Spanish Technical Things (Pronouns, conjugation, negatives)

Present Pariciple (Gerund) -ing ending for two-vowel verbs

(This only occurs in -er and -ir endings) Two-vowel verbs are verbs that have two vowels in a row. Ex: Caer -> to fall Creer -> to believe Leer -> to read Oir -> to hear Traer -> to bring When you add the -iendo to the end of those words to make them present tense, it becomes three vowel in a row. Ex: Caer -er +iendo = caiendo So, change the "i" in the middle to "y" Ex: Caer -> cayendo

Intro to the Subjunctive Mood

*Pattern:* The subjunctive mood is used when what is said is contrary to reality. If a phrase expresses uncertainty, desire, opinion, or emotional reaction, it needs to be in the subjunctive mood. *Indicative vs. subjunctive* Most of what people say is done in the indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to make statements about reality. The subjunctive mood is used to make statements contrary to the indicative mood. Take the following two sentences as an example: *Juan tiene una bicicleta roja.* (Juan has a red bike.) *Yo no creo que Miguel tenga una bicicleta.* (I don't believe that Miguel has a bike.) The first sentence uses the verb form tiene (present tense indicative form of tener), while the second uses tenga (present tense subjunctive form of tener). This is because the second sentence contradicts reality and expresses doubt by saying yo no creo... (I don't believe...). *When to use the subjunctive mood* Knowing when to use the subjunctive mood can seem complicated to many English speakers. This is mostly because the subjunctive mood is not used the same in English as it is in Spanish. The subjunctive mood is also used much less frequently in English than Spanish. Adding to the confusion is the fact that a sentence can be correct in either the indicative mood or subjunctive mood. Just remember that the subjunctive mood must be used if the sentence is meant to express uncertainty, desire, opinion, or emotional reaction. Here is an example of how a subjunctive mood can change the meaning of a sentence: *Yo quiero comprar la bicicleta aunque no funciona.* (I want to buy the bike even though it does not work.) *Yo quiero comprar la bicicleta aunque no funcione.* (I want to buy the bike even if it does not work.) The difference in meaning in these two sentences is slight, but important. In the first sentence, we know that the bike does not work, so the indicative mood is used (funciona). In the second sentence, we do not know if the bike works or not, so we use the subjunctive mood (funcione). The change of one letter on the verb changes the whole sentence. *Main clauses and subordinate clauses* Consider the following two sentences: *Es cierto que ella viene a mi casa.* (It is certain that she is coming to my house.) *Es dudoso que ella venga a mi casa.* (It is doubtful that she is coming to my house.) Both sentences have a main clause and a subordinate clause. In the first sentence, the main clause is es cierto que. The subordinate clause that follows it does not use the subjunctive mood because the main clause clearly says that the action is not in doubt. In the second example, the main clause is es dudoso que. The subordinate clause that follows it must use the subjunctive mood because the main clause clearly says that the action is in doubt. There are many main clauses that will not trigger use of the subjunctive mood. On the other hand, there are many main clauses that will trigger the use of the subjunctive mood. Just remember that all of them express uncertainty, desire, opinion, or emotional reaction. *Example clauses that require subjunctive mood* dudar que = to doubt that (uncertain) es bueno que = it is good that (opinion) es difícil que = it is difficult that (uncertain) es importante que = it is important that (opinion) estar contento que = to be happy that (emotional reaction) querer que = to want that (desire) no creer que = to not believe that (uncertain) ojalá que = let us hope that (desire) [ojalá comes from an Arabic phrase meaning "God willing"] *Clauses that do not require subjunctive mood* creer que = to believe that (certain) no dudar que = to not doubt that (certain) es obvio que = it is obvious that (certain) es evidente que = it is evident that (certain) Many main clauses in Spanish use the word que. It is important to remember that not all phrases with the word que require the subjunctive mood. In fact, some subjunctive phrases do not have the word que in them. In many of these cases, the meaning of the phrase will change if the subjunctive is used. *For example:* Comeremos cuando llegue Papá. (We will eat when Dad arrives.) Comemos cuando llega Papá. (We (always) eat when Dad arrives.) In the first case, we don't know when (or even if) Dad will arrive. That is why the subjunctive verb llegue is used. In the second case, the family habitually eats when Dad arrives. The difference is that the second sentence is a statement of fact because it expresses something that always happens (Dad comes home and we always wait for him). The first sentence expresses an uncertain time frame for Dad's arrival. *A word about infinitives and subordinate clauses* One of the most common mistakes people make when evaluating a sentence for subjunctive mood is that they attempt to translate word-for-word from English to Spanish. This is problematic because English uses infinitives in many places where Spanish requires the use of the subjunctive. *Consider the following example:* I want you to go to the store. -- Quiero que vayas a la tienda. The Spanish sentence literally means "I want that you go to the store." It is incorrect to say quiero tú ir a la tienda. This is a common mistake of English speakers learning Spanish. To avoid this mistake, remember that subordinate clauses in Spanish do not use infinitive verbs unless the same person is the subject of both verbs, like this: I want to go to the store. -- Quiero ir a la tienda.

Basic Subject Pronouns Chart (1st, 2nd, & 3rd person singular & plural)

--------------- Singular -------- Plural 1st person --- Yo -------------- Nosotros/as 2nd person -- Tú + Usted ------ Vosotos/as + Ustedes 3rd person --- él / ella --------- ellos/as

Using "gustar" / "me gusta"

*Pattern:* The verb Gustar means "to please." Spanish has a different way than English of expressing positive feelings about people and things. In English, the subject of a sentence "likes" something or someone else. In Spanish, that thing or person "pleases" the subject instead. Instead of saying that people like chocolate, for example, you would say that chocolate pleases them. Consider the following Spanish sentence: -El chocolate me gusta. This sentence means "I like chocolate," but it literally says "Chocolate pleases me." The subject of the sentence is chocolate, not I. That is why gustar in this case is conjugated as gusta, NOT gusto. When you understand who the subject of the sentence is, it is clear how the verb gustar will be conjugated in most cases. It is almost always conjugated as gusta (one thing or person) or gustan (more than one). ***The part of the sentence that will change based on who has positive feelings is the (indirect) object pronoun. Consider this example: -La pizza me gusta. I like pizza. (Pizza pleases me) -La pizza nos gusta. We like pizza. (Pizza pleases us) You have learned to conjugate verbs based on who is performing the action. But as you can see here, the verb form is the same in both sentences. This is because the pizza is actually the subject of the sentence, and we are only receiving the pleasure (we are the indirect object). Reminder of the Indirect Object Pronouns: Me, te, le, nos, os, les ***"le" and "les gusta" are sometimes so general you need to specify whom you are talking about. When you do that you need to add "a" and then the person's name/pronoun followed by "le gusta" Ex: a ella le gusta - she likes a Anna le gusta - Anna likes a Anna y Marco les gusta - Anna and Marco like To make negative: a ella no le gusta - she doesn't like So, "Gustar" is used to express that something is pleasing. For example "me gusta" means something is pleasing to me. To say something is pleasing to others you need to use the term "to you", "to them" "to her" and so on before "gusta" (Indirect Object Pronouns) me gusta ......... "I like" - Something is pleasing to me te gusta ......... "You like" - Something is pleasing to you le gusta ...... "He/she/it/you (formal, usted) likes" os gusta ...... "You (vosotros: ya'll) like" nos gusta ..... "We like" les gusta ..... "They like" "You (plural formal: ustedes) like"

Boot verbs

A boot verb has stem changes in the three singular forms and the third person plural form. It makes the shape of a boot when you refer to the Plural vs Singular 1st 2nd and 3rd person chart. Ex: (e-ie stem change) querer -> to want quIEro -> queremos quIEres -> queréis quIEre -> quIEren The verbs with the stem changes form an L shape or the shape of a boot. The common stem changes (in boot verbs) are: (e-i) (e-ie) (o-ue) (u-ue)

Reflexive Verbs (when subject is not a person)

A verb is reflexive when the subject and object are the same. Subject is not a person: When the subject is not a person the reflexive-passive voice is used. This is when an action is carried out like "a business is closed" or "goods are sold" but there's no need to say who carries out the action, it's just "being" done. Ex: "Se vende esta casa" ----> House for sale

Verbs that mean "To wear" (llevar vs. usar vs. vestir)

Llevar means "to take" / "to carry", and some countries use it to say "to wear". Many countries instead say you "use" the clothes that you're wearing and they use "usar" to say "to wear". (They use "llevar" when talking about what you pack in your suitcase "to take" with you).

Telling the time - when to use "menos" and when to use "y" between the hour and minutes

Menos = 31 - 59 minutes Y = 00 - 30 minutes

Present, Future, and Past tense regular endings (-ar verbs)

Pronombre-------Presente----Pasado---Futuro yo----------------- (-o)-------- (-é) ------ (-aré) tú----------------- (-as) ------- (-aste) --- (-arás) él, ella, usted---- (-a) --------- (-ó) ------ (-ará) nostros(as)------ (-amos) ---- (-amos) --- (-aremos) vostros(as)------ (-áis) ------ (-asteis) ---- (-aréis) ellos(as), ustedes-- (-an) ---- (-aron) ----- (-arán)

Present Participle (Gerund) -ing / Something's happening in the moment

The Gerund is often referred to as the present participle; in English this is the "-ing" verb ending. In Spanish add the ending "-ando" for AR verbs, and "-iendo" for IR verbs. Verb ending........................-ing ending -ar............................................. -ando -er............................................. -iendo -ir............................................. -iendo Ex: hablar (to speak) -> estoy hablando (im speaking), estás hablando (you're speaking) *Use "estar" (conjugated for the correct pronoun) before the word as well. DO NOT USE SER since this isn't a permanent thing. The two exceptions are: 1. ER and IR verb STEMS not ending in a consonant use "-yendo" instead of -iendo. (double vowel verbs) Ex: construir (to build up) -> construyendo (building up) 2. ER and IR stem chaning verbs continue to follow the e-i and o-u pattern. Ex: pedir -> p*e*diendo ; morir -> muriendo Present Participle: To form the present participle you use the present tense of the verb "estar" (conjugated to the pronoun you are using) along with the gerund like this: Ex: Yo estoy estudiando espanol (I'm studying spanish) Tú estás comiendo pan (You're eating bread)

When to use "estar" (to be)

When talking about how something is (non-permanent) Uses: Geographic or physical location. State or condition (like emotions). Many idiomatic expressions. Progressive tenses (-ing).

Conjugation

conjugación

Last __(point in time)__. Ex: Last week

el/la __(point in time)__ pasado/a. Ex: la semana pasada

Next __(point in time)__. Ex: Next year

el/la __(point in time)__ que viene. Ex: el año que viene

It (pronoun used to refer to an idea/ something not tangible)

ello

They

ellos/as

Mine

mío(a)

To us

nos

Hers, his, it's, yours (ustedes)

su

Words can be emphasized by adding words or prefixes to the beginning of them: 4 of them are...

súper, re-, rete- and requete- Ex: Cold —> helado Very cold -> súper helado, rehelado, retehelado, requetehelado

Your (familiar)

tu

Yours

tuyo(a)

You (familiar)

tú

You (formal)

usted

You (formal, plural)

ustedes

You (familiar, plural)

vosotros/as

Your (vostros)

vuestro(a)

I

yo

Theirs yours

su

His, hers, it's, yours (familiar?)

suyo

To you

te

Subject pronouns: I You (familiar) He, she, you (formal) We You (familiar, plural) They, you (formal, plural)

yo tú él, ella, usted nosotros/as vosotros/as ellos/as, ustedes

He/she

él/ella

Perfect Tenses (Present Perfect)

"*Pattern:* Perfect tenses are used to express completed actions. Perfect tenses make use of two verbs: the verb haber and the past participle of the verb expressing completed action. *The Perfect Tenses* There are four perfect tenses in Spanish. They all use the same past participle form. The difference between them is the conjugation of the verb haber. Haber is an auxiliary (helping) verb that means "to have" in English, as in "to have done something." It does not have the same meaning as the verb tener. *Conjugations of haber* (yo) he ----- (nosotros) hemos (tu) has ---- (vosotros) habéis (el/ella/it/used) ha ----- (ellos(as)/ustedes) han *Forming the Past Participle* In English, the past participle is the verb form that usually ends in "-en" or "-ed." To form the past participle in Spanish, add the ending -ado to AR verb stems and -ido to ER and IR verb stems, like this: Infinitive ----- Gerund ------ English hablar ------- hablado ------ spoken comer ------- comido ------- eaten vivir ---------- vivido --------- lived *Present Perfect* "The present perfect tense refers to an action or state that either occurred at an indefinite time in the past (e.g., we have talked before) or began in the past and continued to the present time (e.g., he has grown impatient over the last hour). This tense is formed by have/has + the past participle." To form the present perfect tense, use the present tense form of haber together with the past participle: Yo he estudiado español. -- I have studied Spanish. | Ellos han dormido hoy. -- They have slept today. Tú has comido pan. -- You have eaten bread.

Usted Commands

*Formal commands* are made by taking the first person present (yo) form of the verb & adding the opposite Ud. ending. If you're using "-ar" verbs, add "-er" endings. For "-er" / "-ir" verbs, add "-ar" endings. *Forms* Verb → yo form →yo form stem + opposite usted ending (2nd person singular) hablar --> Yo hablo --> hable comer --> Yo como --> coma decir --> Yo digo --> diga *Examples* Hable Ud. más despacio por favor. = Please speak more slowly. Escuche Ud. por favor. = Listen please (sir). Siéntense ustedes. = Please be seated (everyone). Diga Ud. la verdad. = Tell the truth. Venga a mi fiesta. = Come to my party. Beba su jugo. = Drink your juice. *For plural commands:* use the same pattern but add the opposite Uds. ending (3rd person plural). Hablen Uds. español en la clase. = (You all) Speak Spanish in class. Coman su comida. = (You all) Eat my food. *To make a formal command negative:* simply add no before the verb, like this: No mire usted directamente al sol. -- Don't look directly at the sun. No diga Ud. la verdad. = Don't tell the truth. **Note: It is perfectly acceptable and common to leave off the words usted and ustedes. If they are used, the sentence is considered more polite or formal, much like adding the words "sir" or "ma'am" to a formal situation in English.

Por vs. Para Uses

*Introduction:* Por and Para have many uses and meanings. Knowing when to use the prepositions por and para is a difficult thing for English speakers to master, since they both often translate to "for" in English. Por and para also have other meanings and translations that are worth knowing. *The Basics* Por is generally used to express motive or cause. Para is generally used to express purpose or destination. There are other meanings of por and para. The next two sections will go into more detail about each one. *Por: Uses and Meanings* Use ----------- Meaning ---------- Example Reason ----------- For ------- ¿Por qué estudias? // For what (reason) do you study? Agent (passive voice) ----- By ---- Fue hecho por Carlos. // It was made by Carlos. Rate ------------- By/Per ------- Diez por ciento // Ten percent. Exchange ---------- For ------- Pago 10 pesos por el pan. // I pay 10 pesos for the bread. General Location --- Around --- El parque está por aquí. // The park is around here. Route; Passage through ---- Along ---- Vamos por la plaza. // Let's go through the plaza. Approximate time ---- In/During ----Me levanto por la mañana. // I get up in the morning. Cause ------------ Because of ------ Por ser viejo, él es sabio. // Because he's old, he is wise. Motive for ---- For the sake of ---- Hazlo por tu madre. // Do it for your mother. Substitution for ---- In place of ----- Voy a la tienda por mi hermana. // I'm going to the store for my sister. Multiplication ------ Times ---- Dos por tres son seis. // Two times three is six. Manner ----- By the way of/By ---- Viajan por tren. // They are traveling by train. *Para: Uses and Meanings* Use ------------- Meaning ----------- Example Purpose --------- For -------¿Para qué estudias? // For what (purpose) do you study? Destination ---- For, to, toward ---- Vamos para la iglesia. // We are going to the church. Recipient -------- For -------- La torta es para ti. // The cake is for you. Employment ---- For ------- Martín trabaja para QuikMart. // Martin works for QuikMart. Comparison ---- For, considering that ---Para ser hombre, es muy sensitivo. // For a man, he's very sensitive.

Irregular Verbs that Must be Memorized (In preterite past tense)

*Note: If a verb is irregular in its present tense, it probably will be in all other tenses* Verb: ir - to go Pronoun ---------- Presente --- Pasado yo ----------------- voy -------- *fui* tú ------------------ vas -------- *fuiste* él, ella, used ------ va --------- *fue* nostros(as) -------- vamos ----- *fuimos* vosotros(as) ------- vais -------- *fuisteis* ellos(as), ustedes --- van ------ *fueron* Verb: ser - to be Pronoun ---------- Presente --- Pasado yo ----------------- soy -------- *fui* tú ------------------ eres -------- *fuiste* él, ella, used ------ es --------- *fue* nostros(as) -------- somos ----- *fuimos* vosotros(as) ------- sois -------- *fuisteis* ellos(as), ustedes --- son ------ *fueron* Verb: hacer - to do/make Pronoun ---------- Presente --- Pasado yo ----------------- hago -------- *hice* tú ------------------ haces -------- *hiciste* él, ella, used ------ hace --------- *hizo* nostros(as) -------- hacemos ----- *hicimos* vosotros(as) ------- hacéis -------- *hicisteis* ellos(as), ustedes --- hacen ------ *hicieron* Verb: Dar - to give Pronoun ---------- Presente --- Pasado yo ----------------- doy -------- *di* tú ------------------ das -------- *diste* él, ella, used ------ da --------- *dio* nostros(as) -------- damos ----- *dimos* vosotros(as) ------- dais -------- *disteis* ellos(as), ustedes --- dan ------ *dieron*

Tú commands

*POSITIVE TÚ COMMANDS* | Pattern: The majority of positive tú commands are taken from the 3rd person singular present tense indicative form of the verb in question. In other words, use the el/ella/usted present tense form to make commands. There are eight irregular forms that must simply be memorized. For example: ¡Corre! Run! (Hurry Up) Compra pan y leche Buy bread and milk Habla más despacio por favor. Speak more slowly please. There are eight common verbs with irregular tú commands. Here is the list with examples: Infinitive --- Tú Command: ex. ----- English Translation decir ------- di: Dime la verdad ---- Tell me the truth hacer ---- haz: Haz lo que quieras --- Do what you want it ----------- ve: Vete. ----------------- Go away. poner --- pon: Ponte a la chaqueta -- Put your jacket on salir ------- sal: Sal ahorita ------------ Leave right now. ser ------- sé: Sé bueno ------------ Be good tener ---- ten: Ten cuidado ----Be careful (literally: have care) venir ------ ven: Ven aqui ------- Come here *NEGATIVE TÚ COMMANDS* | Pattern: Negative informal commands are formed by taking the first person present form (yo form) of the verb and then adding the opposite tú ending. *Conjugation* To form the negative tú command, start with the first person present tense conjugation of the verb. Then, change the ending to the "opposite tú ending." For example: *Hablar* The first person present tense conjugation is hablo. Hablar is an "ar" verb, so cut off the ending & add the opposite present tense "er/ir" tú ending (-es). hablo -> habl- -> + es = hables No hables inglés. = Don't speak English. *Comer* The first person present tense conjugation is como. Comer is an "er" verb, so cut off the ending and add the opposite present tense "ar" tú ending (-as). como -> com- -> +as = comas No comas el dulce. = Don't eat the candy. **Note: This process works for irregular verbs too. *Decir* The first person present tense conjugation is digo. Take off the ending and add the opposite tú "ar" ending (-as). digo -> dig- -> digas No digas mentiras. = Don't tell lies. *Venir* The first person present tense conjugation is vengo. Take off the ending and add the opposite tú "ar" ending (-as). vengo -> veng- -> vengas No vengas mañana. = Don't come tomorrow. **Note: Some irregular verbs, like decir and venir, have an irregular yo form, which is why it's important to take the stem of the yo form, and not just the infinitive. *Examples:* No hables con la boca llena. Don't talk with your mouth full. No comas galletas en la cama. Don't eat cookies in bed.

Present Subjunctive

*Pattern:* The present subjunctive is formed by taking the present tense indicative yo form of a verb, dropping the -o, and adding the "opposite ending." *Forming the present subjunctive:* Forming the present tense subjunctive is a two-step process. *Step 1:* Getting the stem To form the present tense of the verb hablar, we would start with the present tense indicative yo form: hablo. Then we remove the -o ending. We are left with the stem habl-. *Step 2:* adding the opposite endings "Opposite" endings means that -AR verbs will take the endings: -e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en and -ER or -IR verbs will take the endings: -a, -as, -a, -amos, áis, -an In the case of hablar, we will add the first set of endings. In the case of comer, the second. Here are the full conjugations of hablar and comer in the present tense subjunctive: HABLAR Hable hablemos Hables habléis Hable hablen COMER Coma comamos Comas comáis Coma coman *Verbs with irregular yo forms* Not all verbs have a regular yo form in the present tense. As you have seen, there are several verbs such as tener (tengo), conocer (conozco), and hacer (hago) that have irregular yo forms. These irregular yo stems will also be used in the subjunctive mood with the opposite endings. Take for example the subjunctive forms of the verb tener: TENER Tenga tengamos Tengas tengáis Tenga tengan *Examples:* -Yo quiero que tú tengas un buen tiempo en la fiesta. -- I want you to have a good time at the party. (Literally, "I want that you have a good time at the party.") -La maestra quiere que los estudiantes hablen español siempre. -- The teacher wants the students to speak Spanish always. (Literally, "The teacher wants that the students speak Spanish always.")

-ar ending for "Él, Ella, usted"

-a

-ar ending for "nostros/as"

-amos

-ar ending for "ellos/as ustedes"

-an

-ar ending for "tú"

-as

-er ending for "Él, Ella, usted"

-e

-ir ending for "Él, Ella, usted"

-e

-er ending for "nostros/as"

-emos

-er ending for "ellos/as ustedes"

-en

-ir ending for "ellos/as, ustedes"

-en

-er ending for "tú"

-es

-ir ending for "tú"

-es

-ir ending for "nosotros/as"

-imos

-ar ending for "yo"

-o

-er ending for "yo"

-o

-ir ending for "yo"

-o

-ar ending for "vostros/as"

-áis

-er ending for "vostros/as"

-éis

-ir ending for "vostros/as"

-ís

Change an adjective to an adverb

1. Take an adjective EX: "lento" (slow) 2. Make it the feminine version EX: "lento" -> "lenta" 3. Add "mente" to the end EX: "lentamente" (slowly)

Reflexive Verbs

A verb is reflexive if the subject and the object of a sentence are the same. If the subject of a sentence also receives the action of the verb, it will be reflexive. *Consider these two sentences:* -Andrew lava el coche. Andrew washes the car. -Andrew se lava. Andrew washes himself. Since Andrew is receiving the action of the verb in the second sentence, the verb is reflexive. In the first example, the verb lavar is used. In the second sentence the reflexive verb lavarse is used. *Reflexive Pronouns* Reflexive verbs are always accompanied by a reflexive pronoun. To form a reflexive infinitive verb, you simply place the reflexive pronoun se at the end of the infinitive, like this: -Llamar To call (not reflexive) -Llamarse To call oneself (reflexive) *When the verb is conjugated*, the pronoun will change to match the subject of the sentence. *The reflexive pronouns in Spanish are:* me myself --------- nos ourselves; eachother te yourself -- os yourselves (informal, Spain); eachother se him/her/yourself ---- se themselves; eachother;' yourselves (formal) *Conjugating Reflexive Verbs* When a reflexive verb is conjugated, the matching reflexive pronoun goes in front of the conjugated verb. Here are the *present tense conjugations of the verb llamarse:* me llamo → I call myself // nos llamamos → we call ourselves/each other te llamas → You call yourself // os llamáis →you guys call yourselves/each other se llama → (he/she) calls (him/her)self/ // se llaman → they call themselves /each other, you (formal) call yourself, you guys (formal) call yourselves/each other *Special Cases* *Body Parts:* In the case of body parts, reflexive verbs can be tricky. Consider the following sentence and its *Spanish translation:* Daniel washes his hands. // Daniel se lava las manos. Even though the second sentence literally means "Daniel washes himself the hands," it is correct. It is understood in Spanish that "the hands" are his, since the verb is reflexive. (Remember that this is *NOT the case when talking about an object that belongs to the subject*, such as a car.) *Word Order:* As is the case with object pronouns, reflexive pronouns generally come before the verb. However, just like object pronouns, reflexive pronouns can be directly attached to the end of an infinitive verb. *For example:* Daniel necesita lavarse las manos. (Daniel needs to wash his hands.) *Change in Meaning:* Some verbs change slightly in meaning in their reflexive forms. Here are some examples: hacer to do, to make hacerse to become (literally to make oneself) volver to return volverse to become (literally to [re]turn oneself) ir to go irse to go away (literally to go oneself) *Passive Voice:* Reflexive verbs can be used to express something in the passive voice. *For example:* El sol secó la ropa. --> The sun dried the clothes. La ropa se secó al sol. --> The clothes were dried in the sun (literally: the clothes dried themselves in the sun.) *Emphasis:* Sometimes verbs can be reflexive just to emphasize the action or the person performing it: Puedes comer el helado. // You can eat the ice cream. ¡Cómetelo! Eat it (up)!

Reflexive Verbs (when subject is a person)

A verb is reflexive when the subject and object are the same. Subject is a Person: When talking about things you do to yourself you must add a reflexive pronoun ("me") before the verb (reflexive verbs are written in their infitive form with -se at the end) Ex: Spanish Infinitive ----- English ----- Present tense: Yo arreglarse -------- To get ready --- yo me arregio bañarse ---------- To bathe -------- yo me baño vestirse ---------- To dress --------- yo me visto *The yo form of each verb is conjugated as it would be without the reflexive pronoun

Conditional Tense

Add these endings to the infinitive form of -ar, -er, and -ir verbs -ía ——— -íamos -ías ——— -íais -ía ——— -ían Ex: yo hanlaría (i would speak) Hablaríamos (we would speak) Hablarías (you would speak) Hablaríais (you guys would speak - informal, spain) Hablaría (she/he/it/you(formal) would speak) Hablarían (they/you all (formal) would speak) Ex: Yo hablaría francés pero no lo sé (I would speak French, but I don't know it)

Signifying past/future events

Along with changing verb endings, use phrases like "pasado" for past events and "que viene" for future events. Ex: La semana PASADA Charlie y Sophie llegaRON a Honduras. -> Last week Charlie and Sophie arrived in Honduras. *Note the change in the verb ending along with the use of "pasada" To say something was x years ago, use the phrase "hace" Ex: hace veinte años -> twenty years ago

Comparatives

Comparatives COMPARATIVES- Pattern: Comparatives are used to express inferiority, superiority, and equality. There are slightly different rules for comparing different things. In Spanish, the following basic pattern is used to express inequality: más/menos + adjective, adverb, noun + que = more/less _____ than... To express equality, use these basic patterns: tan + adjective, adverb + como = as _____ as... tanto(-a, -os, -as) + noun(s) + como = as much/many _____ as... Examples: Tú eres más bonita que ella. -- You are prettier than she is. Yo tengo menos paciencia que él. -- I have less patience than he does. Charlotte es tan inteligente como Anthony. -- Charlotte is as smart as Anthony. Nosotros tenemos tantos zapatos como ellos. -- We have as many shoes as they do. Equating actions When comparing actions (verbs), the word order changes slightly to: verb + más/menos + que = _____ more than verb + tanto + como = _____ as much as If the action (verb) comparison also involves a description (adverb), use this pattern: verb + tan + adverb + como _____ as _____ as Examples: Vosotros camináis menos que ellas. -- You guys walk less than they do. Tim come tanto como Dave. -- Tim eats as much as Dave. Holly habla tan humildemente como Jason. -- Holly talks as humbly as Jason does. Negative comparisons- To make any of these comparisons negative, add the word no before the verb. Tim no come tanto como Dave. → Tim does not eat as much as Dave does. Irregular comparisons // Other words to use in comparisons It is worth mentioning that there are a few exceptions to the above constructions. Here are a few: mejor (not más bueno) -- better peor (not menos bueno) -- worse mayor (used for grande and viejo) -- greater / older menor (used for pequeño and joven) -- lesser / younger

Demonstrative Adjectives & Pronouns

DEMONSTRATIVES Pattern: Demonstratives are adjectives & pronouns that clarify which object the speaker is referring to. They must agree in gender and number with the noun they replace or modify. -In English, the demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are the same (this, that, these, those). English only has 2 options, nearest the speaker (this/these) or close to the speaker (that/those). -In Spanish, there are 3 options: nearest the speaker: this (este), close to the speaker: that (ese), and farthest from the speaker: over there (aquel). Spanish demonstrative adjectives and pronouns are almost identical; the only difference is that the pronouns have a written accent. Don't forget to choose the form of each that matches the noun! *Spanish demonstrative adjectives:* A handy way of remembering the difference between este and ese is *this* and *these* have Ts, *that* and *those* don't!: este [estos, esta, estas], ese [esos, esa, esas], aquel [aquellos, aquella, aquellas] (Closest to the speaker) ------------Masculine -------- Feminine Singular --- Este (this) ------- Esta (this) Plural ------ Estos (these) --- Estas (these) (Close to the speaker) -------------Masculine ----------- Feminine Singular --- Ese (that) ------------ Esa (that) Plural ----- Esos (those) ---------- Esas (those) (Far from the speaker) --> ("that over there") ----------------Masculine --------- Feminine Singular ------ Aquel --------------- Aquella Plural -------- Aquellos --------Aquellas *Demonstrative Adjectives* Adjectives are words that add information about nouns. In the case of demonstrative adjectives, the information added is regarding spacial relationship. Here is an example in English: This apple is sweet. That apple is sweeter. -In Spanish, there is an additional option: a far away object. Here is an example: Esta manzana es dulce. Esa manzana es más dulce. Aquella manzana es la más dulce de todas. (This apple is sweet. That apple is sweeter. That far away apple is the sweetest of all.) *Spanish demonstrative pronouns:* éste [éstos, ésta, éstas], ése [ésos, ésa, ésas], aquél [aquéllos, aquélla, aquéllas] (Closest to the speaker) ------------Masculine -------- Feminine Singular --- Éste (this) ------- Ésta (this) Plural ------ Éstos (these) --- Éstas (these) (Close to the speaker) -------------Masculine ----------- Feminine Singular --- Ése (that) ------------ Ésa (that) Plural ----- Ésos (those) ---------- Ésas (those) (Far from the speaker) --> ("that over there") ----------------Masculine --------- Feminine Singular ------ Aquél --------------- Aquélla Plural -------- Aquéllos --------Aquéllas Demonstrative pronouns not only show which object in space a speaker is referring to, but it replaces that object as well. **Remember that demonstrative pronouns carry a written accent (add an accept to the "e"s of the demonstrative adjective). My shirt is blue. That one is green. // Mi camisa es azul. Ésa es verde. *More examples:* Estas camisas son tuyas, pero ésas son mías. -- These shirts are yours, but those ones are mine. Me gusta este carro, pero aquél es aún mejor. -- I like this car, but that one over there is even better.

Direct Object Pronouns (explination)

DIRECT object pronouns are used to replace a noun that receives the action of a verb. Ex: - John eats the apple ----- John come la manzana - John eats it ----------- John la come - John buys the shoes ---- John compra los zapatos - John buys them ----John los compra ** When you replace a noun with an object pronoun, the word order is changed and the pronoun comes before the verb. *Object pronouns can also be attached to the end of infinitive verbs and gerunds (when you have 2 verbs) Ex: I want to see him -----> Yo quiero verLO I am seeing him ----> Yo estoy viéndoLO DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS: (yo) --> me ------ (nosotros) nos (tu) --> te ----- (you all) os (el(la), usted, it) --> lo/la -- (they, ustedes) --> los/las *Direct objects are also people (remember fem v. masc) Ex: - John hugs her ---> John LA abraza - John kisses him ---> John LO besa - You call me ---> Tú me llamas

Demonstrative Adjectives (This, That, Those, and These)

Demonstrative adjectives are used WITH a noun (aren't used by themselves like demonstrative pronouns) & point out or demonstrate the noun (this ring, that ring). They do not require an accent when they are written (unlike demonstrative pronouns). English -------------- Masc (singular) ----- Fem (singular) this __(noun)__ ------------ este --------------- esta that _____ ------------------ ese ---------------- esa that ___ (at a distance) ---- aquel ------------ aquella English ------------ Masc (plural) --------- Fem (plural) this __(noun)__ ------------ estos --------------- estas that _____ ------------------ esos ---------------- esas that ___ (at a distance) ---- aquellos ---------- aquellas *The difference between "ese" & "aquel" (and its equivalent in the other categories (fem & plural)) is distance from the speaker. "Aquel" shows a greater distance from the speaker than "ese". *Spanish demonstrative adjectives:* A handy way of remembering the difference between este and ese is *this* and *these* have Ts, *that* and *those* don't!: este [estos, esta, estas], ese [esos, esa, esas], aquel [aquellos, aquella, aquellas] (Closest to the speaker) ------------Masculine -------- Feminine Singular --- Este (this) ------- Esta (this) Plural ------ Estos (these) --- Estas (these) (Close to the speaker) -------------Masculine ----------- Feminine Singular --- Ese (that) ------------ Esa (that) Plural ----- Esos (those) ---------- Esas (those) (Far from the speaker) --> ("that over there") ----------------Masculine --------- Feminine Singular ------ Aquel --------------- Aquella Plural -------- Aquellos --------Aquellas *Demonstrative Adjectives* Adjectives are words that add information about nouns. In the case of demonstrative adjectives, the information added is regarding spacial relationship. Here is an example in English: This apple is sweet. That apple is sweeter. -In Spanish, there is an additional option: a far away object. Here is an example: Esta manzana es dulce. Esa manzana es más dulce. Aquella manzana es la más dulce de todas. (This apple is sweet. That apple is sweeter. That far away apple is the sweetest of all.)

Demonstrative Pronouns (This, That, Those, and These)

Demonstrative pronouns can be used WITHOUT a noun (used by themselves) & point out or demonstrate something (this one, that one). They are written with accent marks English -------------- Masc (singular) ----- Fem (singular) this (one) --------------- éste --------------- ésta that (one) --------------- ése ---------------- ésa that (one) (at a distance) --- aquél --------- aquélla English ------------ Masc (plural) --------- Fem (plural) this (one) ----------- éstos ------------------ éstas that (one) ----------- ésos ------------------- ésas that (one) (at a distance) --- aquéllos ---- aqéllas *With demonstrative pronouns, there is a gender neutral category for when you want to ask something like "What is that?" but since you do not know what it is you do not know if the noun is feminine or masculine. The gender neutral pronouns end in an -o and don't have accents. English -------------------- Gender neutral this (one) -------------------- esto that (one) -------------------- eso that (one) (at a distance) ---- aquello *The difference between "ése" & "aquél" (and its equivalent in the other categories (fem & plural)) is distance from the speaker. "Aquél" shows a greater distance from the speaker than "ése". *Spanish demonstrative pronouns:* éste [éstos, ésta, éstas], ése [ésos, ésa, ésas], aquél [aquéllos, aquélla, aquéllas] (Closest to the speaker) ------------Masculine -------- Feminine Singular --- Éste (this) ------- Ésta (this) Plural ------ Éstos (these) --- Éstas (these) (Close to the speaker) -------------Masculine ----------- Feminine Singular --- Ése (that) ------------ Ésa (that) Plural ----- Ésos (those) ---------- Ésas (those) (Far from the speaker) --> ("that over there") ----------------Masculine --------- Feminine Singular ------ Aquél --------------- Aquélla Plural -------- Aquéllos --------Aquéllas Demonstrative pronouns not only show which object in space a speaker is referring to, but it replaces that object as well. **Remember that demonstrative pronouns carry a written accent (add an accept to the "e"s of the demonstrative adjective). My shirt is blue. That one is green. // Mi camisa es azul. Ésa es verde. *More examples:* Estas camisas son tuyas, pero ésas son mías. -- These shirts are yours, but those ones are mine. Me gusta este carro, pero aquél es aún mejor. -- I like this car, but that one over there is even better.

Some words & phrases used to talk about a point in time (Yesterday, a Year ago, next month)

Ex: -Hoy, Marco y Isabel visitan una playa --> Today, present -Ayer, Marco y Isabel visitaron --> Yesterday, past -La semana que viene Marco y Isabel irán a España --> Next week, future -El pasado agosto Marco y Isabel.. --> Last August, past -El mes pasado --> last month, past -El mes que viene --> Next month future -El lunes que viene --> Next monday, future -Esta tarde --> This afternoon, present

Haber and Hay

Haber is not used as a normal action verb, it is an auxiliary "helping" verb translated as "to have". For example: Nosotros *hemos* comido --> We *have* eaten Haber is also used as an impersonal verb in the conjugation *hay* meaning "there is/are" For example: *Hay* un libro en la casa -> *There is* a book _________ *Hay* mucha gente en la plaza -> *There are* a lot of people ____________ **NOTE**: Hay can also be used in some weather Ex: *hay* sol --> It's sunny // *hay* niebla --> It's foggy If you want to talk about the *mere existence of something in the past* use the impersonal past form: *había* (used for singular AND plural) For Example: *Había* tres perros en la calle -> *There were* three dogs in the street *Había* un livro en la mesa -> *There was* one book ___ If you want to be *specific about the duration* of the mere existence in the past, use the form *hubo* For Example: *Hubo* una fiesta el sábado pasado --> *There was* a party last Saturday *No Hubo* un buen programa en la televisión anoche --> *There wasn't* a good program on television last night.

Hacer and Expressions of Time

Hace (to do/make) is used to express how time passes -To talk about how much time has pased use this formula: *Hace* __(time)__ *que* __(activity)__ EX: hace dos años que estudio español -Another way to express how long something has been taking place is to use *desde hace* like this: EX: Estudio español *desde hace* dos años **Note* to make these negative add "no" before the verb of the activity. *IMPORTANT* -To state w*hat you've been doing for a period of time*, use the present tense for the activity's verb. EX: Hace dos años que *estudio* español --> I've been studying Spanish for 2 years -To state *how long its been since you've done something* use the preterite tense for the activity's verb EX: Hace dos años que *estudié* español --> It's been two years since I studied Spanish / I studied Spanish 2 years ago

Indirect Object Pronouns (explination)

INDIRECT object pronouns are used to replace a noun that receives the direct object. Ex: Sam gives flowers to Deena Sam gives flowers to her *Flowers receive the action of this sentence (they are given), so it is the direct object. Deena is the indirect object because she received the direct object (flowers) In Spanish: Sam da flores a Deena Sam LE da flores *Note the INDIRECT object pronouns differ from the direct object pronouns. *Again, the word order is changed when the noun is replaced with the pronoun, and the pronoun comes before the verb. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS: (yo) --> me ------ (nosotros) nos (tu) --> te ----- (you all) os (el(la), usted, it) --> le -- (they, ustedes) --> les *The only difference from direct object pronouns is in the 3rd person (singular and plural) **Indirect object pronouns do not have to match in gender (since it's le and les not lo/la or los/las)

IR (vowel) stem changing verbs in preterite tense

IR Stem Chaning Verbs This group of -ir verbs change vowels in the PRESENT tense (e-i, o-u, o-ue). In the present tense they change in the form of a boot on the conjugation chart (boot verbs). HOWEVER, in PRETERITE they change e-i or o-u and they ONLY happen in the 3RD PERSON. EX: Infinitive: Vestir (e-i) <- present & preterite Present: *visto* -- vestimos Preterite: vestí -- vestimos *vistes* -- vestís vestiste -- vestisties *vist* -- *visten* *visto* -- *vistieron* Infinitive: Morir (o-ue) <- present | (o-u) preterite Present: *muero* -- morimos Preterite: morí -- morimos *mueres* -- morís moriste -- moristies *muere* -- *mueren* *murió* -- *murieron* Note: -3rd person singular and plural in PRETERITE tesne are the only ones with vowel stem changes. -The o-ue vowel stem change in "morir", changes to a o-ue stem change in the preterite -some other vowel that follow this pattern are *dormir, pedir, preferir, and repetir*.

When to add an accent

If a word ends in .......................... Stress naturally falls on A vowel, -n, -s ........................................... 2nd to last syllable Consonants (aside from n and s) ...... last syllable Ex: lección (lesson, stress is on the last syllable but it ends in an "n" so the accent is needed as the natural stress would be on the 2nd to las syllable) *When you change a word (make it plural) sometime the accent changes Ex: lección (lesson) -> lecciones (lessons) The accent is taken away because the stress remains on the "O" but it is now in the 2nd to last syllable, where the stress would naturally fall.

Expressing something is New to you vs. New to the world

If you are talking about something that is new to you but not to the world you put it before: "El nuevo amigo de Carlos y Sophia" -> Carlos and Sophia's new friend. "El amigo nuevo de Carlos y Sophia" -> Carlos and Sophia's young friend (a baby). *This also goes for old, "viejo"

More than / Less than comparisons

If you want to say something is more _____ than something else say: ______ más ______ que _____ Ex: "La playa es más bonita que el bosque" "The beach is more beautiful than the forest" Same goes for less than: ________ menos _______ que _______ You can also just say "menos que" or "más que" without adding an adjective Ex: "Joseph le gusta la playa menos que Allison" "Joseph likes the beach less than Allison"

Conjugation "formula"

Infinitive - ending + new ending Ex: "To cook" -> "I cook" cocinar - ar + o = cocino

Imperfect vs. Preterite Meaning Changes

Infinitive --- Imperfect Meaning --- Preterite Meaning Conocer -- Knew/Was aquainted with -- Met Poder ---------- Was able ------------- Succeeded Querer --------- Wanted --------------- tried No querer --- Didn't want ------------- Refused Saber --------- Knew (fact) ------------ Found out Ex: yo conozco a Manuel, yo lo conocí en la escuela --> I know Manuel, I met him at school Sí, ella sabe la verdad, supo ayer. --> Yes, she knows the truth, she found out yesterday.

Present Perfect Tense Irregular Verbs

Note: the following verbs have an irregular past participle and must be memorized. Infinitive ---- *Past Participle* ----- English abrir ------ abierto ------- opened cubrir ----- cubierto ----- covered decir ----- dicho ----- said, told escribir ---- escrito --- written freír ------- frito ----- fried hacer --- hecho ---- done, made morir ---- muerto ---- died poner --- puesto ----- put, placed resolver --- resuelto ---- resolved romper ---- roto ----- broken ver ------ visto ---- seen volver ---- vuelto ---- returned *Examples:* La maestra ha abierto la puerta. -- The teacher has opened the door. ¿Has escrito la carta? -- Have you written the letter? El niño ha roto todos sus juguetes. -- The boy has broken all his toys. Hemos dicho la verdad. -- We have told the truth. Han muerto. -- They have died.

Orthographic Preterite Spelling changes & Double Vowels (-zar to c before e) & (-eer to y in 3rd person)

Orthographic spelling changes are to preseve the sound of the verb. Follow these rules: Verbs ending in -zar: the "z" changes to "c" if it comes before an e once it is conjugated (yo preterite form). Ex: Alcanzar (to reach): alcan*cé* (I reached), alcanzaste, alcanzó, alcanzamos, alcanzasteis, alcanzaron. Verbs ending in -car: "c" changes to "qu" (only before e) Ex: Aparcar (to park): apar*qué* (I parked), apacaste, aparcó... Verbs ending in -gar: "g" changes to "gu" (only before e) Ex: Apagar (to delete): apagué (I deleted), apagaste, apagó... Verbs ending in -cir: "c" changes to "j" ALWAYS w/ no written accent. Ex: Conducir (to drive): condu*je* (I drove), condu*jiste*, condu*jo*, condu*jimos*, condu*jisteis*, condu*jeron* DOUBLE VOWELS: verbs ending in -aer, -eer, -oer, -uir, or -oir (double vowel verbs) change from the second verb to "y" in the THIRD person forms. The OTHER FORMS gain an accent on the i. Ex: -Caer (to fall): caí (I fell), caíste, ca*yó*, caímos, caísteis, ca*yeron* -Oir (to hear): oí (I heard), oíste, o*yó*, oímos, oísteis, o*yeron*

Some other verbs like "gustar"

Other verbs work the same as "gustar" and use the "me (to me)", "te (to you)", "le (to he/she)" and so on. Ex: parecer --> to seem Me parece difícil aprender francés --> To me it seems difficult to learn French. disgustar --> to hate A Marco le disgustan las uvas --> Marco hates grapes encantar --> to love/delight in A ella le encantan los perros --> She loves dogs interesar --> to interest Me interesa la historia de españa --> The history of Spain interests me OTHER VERBS THAT WORK LIKE GUSTAR The following list of verbs are some of the most common verbs that work like gustar: Aburrir (to bore): Me aburren las matemáticas. / Math is boring to me. Importar (to be important): No me importa. / I don't care. Interesar (to interest): Nos interesa la idea. / We like the idea. Encantar (to enchant): Les encantan las rosas. / They love roses. Molestar (to bother): ¡No me molestes! / Don't bother me! Faltar (to be lacking): Me faltan los zapatos. / I need my shoes. Quedar (to be left over, to remain): Te quedan tres días. / You have three days left.

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive Adjectives & Intro to Possessive Pronouns Pattern: Possessive Pronouns and Adjectives are used to show ownership. In Spanish, they must agree in gender as well as number with the noun they modify. Possessive Adjectives In English, there are 7 possessive adjectives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their. In Spanish, there are 5, but they have different forms to match the gender and number of the noun they modify: mi (mis), tu (tus), su (sus), nuestro (nuestra, nuestros, nuestras), and vuestro (vuestra, vuestros, vuestras). - Notice that only 2 of the possessive pronouns in Spanish match gender: nuestro and vuestro. - Remember that possessive adjectives agree with the noun they modify, NOT the owner of that noun. Examples: Mi coche es nuevo. (My car is new.) Tu casa es grande. (Your house is big.) Sus zapatos están de moda. (Your/Her/His/Their shoes are in style.) Nuestro pan es bueno. (Our bread is good.) Vuestras zanahorias son deliciosas. (Your carrots are delicious.) [This "your" is plural.] Note that the pronouns su and sus could mean your (formal), her, his, or their. The context of the sentence or conversation will make this clear. For example: María no tiene su bicicleta hoy. (María does not have her bike today.)

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns replace nouns, but they also show possession at the same time. In English, they are: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs. In Spanish, they are: mío (mía, míos, mías), tuyo (tuya, tuyos, tuyas), suyo (suya, suyos, suyas), nuestro (nuestra, nuestros, nuestras), and vuestro (vuestra, vuestros, vuestras). - Note that in Spanish, the definite article (el, la, los, las) goes along with the possessive pronoun, and also reflects agreement with the gender and number of the noun replaced. For example: El mío es mejor que el tuyo. (Mine is better than yours.) In this case, the noun replaced is masculine. If the noun were feminine, the pronouns would be la mía and la tuya, respectively. - Final note: When preceded by a form of the verb ser, the definite article can be omitted. For example: Las plumas negras son nuestras. (The black pens are ours.) El libro es mío. (The book is mine.) Examples: Este libro es mío, pero ese libro es tuyo. -- This book is mine, but that book is yours. Tus pantalones son azules, pero los míos son rojos. -- Your pants are blue, but mine are red.

Different Types of Past Tense (Preterit & Imperfect)

Preterit: Used when talking about completed actions Ex: Jack y Sofia *estudiaron* muchas culturas (Jack and Sofia studied many cultures) - Used in the charts in the above flash cards Imperfect: Used when talking about descriptions Ex: The whale was huge. (The whale doesn't stop being huge just because you left where the whale was)

Present, Future, and Past tense regular endings (-er verbs)

Pronombre-------Presente----Pasado---Futuro yo----------------- (-o)-------- (-í) ------ (-eré) tú----------------- (-es) ------- (-iste) --- (-erás) él, ella, usted---- (-e) --------- (-ió) ------ (-erá) nostros(as)------ (-emos) ---- (-imos) --- (-eremos) vostros(as)------ (-éis) ------ (-isteis) ---- (-eréis) ellos(as), ustedes-- (-en) ---- (-ieron) ----- (-erán)

Present, Future, and Past tense regular endings (-ir verbs)

Pronombre-------Presente----Pasado---Futuro yo----------------- (-o)-------- (-í) ------ (-iré) tú----------------- (-es) ------- (-iste) --- (-irás) él, ella, usted---- (-e) --------- (-ió) ------ (-irá) nostros(as)------ (-imos) ---- (-imos) --- (-iremos) vostros(as)------ (-ís) ------ (-isteis) ---- (-iréis) ellos(as), ustedes-- (-en) ---- (-ieron) ----- (-irán)

-ir conjugation (regular)

Pronoun..................-ending Yo.............................. -o Tú.............................. -es Él, ella, usted....... -e Nostros/as............ imos Vostros/as............. ís Ellos/as, ustedes...en

-ar conjugation (regular)

Pronoun.................... -ending Yo................................. -o Tú................................. -as Él, ella, usted......... -a Nostros/as............... amos Vostros/as................ áis Ellos/as, ustedes... an

-er conjugation (regular)

Pronoun.................... -ending Yo................................. -o Tú................................. -es Él, ella, usted.......... -e Nostros/as................ emos Vostros/as................. éis Ellos/as, ustedes... en

Imperfect Past Tense Irregular Verbs (memorize)

Ser (to be): era —————- éramos eras ————— erais era —————— eran Ir (to go): iba —————- íbamos ibas ————— ibais iba —————- iban Ver (to watch/see): veía ————- veíamos veías ———- veíais veía ————- veían

Ser vs. Estar

Ser is generally used to describe what a noun is Estar is generally used to describe how a noun is Ser = essential characteristic --> Estar = condition Ex: The tomato is green could mean 2 things, (1) it is a type of tomato that is colored green, (2) it is unripe. In Spanish Ser vs. Estar helps distinguish this El tomate es verde ---> the tomato is green El tomate esta verde --> the tomato is unripe Ser Conjugation yo *soy* nosotros(as) *somos* tú *eres* vosotros(as) *sois* él/ella *es* ellos(as)/Uds. *son* Ser Uses: -Essential Characteristics --> yo soy inteligente -Telling time --> Son las dos y viente de la tarde -Origin/Nationality --> Carlos es americano -Occupation/Religion --> Somos carpinteros -Composition (made of) --> La mesa es de madera -Possession/Ownership --> La camisa es mía -Relationships --> Jorge es el hermano de Mia -Impersonal Expressions --> Ex importante respirar -Events --> La reunión es en la sala Estar Conjugation yo *estoy* nosotros(as) *estamos* tú *estás* vosotros(as) *estáis* él/ella *está* ellos(as)/Uds. *están* Estar Uses -Condition --> Mis hermanos estan enfermos -Progressive Actions --> Tú estás tocando el piano -Idiomatic Expressions --> Estamos de acuerdo -Physical Location --> Dónde está Raul? *Note*: The use of ser or estar can change the meaning of a sentence: Patricia es aburrida --> Patricia is boring Patricia está aburrida --> Patricia is bored - Roberto es guapo --> Roberto is handsome Roberto está guapo --> Roberto looks handsome - Los niños son listos --> The children are bright/smart Los niños están listos --> The children are ready

Giving (& asking for) Directions (prepositions used when giving & asking for directions)

Some common phrases used when giving directions: - On top of --> encima de - Under --> debajo de - In --> en - Between --> entre - In front of --> enfrente de - Behind --> detrás de - Near (to) --> cerca (de) - Far (from) --> lejos (de) - To the right (of) --> a la derecha (de) - To the left (of) --> a la izquierda (de) - Next to --> a lado de - Infront of/Across from --> frente a Common commands used when giving directions: -Sigue por esta calle --> Go down the street -Sigue derecho --> Continue straight ahead. -Dobla a la derecha, cruza hacia la derecha --> Turn right -Dobla a la izquierda, cruza hacia la izquierda --> Turn left -Cruza la calle, pasa al otro lado de la calle --> Cross the street. *Reminder, when you use "de" (of) it can change depending on what noun follows it. Ex: de + la (feminine noun) = de la de + las (plural feminine noun) = de las de + el (masculine noun) = del de + los (plural masculine noun) = de los Some common phrases when asking for directions: ** It's polite to first greet someone (Hola!) before asking - Excuse me --> Disculpe* *There are many different ways to say "excuse me" in different situations. - Sorry to disturb you --> Perdóname - I am lost --> Estoy Perdido - Where is...? --> ¿Dónde está...? - Where is...? --> ¿Por dónde se encuentra...? - How do I get to...? --> ¿Cómo llego a...?

Irregular Verbs in the Preterite Past Tense -Irregular stems + endings -Vowel Stem changes (o-u) (e-i)

Some irregular verbs in the preterite tense must be memorized as there is no pattern (even an irregular pattern). They are: -Dar (to give), hacer (to do/make), ser (to be), and ir (to go). (ser & ir follow same pattern) There is also a group of verbs that have irregular STEMS & ENDINGS. They are: English & Spanish -------- Preterite Stem Andar --> to walk -------- anduv- Caber --> to fit ----------- cup- Estar --> to be ------------ estuv- Haber --> to have (auxiliary*) - hub- Poder --> to be able ------- pud- Poner --> to put/place ----- pus- Querer --> to want ---------- quis- Saber --> to know (fact) ----- sup- Tener --> to have ------------ tuv- Venir --> to come ----------- vin- Just memorize the irregular stem and add these endings depending on what pronoun you are using the verb for (ex: are you trying to say "I walked -> Anduve" or "You walked -> Anduviste") : Irregular Endings: -e ~~~~~~~~ -imos -iste ~~~~~~ -isteis -o ~~~~~~~~ -ieron (this follows the 1st, 2nd, 3rd person plural/singular chart format, as always with verb endings. The pronouns were just left out) Here are some examples: Andar Anduve ---- Anduvimos Aduviste --- Anduvisteis Anduvo ----- Anduvieron Note: Verbs conjugated with an irregular preterite stem do not need an accent when conjugated IR Stem Chaning Verbs This group of -ir verbs change vowels in the PRESENT tense (e-i, o-u, o-ue). In the present tense they change in the form of a boot on the conjugation chart (boot verbs). HOWEVER, in PRETERITE they change e-i or o-u and they ONLY happen in the 3RD PERSON. EX: Infinitive: Vestir (e-i) <- present & preterite Present: *visto* -- vestimos Preterite: vestí -- vestimos *vistes* -- vestís vestiste -- vestisties *vist* -- *visten* *visto* -- *vistieron* Infinitive: Morir (o-ue) <- present | (o-u) preterite Present: *muero* -- morimos Preterite: morí -- morimos *mueres* -- morís moriste -- moristies *muere* -- *mueren* *murió* -- *murieron* Note: -3rd person singular and plural in PRETERITE tesne are the only ones with vowel stem changes. -The o-ue vowel stem change in "morir", changes to a o-ue stem change in the preterite -some other vowel that follow this pattern are *dormir, pedir, preferir, and repetir*. *auxiliary verbs are used to form tenses, Haber is used to form all Spanish compound tenses

Irregular "would" tense verbs (conditional tense)

Some irregular verbs use an irregular stem followed by the usual ending for conditional tense (ía, ías, ía, íamos, etc) Ex: Infinitive ... New stem ... "Yo" form conditional tense decir ........... dir- ................. diría (I would tell) hacer .......... har- ................ haría (I would do/make) poder .......... podr- ........... podría (I would be able to) poner ........... pondr- .......... pondría (I would put/set) querer ........... querr- ........... querría (I would want) saber ........... sabr- ................ sabría (I would know) salir ........... saldr- .................. saldría (I would leave) tener ........... tendr- ............. tendría (I would have) venir ........... vendr- ............. vendría (I would come)

Using both indirect and direct object pronouns (at once)

Sometimes you replace both the direct, and indirect, noun of a sentence with object pronouns. Ex: Sam buys pizza for Lana and Tom Sam Buys it for them There are two rules when you use both direct and indirect pronouns: 1. The INDIRECT object pronoun comes first Ex: Yo do el dinero a ti (I give the money to you) to te lo doy (I give it to you) -El dinero is the direct object (it receives the verb, it is given) and it is replaced with "lo". The indirect object (ti) is replaced with (te). Te goes before lo since it replaced the indirect object. *Both pronouns go before the verb, but indirect comes first of the two 2. If the INDIRECT object pronoun is in 3RD PERSON (le or les) it must be CHANGED to SE if it is used with a DIRECT object pronoun. Ex: Sam comprar pizza para Lana y Tom Sam se la comprar (NOT Sam les la compra, because "they" is 3rd person (along with he/she/you formal/you formal plural) and when you have a 3rd person indirect object pronoun AND you use a direct object pronoun (so, you're replacing both objects w/ pronouns), so you must change it to "se")

Superlatives

Superlatives Superlatives indicate any quality to the extreme degree: the word "faster" is a comparative, but the word "fastest" is a superlative. In English, the superlative is formed in one of two ways: by preceding an adjective or adverb by either "most / least," or by adding the suffix "-est." In Spanish, the superlative is formed according to this formula: definite article (+ noun) + más/menos + adjective (+ de) For example: Rogelio es la persona más amable de toda la familia. Rogelio is the kindest (most kind) person in the whole family. Mario es el menos guapo. Mario is the least handsome. Note: The irregularities of mejor, peor, mayor, and menor also apply to superlatives. Superlatives with -ísimo Sometimes adjectives with the -ísimo ending have a superlative connotation. It often just means "very" or "extremely," though. For example: un trabajo dificilísimo -- A very difficult job una torta riquísima -- An extremely delicious (rich) cake un árbol altísimo -- A very tall tree

If clause

The "si clause" or the "if clause" refers to saying things like "If I were _______, I would _______". The first part is the "If I _______" the second pard would be the conditional verb. "Si" without the accent means "if": Sí = Yes | Si = If If clause Examples: "Si yo estuviera en ______, (conditional tense verb)" If I were in ________, I would _______. "Si yo fuera a ______, (conditional tense verb)" If I went to ______, I would _______. "Si yo fuera _______, (conditional tense verb)" If I were _________, I would _______. "Si yo tuviera ______, (conditional tense verb)" If I had ______, I would _______. "Si yo supiera _______, (conditional tense verb)" If I knew _______, I would _____.

Future Tense

The future tense: what will happen, not what is going to happen!! Ex: I will dance, not, I'm going to dance. Simply add the following endings to the whole infinitive, NOT only the verb stem (keep the -er, -ir, and -ar). yo *-é* -------- nosotros *-emos* tu *-ás* -------- vosotros *-éis* el/ella/... *-á* -- ellos/as/... *-án* Ex: Hablar*é* --> I will speak Hablar*ás* --> You will speak

How to say something hurts / Express pain | Ex: "My head hurts"

The phrase "me duele" followed by any part of the body can be used to express where there is pain. Ex: "Me duele la cabeza" --> "My head hurts"

Pronouns used with Reflexive Verbs

The pronouns put before reflexive verbs are similar to those used with the verb "gustar" Ex: llamarse (to call oneself) & reflexive pronouns Singular ------------- Plural me llamo (I) --------- nos llamamos (We) te llamas (You) ------ os llamáis (Y'all) se llama (He/She/It, usted) --- se llaman (They, ustedes)

Conditional Tense irregular verbs

There are 12 verbs that are irregular in the conditional tense, they are the same as the future tense irregular verbs and the stem just changes: Infinitve — New Stem — Yo form Caber —— cabr- —— cabría (not cabería) Haber —— habr- —— habría (not habería) Poder —— podr- —— podría (not podería) Querer —— querr- —— querría Saber —— sabr- —— sabría Poner —— pondr- —— pondría Salir —— saldr- —— saldría Tener —— tendr- —— tendría Valer —— valdr- —— valdría Venir —— vendr- —— vendría Decir —— dir- —— diría Hacer —— har- —— haría Ex: siempre diría la verdad (i would always tell the truth)

Iregular verbs in future tense

There are some irregular verbs in future tense conjugation. For the most part, they remove the vowel in the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir.. remove the a, e, and i respectively) and then add the typical future tense endings. However, some must simply be memorized. These verbs have stems that are slightly different from the infinitive. Ex: Infinitive----New Stem--- Yo form (future tense) caber ----> cabr- ------> cabré decir ------> dir- -------> diré hacer -----> har- -------> haré haber -----> habr- -----> habré poder -----> podr- ------> podré poner -----> pondr- ------> pondré querer -----> querr- ------> querré saber -----> sabr- ------> sabré salir -------> saldr- ------> saldré tener -----> tendr- ------> tendré valer -----> valdr- -------> valdré venir -----> vendr- ------> vendré *Note:* Sometimes the future tense is used to express wonder, probability, or supposition. Ex: ¿Quién será? --> who could it be? Estará comiendo sola --> She is probably eating alone. Tendrá mucho dinero --> He must have a lot of money. *Patterns: Verbs that are irregular in future tense tend to be irregular in the other tenses. - 6 are from verbs with a -go ending in the present tense yo form: decir, hacer, poner, salir, tener, and venir -2 are stem-changing boot verbs: poder and querer -1 has an irregular yo form: saber

How to make something negative (I want vs I don't want)

Use double negatives "no entiendo nada" - I dont understand nothing -no + verb: tells what does not or is not doing -nunca + verb: tells what never does

Imperfect Past Tense (Regular endings)

Used when talking about descriptions, ongoing actions in the past, or repeated/customary actions in the past. ALSO to indicate the time and day in the past. Ex: The whale was huge. --> The whale doesn't stop being huge just because you left where the whale was. Ex: We used to dance Ex: Yo *escuchaba* durante la reunión = I was listening during the meeting Ex: *Eran* las cinco de la trade = It was 5 PM VERB ENDINGS: add the following endings to the stem of the verb: -AR VERBS: -aba ------ -ábamos -abas ---- -abais -aba ----- -aban -ER & -IR VERBS: -ía ------ -íamos -ías ----- -íais -ía ------ -ían *the endings are in the same layout as always: yo --------------- nosotros/as tu ---------------- vosotros/as el/la, used ------ ellos/as, ustedes

Double Vowel Verbs (preterite)

Verbs ending in -car: "c" changes to "qu" (only before e) Ex: Aparcar (to park): apar*qué* (I park DOUBLE VOWELS: verbs ending in -aer, -eer, -oer, -uir, or -oir (double vowel verbs) change from the second verb to "y" in the THIRD person forms. The OTHER FORMS gain an accent on the i. Ex: -Caer (to fall): caí (I fell), caíste, ca*yó*, caímos, caísteis, ca*yeron* -Oir (to hear): oí (I heard), oíste, o*yó*, oímos, oísteis, o*yeron*

When to use "ser" (to be)

When talking about what something is (permanent things) Uses: The hour, day, and date. Place of origin. Occupation. Nationality. Religious or political affiliation. The material something is made of. Possession. Relationship of one person to another. Where an event is taking place. Essential qualities (what makes this thing, this thing?).

Noun-Adjective Agreement ( how to use and where to put Adj.s)

When using adjective you must change the ending to match the number and gender of the noun. Exs: Marco es alto --> Marc is tall Mia es alta --> Mia is tall Los Chicos son altos --> the boys are tall Las Chicas son altas --> the girls are tall *** For phonetic reasons (to preserve sound), adjectives that end in -z change to -ces in the PLURAL form. Ex: el chico feliz --> the happy boy el chicos felices --> the happy boys Generally, adjectives that tell quantitiy go before the noun, adjective that describe go after. Ex: muchas manzanas verdes -> many green apples Exceptions: -When making exclamations put the descriptive adjective before the noun it modifies: "¡Qué bella cuidad!" -> "What a beautiful city!" -When expressing a subjective judgement put the adjective before: "¡Esta es la mejor película que yo vi!" -> "This is the best movie I've seen!" -If you're talking about an inherent characteristic put the adjective before: "la blanca nieve" -> "the white snow" -If you are talking about something that is new to you but not to the world you put it before: "El nuevo amigo de Carlos y Sophia" -> Carlos and Sophia's new friend. "El amigo nuevo de Carlos y Sophia" -> Carlos and Sophia's young friend (a baby).

Saying you like things (Plural gustar "me gustan"

When you are saying that you like something that is plural you need to add an "n" to the end of the "I like", "You like", "He likes" phrases. Ex: I like grapes --> Me gustan uvas A Anna y Marco les gustan uvas --> Anna and Marco like grapes nos gustan uvas --> We like grapes

"Would" tense for verbs (To run --> Would run)

When you want to talk about something that would happen, use the conditional tense (similar to the future tense as you just add an ending to the whole infinitive) Ex: Disfrutar -> to enjoy Pronoun ...... Present tense ....... Conditional tense yo ................... disfruto ..................... disfrutaría tú .................... disfrutas ................... disfrutarías él/ella/usted ... disfruta .............. disfrutaría nostros-as ...... disfrutamos ....... disfrutaríamos vostros-as ...... disfrutaís ............. disfrutaríais ellos-as, ustedes ... disfrutan .... disfrutarían So simply to change "disfrutar" (to enjoy) to "would enjoy" add the ending that corresponds with the pronoun. For "I would" it's "ía". So its "disfrutar" + "ía" to get "Disfrutaría" (I would enjoy). For regular -ar verbs, the conditional tense really just takes the unconjugated verb and adds "í" then the regular verb ending according to the pronoun: Yo ..... ía tú ...... ías él ..... ía nostros .... íamos (and so on).

To him/her/it/you(formal: usted)

le

To them / to you (plural formal: ustedes)

les

To me

me

My

mi

We

nosotros/as

Our

nuestro

Ours

nuestro(a)

To you (plural: vosotros)

os