SOWK test 1

Organization on Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

Founded in 1960, the organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD) is a global organization committed to furthering democratic governments and the market economy across the globe. Canada is among the 34 member states and is one of the founding members.

Milton Friedman

Friedman was the main proponent of the monetarist school of economics. He maintained that there is a close and stable association between inflation and the money supply, mainly that inflation could be avoided with proper regulation of the monetary base's growth rate.

National Child Benefit Suppliment (NCBS)

The national child benefit supplement is an additional tax credit that adds to the Canada child tax benefit (CCTB). The NCBS is the federal contribution to the CCTB. It provides low-income families with additional child benefits on top of the basic benefit.

Civil Society Organizations

Civil Society organisations have an impact at various stages of the policy process and affect policy in many ways. They transform individual hardships into collecting problems through forms of community organizing and mobilization. Such organizations act as sites where people come to identify shared problems and indeed are often places where new problems are identified and named. Examples might be disbilities organizations, women's ogrganizations, and gay rights organizations.

Four Periods of the Rise of Income Security

1.) Colonial Period to 1867. 2.) Industrialization period 1867-1940. 3.) The welfare state period 1941-74. 4.) The Era of Erosion 1975-Present

four key historic debates on income security

1.) Deserving vs. undeserving. 2.) Economic security vs. disincesntives to work. 3.) Bare subsitence vs. adeqaute standard of living. 4.) Fact of need vs. cause of need

Four types of Income Security Programs

1.) Mimimum Income Programs. 2.) Income Supplimentation Programs. 3.) Social Insurance Programs. 4.) Demogrants

Four Approaches to Social Welfare Theory

1.) Political ideaology approach. 2.) Economic Theory Approach. 3.) Welfare state regimes approach. 4.) Gender-Based Approach

Keynesian

A Keynesian is a follower of the economic theory of the British economist John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946). Keynes' economic theories provided the intellectual rationale for the intervention of governments in economies and the transformation of social policy.

Funnel of Causality

A Model of policy-making that provides more room for considering power and influence. In this model, policy decision can be seen as the result of a wide range of factors- those involved and Strategies employed by bureaucrats, and lobbyists, all of which directly affect the policy choice.

Feminist Critque

Argues womenpredominantly and disproportionatly bear burden of government cuts and economic restructuring. Advocate for employment equit

National Anti-Poverty Organization (NAPO)

Canada without poverty is a non-partisan organization dedicated to the elimination of poverty in Canada. Stealing from the Poor People's conference in Toronto in 1971- a national gathering of low-income citizens - canada without poverty was founded later that year has the national Anti-poverty organization (NAPO). In 2009, NAPO changed its name to Canada without poverty. Since its Inception, the organization has been governed by people with direct, personal experience of poverty. Acting from the belief that poverty is a violation of Human Rights, the organization's work includes raising awareness, participating in research, and influencing public policy to prevent and alleviate poverty.

Immigration Policy

Canada's immigration policy falls into several time periods. Prior to 1967, selected essentially on the basis of country of national origin. After 1967 points system was introduced and immigrants roast selected on Merit criteria essentially related to labour force readiness (education, scale, language, facility, etc.). Family class in humanitarian (refugee) class also was created at that time. Since 2008, significant modifications have been introduced such that immigration is even more directly tied to labor market demands and employment readiness. The changes also Place greater demands on immigrants prior to achieving permanent status.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Created in 1945, this international Organization aims to promote international monetary cooperation, exchange stability, an orderly exchange arrangements to Foster economic growth and high levels and to provide temporary financial assistance to countries to help ease balance-of-payments adjustment. Their structural adjustment programs have had many negative impacts on developing countries. At present, the IMF has $107 billion loaned out to 56 countries.

Disability

Disability applies to a wide range of so-called including sensory impairments, such as blindness or deafness, physical disabilities including mobility, and psychiatric, developmental, learning, and Neurological disabilities.

public income security programs

Employment Insurance, Workers compensation, Social assistance (welfare)

Environmental Policy

Environmental policy, quite simply, is any course of deliberate action taken by federal, provincial or local governments with a view to prevent, reduce, mitigate harmful effects on nature and natural resources, and to ensure that human made changes to the environment do not have harmful and long-lasting effects on humans themselves.

Federalism

Federalism is a system of government in which a number of smaller States (in Canada's case, provinces and territories) join to form a larger political entity while still remaining a measure of political power.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Natiions (FAO)

Federalism is a system of government in which a number of smaller States (in Canada's case, provinces and territories) join to form a larger political entity while still remaining a measure of political power.

Fiscal Policy

Fiscal policy: the use of government expenditure to manage the economy.

Fiscal Policy vs. Monetary Policy

Fiscal policy: the use of government expenditure to manage the economy. Monetary policy: The process of controlling interest rates and the money supply to manage the economy.

Gender-based Approach

Gender-based approach two social welfare identifies to Regime types based on an analysis of the family and unpaid labor: The male Breadwinner regime and the individual earner/carer regime.

Converative/Corporatist Continental welfare States

Germany, Austria, and France typify the conservative / corporatist continental welfare state model. Welfare states following this model provide Income Maintenance to uphold the status quo and maintain income difference between classes. They are not concerned with eradicating poverty or creating a more egalitarian society.

Canada Child Tax Benefit (CCTB)

In 1998, a new initiative call the Canada child tax benefit (CCTB) was introduced. The CCTB has two main elements: A CCTB basic benefit and the national child benefit supplement (NCBS). The NCBS is an additional tax credit that adds to the CCTB and is the federal contribution to the CCTB. It provides low-income families with additional child benefits on top of the basic benefit.

Individual Earner-carer Regimes

Individual earner/carer regimes based on shared roles between men and women leading to equal rights. In this model, sexes have equal rights to social entitlement as earners and caregivers. Paid work in the labor market and unpaid caregiving work at the same benefit entitlements, nearby neutralizing gender differentiation with respect to social rights. State plays a central role in the provision of services and payments, whether it be caring for children, elderly relatives, the sick, or people with disabilities.

Canada Assistance Plan (CAP)

In effort to consolidate social assistance and other income security and social service programs, the federal government introduced a new cost-sharing arrangement with the provinces in 1966 - Canada Assistance Plan (CAP). CAP brought together a range of cost shared income security, social Services, education, add health programs into one system. It also included several national standards.

Institutional approach

In the Institutional approach, social welfare is a necessary public response that helps people attain a reasonable standard of life and health. Within this View, it is accepted that people cannot always meet all of their needs through family and work. Therefore, in a complex industrial society, it is legitimate to help people through a set of publicly-funded and organized systems of programs and institutions. The Institutional model attempts to even out, rather than promote, economic stratification or status differences.

Residual approach

In the residual approach, social welfare is a limited, temporary response to human need, implemented only when all else fails. It is based on the premise that there are two natural ways through which an individual's needs are met: Through the family and market economy. The residual model is based on the idea that government should play a limited role in the distribution of social welfare.

Income Redistribution

Income redistribution is a principle that underlies social welfare systems in capitalist countries. It involves 'evening out' income levels somewhat across the population - taking from the rich and giving to the poor without undermining social inequality all together.

Income Security

Income security provides monetary or other material benefits to supplement income or maintain the minimum income level (e.g employment Insurance, social assistance, old age security, and worker's compensation)

National Daycare Plan

It was the royal Commission on the status of women (1970) the first proposed the national Child Care Program for Canada. Since that time, there have been three major attempts to develop such a program: The task force on child care (1986), a special committee on child care (1987), and the foundation's program, which was being pursued with a provinces under the liberal government under Paul Martin. Subsequent negotiations with the provinces on a unified Child Care Program and other matters were terminated by the new conservative government in February 2006.

liberal Anglo-Saxon Welfare States

Liberal welfare regimes countries such as Canada, united States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Ireland. 'Liberal' as used here, refers to classical liberalism that is concerned with laissez-faire economics and minimal government interference.

Neoliberalism

Neoliberalism refers to an economic approach to public policy that strongly favors free trade, privatization, minimal government intervention in business affairs, reduced taxes, and reduced public expenditure on social services.

neoliberalism

Neoliberalism refers to an economic approach to public policy that strongly favors free trade, privatization, minimal government intervention in business affairs, reduced taxes, and reduced public expenditure on social services.

Federal Spending Power

Refers to the ability of the federal government to spend money outside of its immediate jurisdiction. It was on the basis of the spending power that the federal government got involved in a wide range of policies after the second World War, including social assistance, housing, social Services, and disability programing. It was able to do so by offering to pay a percentage of the cost of a provincial program in a given area provided that the provincial program met certain 'national standards'.

Monetary policy

financial and money (governement changing interest rates)

Political ecnomy theorists

Political economy theorists believe that the operation of economic markets is tied to private concentrations of ownership and is essentially exploitative. Most adherents, while not opposed to providing support to those in need, would argue that that social spending serves to prop up and justify an unjust economic system. The welfare state, in their view, is one of the contradictions of capitalism: It increases well being, but also frustrates the pursuit of a just Society. It reinforces the very institutions and values that the welfare state was established to do away with.

Fuedalism

Prior to the 14th century he was based largely but a system of obligations in a primarily Agricultural Society. This kind of social organisation was known as feudalism. Feudalism was both an economic and a social system in which the owner of the property was responsible for the peasants working on the land.

Public welfare

Public welfare takes place at the three levels of government: The federal or national government, the provincial and territorial governments, the regional and Municipal governments. Various levels of government fund and deliver monetary benefit programs.

Canada Health Transfer (CHT)

Replacing the CHST, the Canada Health transfer provides Federal funding to the provinces for health care services

Canada Social Transfer ( CST)

Replacing the CHST, the Canada social transfer provides Federal funding to the provinces for social assistance, social Services, and post secondary education

Canada Health & Social Transfer (CHST)

Replacing the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) and established programs financing (EPF), 1996 CHST set the funding formula for social assistance, social Services, healthcare Services, and post-secondary.

Canadian Health & Social Transfer (CHST)

Replacing the Canada Assistance Plan (CAP) and established programs financing (EPF), 1996 CHST set the funding formula for social assistance, social Services, healthcare Services, and post-secondary.

Selective Programs

Selective programs target benefits those who are in need or eligible, based on a means test (sometimes called an income test) or a needs test.

Social Democratic Welfare Regimes

Social Democratic welfare regimes include countries such as Sweden, Finland, and Norway. This model emphasizes citizenship rights and the creation of a universal and comprehensive system of social benefits. The model is focused on optimum conditions for the citizen- as a right.

Social policies

Social policies refer to the rules, regulations, laws, and other administrative directives that set the framework for social welfare activity.

social programs

Social programs are the various targeted initiatives that are created to put social policies into practice.

Cause of Need

Support tied to WHY someone is in need

Beveridge Report

The Beveridge report came out of Britain in 1943, same here as the subsequent Canadian Marsh report. These reports established the Baseline for the rapid expansion of social welfare

Caledon Institute of Social Policy

The Calcedon Institute of social policy is an independent, non-profit best completes research and Analysis to help encourage public awareness and debate on the role of social policy in Canadian Society.

Constitution Act, 1867

The Constitution Act, 1867 was originally and acted as the British North America Act, 1867 (The BNA Act). The ACT created the Federal Dominion of Canada, and it defines its Federal structure, system of government, the justice system, and the taxation system. The BNA Act was renamed in 1982 with the Patriots in of the Constitution.

Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)

The Cooperative Commonwealth federation was a political party, founded in 1932 in Calgary, Alberta, by socialist, agrarian, co-operative and labour groups. In 1944, with is provincial victory in Saskatchewan, the CCF became the first social democratic government in North America. the CCF disbanded in 1961 and was replaced by the new Democratic Party. In the 2011 federal election, the NDP became the main Federal opposition party.

Goods and Services Tax (GST)

The GST is a "value-added tax" (a consumption tax) first introduced in 1991 by the then conservative government under prime minister Brian Mulroney. The GST was very controversial at the time. A new consumption tax, the harmonized sales tax (HST), is now used in those provinces where are the goods and services tax and the provincial sales tax (PST) are combined into a single sales tax.

gaurenteed Income Suppliment (GIS)

The Guaranteed income supplement (GIS) provides extra money to OAS recipients who have little or no other income.

International Labour Organization (ILO)

The ILO was founded in 1919, in the wake of WWI, based on the premise that Universal, lasting peace can be established only if it is based on social justice. The ILO became the first specialized agency of the UN in 1946. The main aims of the ILO are to promote rights at work, encourage decent employment opportunities, enhance social protection, and strengthen Dialogue on work-related issues. The tripartite structure of the ILO is intended to give an equal voice to workers, employers, and governments.

Kelowna Accord

The Kelowna Accord refers to an agreement, finalised in 2005, between the federal government, the Premiers, territorial leaders, and leaders of five National Aboriginal organisations. The Accord aims to improve the education, employment, and living conditions for Aboriginal peoples. It was endorsed by the liberal Prime Minister Paul Martin but was cancelled by his successor, conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper.

New Deal

The New Deal refers to a series of economic policies and acted in the US between 1933 and 1936 under President Franklin D Roosevelt. Spending programs were in response to the Great Depression and aimed to get call me back on its feet. The policies focused on what historians call the 3 R's: Relief for the unemployed and poor; recovery of the economy to normal levels; and reform of the financial system to prevent a repeat depression. The New Deal is widely credited for pulling the US and world economy out of the depression, though massive rearmament for WWII is also associated with helping to bring about the economic recovery.

Canada-US North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was signed by prime minister Brian Mulroney, president Carlos Salinas, and US President George HW Bush and came into effect January 1st 1994. The agreement facilitated a greater exchange of goods between the three countries and created the world's largest free-trade area.

Old Age Security (OAS)

The Old age security (OAS) program provide a basic pension (adjusted for inflation) to virtually everyone over 65 years of age who has lived in Canada for a required length of time. It is a universal monetary benefit payable to Canadians over a specified age. It is an income transfer program paid out of the General Revenue of the federal government.

Prime Ministers Office (PMO)

The PMO is made up of the Prime Minister and prime ministers pop political staff. The office also includes speechwriters, strategists, and Communications personnel, among others. The PMO is charged with advising the prime minister on decisions. It is arguably the most powerful single unit of decision-making within the Canadian system of government. (see also, Privy Council Office).

Conservative Ideology (anti-collectivists)

The basic values of the conservative ideology our freedom individualism and the inevitability of equality. According to the conservative ideology, the role of government (including its interference in the free market economy) should be limited, and the role of private property and private Enterprise should be Paramount.

Canada/Quebec Pension Plan

The earnings-based Canada/Quebec pension plan (C/QPP) provides a pension upon retirement two-person Swift do it. It is a social insurance type of income security program; it ensures the contributor against the loss of income due to retirement. All employed or self-employed canadians over the age of 18 make compulsory contributions to the plan (matched by their employer) throughout their working careers. The plan also offers disability, survivor, and death benefits, as well as inflation protection. The plan is fully portable from job to job.

Economic Theory Approach

The economic theory approach, as its name implies, focuses on the influence of economic theories. Economists have differing series about the root causes of unemployment and poverty that generally derive from the three economic theories: Keynesian economics, monetarism, and political economy. Each body of Economic theory has a different View of the role of government and the effects of social spending on the economy.

Elizabethan Poor Law

The famous Elizabethan poor laws provided the Bedrock of the modern welfare states in England, the United States, and Canada. in 1601, England passed the Elizabethan poor Relief act, mainly to suppress vagrancy and begging. The Act recognised the states obligation to those in need, provided for compulsory local levies, and required work for the able-bodied poor. Institutional relief was provided by for houses and work houses the subsequent amendments of 1834 were based on the belief that pauperism was rooted in an unwillingness to work (rather than resulting from inadequate employment opportunities), and the relief provided to the poor had to be set at a level below that of the poorest label.

Social Insurance Programs

The fundamental element of a modern welfare state is a social insurance scheme. You pay premiums and then have a right to benefits. Employment Insurance and workers compensation are examples.

Economic Globalization

The growing integration international markets for goods, services, and finance, characterised by free trade and investment expansion, concentrated transnational Corporation power, enforcement, and rights protection.

Social Democratic (new Democratic) Idealogy

The key values of the Social Democratic ideology are social equality, social justice, economic freedom, and fellowship and cooperation. To the Social Democrat, social inequality waste human ability and is inefficient in its distribution of resources. Freedom for social Democrats is not only political, it is economic- the kind of Freedom that results from government intervention in maintaining a stable economy and stable employment.

Male Breadwinner Regimes

The male Breadwinner regime is characterized by an ideology of male privilege based on a division of labor between sexes and resulting in unequal benefit entitlements. Men are seen as the family providers and thereby are entitled to benefits based on their labor force participation or their position as 'head of the household'.

Political Ideology Approach

The political ideology approach situates social welfare in the context of economic, social, and political Theory - in Canada, this is normally distinguished according to conservative, liberal, social Democratic, and socialist beliefs.

Liberal Ideology (Reluctant Collectivists)

The primary values of a liberal ideology or pragmatism, Liberty, individualism, the inevitability of an equality, and humanism. Pragmatism means that, as a government or an individual, you do what needs to be done. Liberals have often been described as less ideological than conservatives, which means they're willing to do things that suit the circumstances, but may not exactly follow 'liberal' principles. Liberty, individualism and social inequality our tempered by a concern for justice for the poor. So competition and markets are tempered buy a concern for people and the need for a certain basic level of Social Security.

Race to the Bottom

The race to the bottom is a socio-economic phrase which is used to describe government deregulation of the business environment or taxes in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions.

Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834

The rather harsh Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 three main features: It forbade outdoor relief (relief outside of almshouses) for Able Bodied persons and their families, it aimed to dramatically cut relief rates, and it aims to tighten administrative rules and clean up what it saw as abusive of the system.

Marsh Report

The report on social security for Canada by Leonard Marsh became commonly called 'the marsh report' and detailed the need for comprehensive and Universal social welfare programs.

Mincome

This was the name given to a guaranteed annual income experiment in Manitoba that would either prove or disprove but claims by conservatives that a GAI would provide disincentives for people to work. From 1974 to 1978, randomly chosen modest to low-income manitobans received a GAI in one of three formulations combining a particular level of guaranteed income with a particular level of clawback of any income that a Mincome recipient receive beyond the GAI. When social scientists later gained access to the data, they found that the impact of receiving the Mincome GAI an individuals seeking and finding work was minimal.

Deserving and Undeserving Poor

Those physically able to work are undeserving

Demogrants

These are Universal flat rate payment made to individuals or households on the sole basis of demographic characteristics, what does number of children or age, rather than on the basis of need. The family allowance program, benefiting all families with children under the age of 18, was Canada's first widespread demogrant.

Income Supplimentation

These are programs that supplement income that is obtained elsewhere, through paid employment or through other income security programs. They are not intended to be the primary source of income. The national child benefit supplement (NCBS) and the guaranteed income supplement (GIS) are Income supplementation programs.

Social Inclusion

This concept challenges social welfare Scholars to consider the non economic aspects of Society that lead to social disadvantages or social exclusion, such as education, community life, healthcare access, and political participation.

Phase 4: 1974 - Present

This era was marked by the arrival and development of many of Canada's social welfare programs: Family Allowance Act (1944), Old Age Security Act (1951), Old Age Assistance Act (1951), Unemployment Assistance Act (1956), Unemployment Insurance Act (1971)

Mimimum Income Programs

This is income security that provides monetary assistance to those with no other source of income. Social assistance or welfare is a minimum income program.

Phase 1: 1604-1867

This period was characterized by: 1.) Local and limited relief for the poor. 2.) Social welfare as private service[little role for government] 3.) aversion to taxes. 4.) gradual imposition of a reserve system for First Nations

Phase 3: 1941 - 1973

This period was characterized by: 1.) Post WWII desire for security. 2.) Rapid industrialization and urbanization 3.) remembrance of lessons learned in depression. 4.) acceptane of government intervention 5.) Acceptance of Keysian economics. 6.) a variety of landmark income security programs and legislation. 7.) the 1966 C.A.P. Plan 8.) Growth of socialist and reform movements [CCF-NDP]. 9.) Cold War with Communist Soviet Union

Phase 2: 1868-1940

This period was characterized by: 1.) the begginings of a transition from private to public social welfare 2.) WWI protest and social unrest. 3.) Industrialization and Urbanization. 4.) Economic hardship of the great depression. 5.) emergence of Keynesian economic ideas.

Employment Insurance

This social insurance type of income security program provides a level of income replacement to those workers who are temporarily out of work and meet strict eligibility conditions.

Employment Insurance (EI)

This social insurance type of income security program provides a level of income replacement to those workers who are temporarily out of work and meet strict eligibility conditions.

Established Programs Financing (EFP)

Under the Canada assistance program (CAP) the federal government's contributions to Health Care and post-secondary education we're funded through ETF since 1979. Both CAP and ETF we replaced with a Canada Health and Social transfer (CHST) in 1996.

Privy Council Office

Unlike the PMO, which is more partisan, the PCO is officially charged with providing the federal cabinet and prime minister with independent advice and helping to support the various government agencies and departments.

private welare

Welfare can be non-profit or for-profit and provides in kind benefits to those lacking income. In kind benefits include such things as food, emergency shelter, and other bare necessities. By law, organizations that provide these benefits are often registered, and rules and regulations govern their activities.

Social Assistance or "Welfare'

When a person has no source of income, her or she is entitled to what is commonly known as social assistance (SA), also known as welfare. SA Is a province based minimum income program for people defined as "in need". Strict eligibility criteria, known as it needs test, are applied to determine whether people are in need. Social assistance is a program of Last Resort with roots in early charity relief and the English poor laws.

Bare susbsistance vs. adequate standard of living

With Bare subsistence, a persons 'means' are tested (Income and other assets). With Adequate Standard, the assesment of 'needs' is done.

Indoor relief

Workhouses. Similar to A way to justify providing financial support for the poor.

International Economic Organizations

World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization on Economic Cooperation and (OECD) Development

Fact of Need

You have a need. That's good enough to make you eligible to receive support

Outdoor Relief

You lived in your own home, but went to work in a similar place as a workhouse.

less eligibility

a British government policy passed into law in the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. It stated that conditions in workhouses had to be worse than conditions available outside so that there was a deterrence to claiming poor relief.

inflation

a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. As inflation rises, every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service. The value of a dollar does not stay constant when there is inflation.

Economic Security vs. disincentives to work

less eligibility' maintain assistance lower than lowest wages

Great Depression

the Economic depression of the late 1920s and early 1930s was an important event in the rise of income security and Social Services in Canada. Public perception of the poor began to shift. Massive numbers of people were unemployed, and Canadians begin to see that this could not possibly be due to individual fault but had more to do with the operation of the economy. The idea that help for the poor should be a local or family's responsibilities was replaced with the idea that the government should be responsible for providing relief to the unemployed.

Monetarists

the Monaterists are a group of economists known for their preoccupation with the role and effects of money in the economy. Monetarist Theory asserts that managing the money supply and interest rates (monetary policy)- rather than focusing on fiscal policy - is the key to managing the economy.