SPC Final Review

invalid analogy

Two cases being compared not essentially alike

how to appeal to emotion

Use emotional language Develop vivid examples Speak with sincerity, conviction

tips for evidence

Use specific evidence; Use credible evidence; should support all claims within speech (specific, credible, supports claims)

persuasive speeches on questions of value

require judgments based on a person's beliefs about what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, etc• Speaker needs to justify her value judgment in light of a clearly defined set of standards• Usually organized topically

The main purpose of this type of speech is to give thanks for a gift or award

speech of acceptance

The purpose of this type of speech is to explain why a recipient is receiving the award

speech of presentation

What the audience thinks about you after you finish your speech is this type of credibility

Terminal Credibility

What are three example settings in which special occasion that speeches are made?

Weddings, funerals, dedication ceremonies, award ceremonies, graduation, retirement parties, etc.

plan

What is speaker's plan to solve the problem with current policy?

practicality

Will plan solve problem? § Will plan create new problems?

When processing persuasive messages listeners engage in...

a mental give-and-take with the speaker. (Listeners actively assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, etc; Listeners often pose opposing thoughts silently; Effective persuasive speakers regard their speeches as a kind of mental dialogue with the audience)

According to your textbook, persuasive speakers have an ethical obligation to:

a. make sure their goals are ethically sound. b. learn about all sides of an issue. c. present their evidence fairly and accurately.

According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? "It is time to abolish the electoral college. Something new is bound to work better than something that has been around for more than 200 years."

appeal to novelty

Two important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are _________ and ____________.

competence; character

define evidence

consists of examples, statistics, and testimony used to prove or disprove something

Prep for an interview

do your research, learn everything you can about the person interviewing you, find other ppl who have interviewed there, practice talking about yourself out loud, mock interviews

what to do the day of the interview

eat a good meal, arrive about 10 mins early, bring copies of resume/cover letter, be honest, come with questions prepared,

Of all the types of public speaking ______ is the most complex and the most challenging.

persuasion

What is the most challenging type of public speaking?

persuasive speaking

types of persuasive speeches

questions of fact, questions of value, questions of policy

Persuasive speeches on questions of fact

seek to persuade audience to accept the speaker's view of the facts on a particular issue; Usually organized topically, each main point will present a reason why the audience should agree with the speaker

finishing the interview

thank everyone you met with, follow up the next day (email in the morning bw 8 am-12pm)

Define persuasion

the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

Difference between speaking impromptu and speaking anything else

there is no way to gracefully get out of these situations

3 ethics of persuasion

• Persuasive goals should be ethically sound • Speakers should study the topic thoroughly so they do not mislead listeners • Do not quote out of context, skew statistics, or misrepresent sources

guidelines for causal reasoning

-Avoid fallacy of false cause -Do not assume events have only one cause

Describe "solution" in Monroe's

-Clearly state solution (what needs to be done) -Provide evidence that your solution will work -Present and overcome objections that your audience members may have

describe "need" in Monroe's

-Clearly state what the problem is -Provide support that the problem exists -Tell us why it is a problem

Describe "visualization" in Monroe's

-Restate solution (briefly) -Paint a picture for the audience of what they will experience and what the world will look like if:• we choose to do what you are asking us to do• and what would come if we choose not to do what you are trying to convince us to do -This can be accomplished through a story about a real person or a hypothetical example.

Describe "conclusion" in Monroe's

-Signal End-Call to action (urge the audience to take action in support of the plan) -Specific Behavior Stated (tell us specifically what we need to do) -Restate and summarize (problem and solution) -Personal Statement (why this is important to you) -Vivid ending

guidelines for reasoning from principle

-Use major premise listeners will accept -Provide evidence for minor premise

Name the 4 methods of Persuasion:

1. Building credibility 2. Using evidence 3. Reasoning 4. Appealing to emotions

emotional appeals

Appeals intended to evoke sadness, anger, happiness, pride, etc.

define ethos

Aristotle's name for credibility

pathos

Aristotle's name for emotional appeal

appeal to novelty

Assuming something new is automatically better than old

immediate action

Convinces audience to act in support of policy

persuasive speeches on questions of policy

Deal with specific courses of action, deciding whether something should or should not be done 2 types: one type seeks to gain passive agreement that a policy is desirable, necessary and practical, second type seeks to motivate the audience to take immediate action -must address 3 basic issues: need, plan of solution, and practicality -can be arranged prob-solution, prob-cause-solution, comparative advantages, Monroe's motivated sequence,

define reasoning

Drawing conclusion based on evidence

Either-Or

Forcing choice between two alternatives when more than two exist

10 types of fallacies

Hasty generalization, False cause, Invalid analogy, Bandwagon, Red herring, Ad hominem, Either-or, Slippery slope, Appeal to tradition, Appeal to novelty

3 types of credibility

Initial--audiences perception before speech begins; Derived--produced by everything speaker says during speech; Terminal--audiences perception of speaker at end of speech

Examples of special occasion speaking

Introduction • Presentation • Acceptance • Commemoration

need

Is there a problem that requires change from current policy?

Explain the visualization step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence

It should depict for your audience what would come of the solution and would would come if the need continue. "Paint a picture for the audience..." Positive: If you do what I am asking you...Negative: If you don't do what I am asking you... Stories Emotional appeal etc.

hasty generalization

Jumping to conclusion based on insufficient evidence

ethical emotional appeals

Make appropriate to topic Don't substitute for evidence, reasoning

mental dialogue

Mental give & take between speaker & listener

define credibility

Perception of speaker's competence & character

target audience

Portion of audience speaker most wants to persuade

4 types of reasoning

Specific instances, reasoning from Principle, Causal reasoning, and Analogical reasoning

Define and describe a commemoration speech

Speech paying tribute to person, group, institution, idea; • Inspire audience (do not simply inform audience) • Heighten appreciation • Adjust content, delivery to fit situation • Use language creatively

define and describe a presentation speech

Speech presenting gift, award, some recognition; •Familiarize audience with award •Discuss the achievements of the winner in a way that is meaningful for the audience

True or False: In a persuasive speech you should acknowledge and address the opposition.

TRUE, ALWAYS

Name the 5 things you need to do in a Monroe's conclusion:

1. Call to action 2. State specific behavior (first step) 3. Restate and summarize 4. Personal statement 5. Vivid ending (can someone really pee voraciously?)

Name two ways to build credibility:

1. Explain competence or experience with topic 2. Establish common ground (be sure to do this in the intro!) 3. Deliver speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction

What are the 5 steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence?

1. Intro (Attention) 2. Need 3. Solution 4. Visualization 5. Conclusion (call to action)

Name two ways to generate emotional appeal:

1. Use emotionally charged language 2. Use vivid examples 3. Speak with sincerity and conviction

Define impromptu speaking

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

define logos

Aristotle's name for logical appeals -Evidence & reasoning

slippery slope

Assuming first step will lead to later steps that can't be prevented

appeal to tradition

Assuming something old is automatically better than new

ad hominem

Attacking person rather than dealing with real issue

guidelines for specific instances

Avoid hasty generalizations Qualify argument when necessary Reinforce argument with statistics, testimony

bandwagon

Because something is popular, it is good or correct

4 reasons Listeners are persuaded by a speaker

Because the perceive the speaker as having high credibility• Because they are won over by the speaker's evidence• Because they are convinced by the speaker's reasoning• Because their emotions are touched by the speaker's ideas or language (credibility, evidence, reasoning, ideas/language)

4 methods of persuasion

Building credibility, Using evidence, Reasoning, Appealing to emotions

describe analogical reasoning

Comparing two similar cases What is true for first case is also true for second Cases must be essentially alike

What does a question of policy persuasion speech address?

Courses of action, whether something should or should not be done

comparative advantage

Each main point explains why one solution is preferable to other

define causal reasoning

Establishing relationship between causes & effects

What is the difference between ethos, pathos, and logos?

Ethos- Aristotle's name for credibility Pathos- Aristotle's name for emotional appeal Logos- Aristotle's name for logical appeals (evidence & reasoning)

how to enhance credibility (3 ways)

Explain competence Establish common ground Speak expressively, with conviction

Which organizational pattern is especially effective for persuasive speeches that seek immediate action by listeners?

Monroe's motivated sequence

describe intro of monroe's

I. Gain audience's attention II. State Purpose III. Relate topic to audience IV. Establish credibility V. Preview main points

Examples of impromptu speaking

INTERVIEWS, Called on suddenly, Classroom discussion, Coach / player report after a game, Asked to give a toast, Religious gatherings, Family gatherings - asked to explain what you are going to do with your college degree (and your life...)

red herring

Irrelevant issue diverting attention from actual subject

What does a question of value persuasive speech do?

Justifies speaker's value based on a person's beliefs about what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral

false cause

Mistakenly assuming that because one event follows another, first event causes second

define reasoning from principle

Moving from general principle to specific conclusion

define specific instances

Moving from particular facts to general conclusion

Define and describe an acceptance speech

Speech giving thanks for gift, award, recognition; •Thank the people who are bestowing the award •Recognize the contributions of ppl who helped you gain it •Be brief, humble, and gracious

define and describe an introduction speech

Speech introducing main speaker to audience; Brief • Accurate • Adapted to occasion, audience • Builds sense of anticipation

This kind of speech is meant to build enthusiasm for the speaker, generate interest, and boost the speaker's credibility

Speech of introduction

What is initial credibility?

The audience's perception of the speaker before speech begins

What is derived credibility?

The audience's perception of the speaker produced by everything a speaker says and does during the speech

Which of the following is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact? a. To persuade my audience that capital punishment is immoral. b. To persuade my audience that capital punishment should be the mandatory sentence for murder. c. To persuade my audience that capital punishment is never justifiable. d. To persuade my audience that capital punishment fails to deter people from committing murder. e. To persuade my audience that capital punishment should be abolished

d. To persuade my audience that capital punishment fails to deter people from committing murder.

A persuasive speech exploring the truth or falsity of an assertion is known as a speech on a question of:

fact (Questions of fact seek to persuade an audience to accept the speaker's view of the facts on a particular issue)

When preparing for the speech the speaker should...

themselves in the audience's shoes and imagine how they will respond and anticipate potential objections their audience may have and answer them

True or False: During a persuasive speech the speaker should imagine the listeners engaging in a "mental dialogue" with the speaker.

true