-REE-nah]] moonshine. This nation experienced economic destitution in the 1990s due to a lack of foreign aid from the recently fallen USSR. This nation sent convicts and political undesirables to the U.S. during the Mariel [[mah-ree-EL]] Boatlift. The Obama administration facilitated a namesake "thaw" in the 2010s which normalized relations with this nation. For the point, name this Caribbean nation ruled by the Castro regime for six decades.

ANSWER: Republic of Cuba (or República de Cuba)

Jean-Pierre Boyer was an early president of this country, the site of an event that was the subject of a 1938 book by C.L.R. James. This country's non-German Sans-Souci Palace was the main residence of its only king, Henri Christophe. Charles Leclerc deported a rebel in this country, which was the subject of the book The Black Jacobins. 1804 brought an end to a revolution in this country led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. For the point, name this island nation, the only state in history established by a successful slave revolt.

ANSWER: Republic of Haiti (accept République d'Haïti )

The constitution of this nation that was in place until 1987 was written by U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Franklin D. Roosevelt. After this country's president ordered the mass execution of prisoners in 1915, he was killed by a mob, leading to a U.S. occupation. Toussaint L'Ouverture [[too-SAHN loh-vehr-TOOR]] is known as the father of this country for leading it to independence. For ten points, name this country whose President Jovenel Moïse [[jove-NEL moh-EEZ]] was assassinated in 2021.

ANSWER: Republic of Haiti (or Republique d'Haiti; or Repiblik d Ayiti)

After this nation's independence, President José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia arrested the Peninsulares and extracted 150,000 pesos from them to fund his police state. This nation became known as the "poor man's Nazi regime" due to the harboring of Nazi criminals by Alfredo Stroessner. The battle of Cerro Corá in this nation led to the death of its dictator, Francisco Solano Lopez. For the point, name this South American nation that lost the War of the Triple Alliance, leading to the sacking of Asuncion.

ANSWER: Republic of Paraguay

Fernando Terry founded this country's Popular Action party, and ICJ head José Luis Bustamante y Rivero served as this country's president from 1945 to 1948. Alan García, a former president of this country, committed suicide in 2019 before he could be arrested for his involvement in the Odebrecht [[OH-duh-brekt]] scandal. President Alberto Fujimori carried out a self-coup in 1992 to solidify his power in this country. For the point, name this South American country whose presidents govern from the House of Pizarro in Lima.

ANSWER: Republic of Peru

One civilization from this modern-day country used shicra-bags to reinforce structures at Caral. This country where the Norte Chico civilization lived was also where a ruler was captured after throwing Friar Valverde's Bible at Cajamarca. This country is the location of giant Nazca glyphs drawn in the desert sands. This country declared independence from Spain in 1821, and Jose de San Martin was named its first Protector. For the point, name this country where the Incas built Machu Picchu.

ANSWER: Republic of Peru

At the age of 60, this nation's vice president, Ronnie Brunswijk [[BROONS-wike]], put himself in during a CONCACAF [[KON-kah-kaff]] soccer match against the club C.D. Olimpia. That politician serves under a president of Indian descent, Chan Santokhi, who heads the Progressive Reform Party. The Treaty of Breda between the British and United Provinces traded sovereignty over New York for this modern South American nation. Brutal dictator Dési Bouterse [[BAO-ter-suh]] ruled, for the point, what former colony of the Netherlands in South America?

ANSWER: Republic of Suriname (or Republiek Suriname)

In this city, Jorge Selaron's mosaics decorate a 215-step staircase called the Escanderia Selaron. The first Europeans in the region of this city landed at Guanabara Bay in 1502 and were part of the fleet of Pedro ´Alvarez Cabral. This city was its nation's capital from 1763 until Juscelino Kubutschek had a new capital built in 1960. The Christ the Redeemer statue overlooks, for the point, what city, the second-most populous after S˜ao Paulo in Brazil?

ANSWER: Rio de Janeiro

George Kruck Cherrie was among the nineteen members of this effort, from which sixteen returned. A group of rubber-tappers helped the members of this effort, who were followed by the Cinta Larga tribe. A journey to Tapirapuã was part of the first (+) leg of this effort which started along the Paraguay River. A leg infection afflicted a member of this effort who was accompanied by Colonel Rondon and his son Kermit. Occurring two years after a failed (*) 1912 presidential campaign, for the point, what scientific expedition in Brazil was undertaken by Teddy Roosevelt?

ANSWER: River of Doubt Expedition (accept Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition before "Rondon" is mentioned and prompt after; accept Expedição Científica Rondon-Roosevelt before "Rondon" is mentioned and prompt after; accept synonyms for "expedition" such as "journey")

This man attempted to restructure his country's economy with the help of Pedro Vuskovic. Another prominent advisor of this man, Carlos Prats, was removed after the failed Tank Putsch. To protect their holdings in the El Teniente mine, the Anaconda and Kennecott companies may have helped fund a coup against this man, who killed himself after rebels stormed the Palacio de La Moneda. This man nationalized the copper industry of his nation, prompting the CIA to back his overthrow. For the point, Augusto Pinochet succeeded what Marxist president of Chile?

ANSWER: Salvador Allende

This man was supported by the Popular Unity coalition, though earlier he opposed Eduardo Frei [[FRAY]] Montalva as leader of the FRAP. As president, this man supported education for the indigenous Mapuche [[mah-POO-cheh]] people and embarked on a Marxist nationalization campaign under the Vuskovich plan. During a 1973 CIA-assisted military coup, this man announced from La Moneda that he would not resign, after which he committed suicide with an AK-47. For the point, what Chilean president was ousted by Augusto Pinochet?

ANSWER: Salvador Allende [[ah-YEN-deh]] Gossens

ITT Corporation's Harold Geneen offered $1 million to defeat this man. The CIA's Track One and Track Two opposed this ruler, and even before he took office, Operation FUBELT was used against him. This Popular Unity leader was a Marxist who redistributed land, continued Eduardo Frei Montalva's liberalization of universities, and nationalized the copper industry. While besieged at the La Moneda Palace, this man committed suicide during a 1973 coup. For the point, name this Chilean socialist president who was succeeded by right-wing dictator Augusto Pinochet [[pee-noh-SHAY]].

ANSWER: Salvador Allende [[ah-YEN-deh]] Gossens (or Salvador Guillermo Allende Gossens)

Anchored off the coast of this non-U.S. city, the U.S. Navy lost the USS Memphis after 70-foot rogue waves wrecked it during repairs. Rear Admiral William Caperton's threats to bombard this city led the government of Desiderio Arias to flee, leading to an eight-year U.S. occupation. U.S. agents supported Joaquín Balaguer [[wah-KEEN bah-lah-GEHR]] loyalists who fought for control of this city after the death of a leader who committed the Parsley Massacre. For the point, name this city from which Rafael Trujillo [[troo-HEE-yoh]] ruled the Dominican Republic.

ANSWER: Santo Domingo

A trapelacucha [[trah-peh-lah-KOO-chah]] was an adornment composed of this good that was made by craftswomen of the Mapuche. In 1548, mass emigration to Zacatecas was brought about by the discovery of this good in San Bernabe. The supply of a different good in Huancavelica allowed for the mass mining of this metal via mercury amalgamation. The patio process was used to extract this metal, which was often mined at Cerro Rico, or "rich mountain" near the Bolivian city of Potosi. The Spanish word "plata" often referred to, for the point, what precious metal?

ANSWER: Silver (or Ag; prompt on "plata" before mentioned)

In a speech, this man called himself a "victim of ignominious suspicions" and begged his countrymen to "remain united, lest you become the assassins of the country and your own executioners." Daniel F. O'Leary refused to destroy this man's papers, preserving evidence of his affair with Manuela Sáenz. This man's militaristic legacy influenced the rule of the caudillo strongmen in Venezuela. In spite of this man's efforts, Gran Colombia dissolved into states like Ecuador and Colombia. For the point, name this South American "Liberator."

ANSWER: Simón Bolívar

This man's childhood mentor Simón Rodríguez introduced him to Enlightenment ideas like liberty and human rights. In 1812, this man issued the Cartagena [[kar-tah-HEH-nah]] Manifesto, detailing why he believed the First Republic had failed. At the end of his Admirable Campaign in 1813, this man marched into Caracas [[kah-RAH-kahss]] but later was forced to flee to Jamaica. For the point, name this man who served as president of Gran Colombia from 1819 to 1830 and was known as "The Liberator."

ANSWER: Simón Bolívar (or Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Ponte Palacios y Blanco)

School of the Americas graduate Franck Romain, a leader of this group, planned the St. Jean [[JOHN]] Bosco massacre in a failed attempt to kill future president Jean-Bertrand Aristide. This organization sold corpses to the U.S. medical establishment for three dollars a head while led by Luckner Cambronne, known as the "Vampire of the Caribbean." Formerly known as the "Hooded Men," this paramilitary's leaders often doubled as vodou priests who wielded machetes and wore straw hats. The regime of "Papa Doc" Duvalier was supported by, for the point, what militia from Haiti?

ANSWER: Tonton Macoute (accept The Macoute; accept Volontaires

A statement one year before this treaty that dealt with the same issue prompted one king to say "Show me Adam's will!" A later agreement that attempted to solve this treaty's \Moluccas issue" was known as the Capitulation of Zaragoza. Alexander VI's bull Inter Caetera dealt with the central question of this treaty. A boundary 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands was voided when the Treaty of Madrid superseded this treaty. Borders in the Rio de la Plata and Brazil were set by, for the point, what 1494 treaty that divided up parts of the New World between Spain and Portugal?

ANSWER: Treaty of Tordesillas

This treaty superseded Alexander VI's earlier papal bull Inter caetera, and an addendum to this treaty was motivated by the discovery of the Maluku Islands, once known as the Spice Islands. Prior to its extension by the Treaty of Zaragoza, this treaty only applied to one side of the Earth. This treaty has been invoked in Chilean claims on Antarctica. King John II negotiated this agreement to avoid ceding India to his country's only European neighbor. For the point, name this 1494 treaty that divided up the New World between Spain and Portugal.

ANSWER: Treaty of Tordesillas

Debt after this war led to the Grace Contract loans, and Federico Blume developed the "Submarine Bull" for this war. Treaties leading up to this war included the Lindsay-Corral Protocol and the 1866 Boundary Treaty. This war included the Treaty of Defensive Alliance, which stemmed from the Monopoly Law. Beginning with the Battle of Topwater, this war included the Battle of Tacna and a clash of ironclads at Iquique [[ee-KEE-kay]]. For the point, name this war in the Atacama Desert between Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, fought over nitrate deposits near its namesake ocean.

ANSWER: War of the Pacific (accept Guerra del Pacífico; accept Saltpeter War)

Land in the Amazon rich in this resource was sold o to Chinese companies by Rafael Correa's Ecuadorian government. L azaro C ardenas invoked Article 27 of the Constitution of Mexico to nationalize this industry in 1938. Processing of this resource in Venezuela is dominated by PDVSA, which operates wells in the Maracaibo basin. For the point, name this finite resource which has been refined to create fossil fuels.

ANSWER: crude oil (accept petroleum)