SPC Final Review
invalid analogy
Two cases being compared not essentially alike
how to appeal to emotion
Use emotional language Develop vivid examples Speak with sincerity, conviction
tips for evidence
Use specific evidence; Use credible evidence; should support all claims within speech (specific, credible, supports claims)
persuasive speeches on questions of value
require judgments based on a person's beliefs about what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral, etc• Speaker needs to justify her value judgment in light of a clearly defined set of standards• Usually organized topically
The main purpose of this type of speech is to give thanks for a gift or award
speech of acceptance
The purpose of this type of speech is to explain why a recipient is receiving the award
speech of presentation
What the audience thinks about you after you finish your speech is this type of credibility
Terminal Credibility
What are three example settings in which special occasion that speeches are made?
Weddings, funerals, dedication ceremonies, award ceremonies, graduation, retirement parties, etc.
plan
What is speaker's plan to solve the problem with current policy?
practicality
Will plan solve problem? § Will plan create new problems?
When processing persuasive messages listeners engage in...
a mental give-and-take with the speaker. (Listeners actively assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting materials, language, etc; Listeners often pose opposing thoughts silently; Effective persuasive speakers regard their speeches as a kind of mental dialogue with the audience)
According to your textbook, persuasive speakers have an ethical obligation to:
a. make sure their goals are ethically sound. b. learn about all sides of an issue. c. present their evidence fairly and accurately.
According to your textbook, the following statement is an example of what type of fallacy? "It is time to abolish the electoral college. Something new is bound to work better than something that has been around for more than 200 years."
appeal to novelty
Two important factors affecting the credibility of a persuasive speaker are _________ and ____________.
competence; character
define evidence
consists of examples, statistics, and testimony used to prove or disprove something
Prep for an interview
do your research, learn everything you can about the person interviewing you, find other ppl who have interviewed there, practice talking about yourself out loud, mock interviews
what to do the day of the interview
eat a good meal, arrive about 10 mins early, bring copies of resume/cover letter, be honest, come with questions prepared,
Of all the types of public speaking ______ is the most complex and the most challenging.
persuasion
What is the most challenging type of public speaking?
persuasive speaking
types of persuasive speeches
questions of fact, questions of value, questions of policy
Persuasive speeches on questions of fact
seek to persuade audience to accept the speaker's view of the facts on a particular issue; Usually organized topically, each main point will present a reason why the audience should agree with the speaker
finishing the interview
thank everyone you met with, follow up the next day (email in the morning bw 8 am-12pm)
Define persuasion
the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions
Difference between speaking impromptu and speaking anything else
there is no way to gracefully get out of these situations
3 ethics of persuasion
• Persuasive goals should be ethically sound • Speakers should study the topic thoroughly so they do not mislead listeners • Do not quote out of context, skew statistics, or misrepresent sources
guidelines for causal reasoning
-Avoid fallacy of false cause -Do not assume events have only one cause
Describe "solution" in Monroe's
-Clearly state solution (what needs to be done) -Provide evidence that your solution will work -Present and overcome objections that your audience members may have
describe "need" in Monroe's
-Clearly state what the problem is -Provide support that the problem exists -Tell us why it is a problem
Describe "visualization" in Monroe's
-Restate solution (briefly) -Paint a picture for the audience of what they will experience and what the world will look like if:• we choose to do what you are asking us to do• and what would come if we choose not to do what you are trying to convince us to do -This can be accomplished through a story about a real person or a hypothetical example.
Describe "conclusion" in Monroe's
-Signal End-Call to action (urge the audience to take action in support of the plan) -Specific Behavior Stated (tell us specifically what we need to do) -Restate and summarize (problem and solution) -Personal Statement (why this is important to you) -Vivid ending
guidelines for reasoning from principle
-Use major premise listeners will accept -Provide evidence for minor premise
Name the 4 methods of Persuasion:
1. Building credibility 2. Using evidence 3. Reasoning 4. Appealing to emotions
emotional appeals
Appeals intended to evoke sadness, anger, happiness, pride, etc.
define ethos
Aristotle's name for credibility
pathos
Aristotle's name for emotional appeal
appeal to novelty
Assuming something new is automatically better than old
immediate action
Convinces audience to act in support of policy
persuasive speeches on questions of policy
Deal with specific courses of action, deciding whether something should or should not be done 2 types: one type seeks to gain passive agreement that a policy is desirable, necessary and practical, second type seeks to motivate the audience to take immediate action -must address 3 basic issues: need, plan of solution, and practicality -can be arranged prob-solution, prob-cause-solution, comparative advantages, Monroe's motivated sequence,
define reasoning
Drawing conclusion based on evidence
Either-Or
Forcing choice between two alternatives when more than two exist
10 types of fallacies
Hasty generalization, False cause, Invalid analogy, Bandwagon, Red herring, Ad hominem, Either-or, Slippery slope, Appeal to tradition, Appeal to novelty
3 types of credibility
Initial--audiences perception before speech begins; Derived--produced by everything speaker says during speech; Terminal--audiences perception of speaker at end of speech
Examples of special occasion speaking
Introduction • Presentation • Acceptance • Commemoration
need
Is there a problem that requires change from current policy?
Explain the visualization step in Monroe's Motivated Sequence
It should depict for your audience what would come of the solution and would would come if the need continue. "Paint a picture for the audience..." Positive: If you do what I am asking you...Negative: If you don't do what I am asking you... Stories Emotional appeal etc.
hasty generalization
Jumping to conclusion based on insufficient evidence
ethical emotional appeals
Make appropriate to topic Don't substitute for evidence, reasoning
mental dialogue
Mental give & take between speaker & listener
define credibility
Perception of speaker's competence & character
target audience
Portion of audience speaker most wants to persuade
4 types of reasoning
Specific instances, reasoning from Principle, Causal reasoning, and Analogical reasoning
Define and describe a commemoration speech
Speech paying tribute to person, group, institution, idea; • Inspire audience (do not simply inform audience) • Heighten appreciation • Adjust content, delivery to fit situation • Use language creatively
define and describe a presentation speech
Speech presenting gift, award, some recognition; •Familiarize audience with award •Discuss the achievements of the winner in a way that is meaningful for the audience
True or False: In a persuasive speech you should acknowledge and address the opposition.
TRUE, ALWAYS
Name the 5 things you need to do in a Monroe's conclusion:
1. Call to action 2. State specific behavior (first step) 3. Restate and summarize 4. Personal statement 5. Vivid ending (can someone really pee voraciously?)
Name two ways to build credibility:
1. Explain competence or experience with topic 2. Establish common ground (be sure to do this in the intro!) 3. Deliver speech fluently, expressively, and with conviction
What are the 5 steps of Monroe's Motivated Sequence?
1. Intro (Attention) 2. Need 3. Solution 4. Visualization 5. Conclusion (call to action)
Name two ways to generate emotional appeal:
1. Use emotionally charged language 2. Use vivid examples 3. Speak with sincerity and conviction
Define impromptu speaking
A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation
define logos
Aristotle's name for logical appeals -Evidence & reasoning
slippery slope
Assuming first step will lead to later steps that can't be prevented
appeal to tradition
Assuming something old is automatically better than new
ad hominem
Attacking person rather than dealing with real issue
guidelines for specific instances
Avoid hasty generalizations Qualify argument when necessary Reinforce argument with statistics, testimony
bandwagon
Because something is popular, it is good or correct
4 reasons Listeners are persuaded by a speaker
Because the perceive the speaker as having high credibility• Because they are won over by the speaker's evidence• Because they are convinced by the speaker's reasoning• Because their emotions are touched by the speaker's ideas or language (credibility, evidence, reasoning, ideas/language)
4 methods of persuasion
Building credibility, Using evidence, Reasoning, Appealing to emotions
describe analogical reasoning
Comparing two similar cases What is true for first case is also true for second Cases must be essentially alike
What does a question of policy persuasion speech address?
Courses of action, whether something should or should not be done
comparative advantage
Each main point explains why one solution is preferable to other
define causal reasoning
Establishing relationship between causes & effects
What is the difference between ethos, pathos, and logos?
Ethos- Aristotle's name for credibility Pathos- Aristotle's name for emotional appeal Logos- Aristotle's name for logical appeals (evidence & reasoning)
how to enhance credibility (3 ways)
Explain competence Establish common ground Speak expressively, with conviction
Which organizational pattern is especially effective for persuasive speeches that seek immediate action by listeners?
Monroe's motivated sequence
describe intro of monroe's
I. Gain audience's attention II. State Purpose III. Relate topic to audience IV. Establish credibility V. Preview main points
Examples of impromptu speaking
INTERVIEWS, Called on suddenly, Classroom discussion, Coach / player report after a game, Asked to give a toast, Religious gatherings, Family gatherings - asked to explain what you are going to do with your college degree (and your life...)
red herring
Irrelevant issue diverting attention from actual subject
What does a question of value persuasive speech do?
Justifies speaker's value based on a person's beliefs about what is right or wrong, good or bad, moral or immoral
false cause
Mistakenly assuming that because one event follows another, first event causes second
define reasoning from principle
Moving from general principle to specific conclusion
define specific instances
Moving from particular facts to general conclusion
Define and describe an acceptance speech
Speech giving thanks for gift, award, recognition; •Thank the people who are bestowing the award •Recognize the contributions of ppl who helped you gain it •Be brief, humble, and gracious
define and describe an introduction speech
Speech introducing main speaker to audience; Brief • Accurate • Adapted to occasion, audience • Builds sense of anticipation
This kind of speech is meant to build enthusiasm for the speaker, generate interest, and boost the speaker's credibility
Speech of introduction
What is initial credibility?
The audience's perception of the speaker before speech begins
What is derived credibility?
The audience's perception of the speaker produced by everything a speaker says and does during the speech
Which of the following is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact? a. To persuade my audience that capital punishment is immoral. b. To persuade my audience that capital punishment should be the mandatory sentence for murder. c. To persuade my audience that capital punishment is never justifiable. d. To persuade my audience that capital punishment fails to deter people from committing murder. e. To persuade my audience that capital punishment should be abolished
d. To persuade my audience that capital punishment fails to deter people from committing murder.
A persuasive speech exploring the truth or falsity of an assertion is known as a speech on a question of:
fact (Questions of fact seek to persuade an audience to accept the speaker's view of the facts on a particular issue)
When preparing for the speech the speaker should...
themselves in the audience's shoes and imagine how they will respond and anticipate potential objections their audience may have and answer them
True or False: During a persuasive speech the speaker should imagine the listeners engaging in a "mental dialogue" with the speaker.
true
