SPCH 100 UMUC Handout II

____ _________ are simply figures unmodified by any mathematical operation.

Raw numbers

plagiarism

The word plagiarism refers to the process of passing off the work (ideas, words, illustrations) of others as your own.

How Do Thesis and Specific Purpose Differ?

They differ in their form of expression, focus, and concern for practical limitations.

__________ help listeners understand your speech more effectively and efficiently.

Transitions

True or False As you formulate your specific purposes, follow these five guidelines: Use an infinitive phrase; focus your purpose on your audience; limit it to one idea; limit it to what you can reasonably expect to achieve; and use specific terms.

True

True or False Refer to others present, Refer to the occasion, Express your pleasure or interest in speaking, Establish your competence in the subject, Express similarities with the audience, Compliment the audience. All of these are ways to Establish a Speaker-Audience-Topic Relationship

True

True or False Use transitions in at least the following places: - between the introduction and the body of the speech - between the main points - between the body and the conclusion

True

_________ refers to the relative intensity of the voice.

Volume

Definition by Negation

You also might define a term by noting what the term is not; that is, define it by negation.

Definition by Authority

You can often clarify a term by explaining how a particular authority views it.

audience

a group of individuals gathered together to hear a speech.

illustration

a longer and more detailed example is referred to as an illustration

narrative

an example told in story-like form is referred to as a narrative.

Select a topic that is _____________ to you as the speaker. For example, if you're male, it probably isn't a good idea to give a speech on the stages of childbirth. On the other hand, if you're female and have just given birth, this might be a good topic.

appropriate

Tertiary sources

are a "distillation and collection of primary and secondary sources". Tertiary source material would include articles in encyclopedias, almanacs, handbooks, and guidebooks.

Sociological and demographical characteristics help you estimate the _______ , ________, and ______ of your audience.

attitudes, beliefs, values

You ALWAYS start with the ______ of the speech first, then add the ____________ and ___________.

body, introduction, conclusion

This pattern is useful in persuasive speeches when you want to convince your audience of the causal connection existing between two events or elements.

cause-effect or effect-cause pattern

Your thesis is your ________ ______; it's the theme, the essence of your speech. It's your point of view; it's what you want the audience to get out of your speech.

central idea

Use a quotation, Refer to subsequent events, Refer back to the introduction, Pose a challenge or question, and Thank the audience are all way to provide ____________.

closure

Experiencing nervousness or anxiety is a natural reaction. You are definitely not alone in these feelings. Some people have a general ____________ _____________ that shows itself in all communication situations.

communication apprehension

Literal analogies

compare items from the same class, such as two cars or two cities.

A good topic is __________ __________. Select a topic that will not offend members of other cultures (who may even be in your audience). At the same time, recognize that we live in a time when a person's level of cultural sensitivity is taken as a sign of education and sophistication—qualities that can only help a speaker.

culturally sensitive

In using _______ _________ testimony the speaker cites the opinions, beliefs, predictions, or values of some authority or expert.

expert witness

Testimony is of two basic types: ________ and _____________.

expert, eyewitness

An _________________ speech involves thorough preparation, but no commitment to the exact wording to be used during the speech.

extemporaneous

The most important single aspect of bodily communication is ____ ________.

eye contact

Your initial thesis statement should be consider a _____ _______.

first draft

When you give an ___________ speech, you talk with- out any specific preparation.

impromptu

To ________ and to _________ are the two general purposes of most public speeches.

inform, persuade

The summary function is particularly important in an ____________ speech; it is less so in ______________ speeches or in speeches to entertain.

informative, persuasive

A good public speaking topic is one that deals with matters of _________, is __________ to you and the audience, and is __________ sensitive.

substance, appropriate, culturally

The most important criterion of a good topic is that it be ____________.

substantive

Your conclusion may serve three major functions: to ___________, __________, and ________ ________.

summarize, motivate, provide closure

List several ways you can deal with and manage your own public speaking apprehension by re- versing the factors that cause apprehension: (7)

(1) Reduce the newness of public speaking by gaining experience. (2) Reduce your self-focus by visualizing public speaking as conversation. (3) Reduce your perceived differentness from the audience. (4) Reduce your fear of failure by thoroughly preparing and practicing. (5) Reduce your anxiety by moving about and breathing deeply. (6) Avoid chemicals as tension relievers. (7) Prepare and Practice!

The ten essential steps for preparing an effective public speech are

(1) Select your topic, purposes, and thesis (2) Analyze your audience (3) Research your topic (4) Develop your main points (5) Support your main points (6) Organize your speech materials (7) Construct your conclusion, introduction and transitions (8) Outline your speech (9) Word your speech (10) Rehearse and deliver your speech

Definitions

A definition is a statement explaining the meaning of a term or concept; it explains what something is.

Definition by Specific Examples

An example is not a definition, but it can serve defining functions; it can help clarify terms or phrases.

Primary sources

Are first hand, contemporary accounts written or spoken by someone who has had direct experience with or witnessed a particular event. Also considered primary sources are reports of original research by the researcher himself or herself.

Secondary sources

Are those that interpret, comment on, analyze, or summarize primary source material. Secondary source material include, for example, a summary of research appearing in a popular magazine, a television news report on a corporation's earnings, and a report by someone who talked to someone who witnessed an accident.

Figurative analogies

Compare items from different classes. Figurative analogies are useful for illustrating possible similarities and provide vivid examples that are easily remembered.

Analogies

Comparisons that are often extremely useful in making your ideas clear and vivid to your audience. Analogies do not constitute evidence of the truth or falsity of an assertion.

Your ____________ is especially important, because it's often the part of the speech that the audience remembers most clearly.

Conclusion

Ask a question, Refer to audience members, Refer to recent happenings, Use humor, Stress the importance of the topic, Use a presentation aid, Tell the audience to pay attention, Use a quotation, Cite a little-known fact or statistic, Use an illustration or dramatic story. These are all ways to do what?

Gain Attention

example

Generally, a relatively brief specific instance is referred to as an example

___________ in public speaking help illustrate your verbal messages.

Gestures

Definition by Etymology

One way to define a term is to trace its historical or linguistic development.

_____ style refers to the degree to which a communication style resembles that of informal conversation as opposed to the more formal style of writing.

Oral

Give a general idea of your subject, Identify the main points you'll cover, Give a detailed preview, and Identify your goals are all ways to?

Orient the Audience

______________ _______ help you gain attention and maintain interest, reinforce your message, contribute to credibility and confidence, and help reduce apprehension.

Presentation aids

____________, on the other hand, are summary figures that help you communicate the important characteristic of a complex set of numbers such as the mean (the average), the mode (the most frequent score in an array), or percentages (the portion of a total).

Statistics

Restate your thesis or purpose, Restate the importance of the topic, and Restate your main points are all ways to ___________.

Summarize

___________ is often a useful form of support, and involves using the opinions of others to clarify or support your assertions.

Testimony

List five ways to find topics:

look to yourself, brainstorming, surveys, news items, and topic lists.

When you give a ___________ speech, you read aloud the entire speech, which you've written out word for word.

manuscript

When presenting a ___________ speech, you write out the speech word for word (as in the manuscript method); but instead of reading it, you memorize it and recite it or "act it out."

memorized

A second function of the conclusion—most appropriate in persuasive speeches—is to __________ the people in the audience to do what you want them to do.

motivate

The ___________ __________ is an organizational pattern in which you arrange your information so as to motivate your audience to respond positively to your purpose

motivated sequence

The _________ is a blueprint for your speech; it lays out the elements of the speech and their relationship to one another.

outline

The relative highness or lowness of your voice as perceived by your listener is referred to as vocal ______.

pitch

Among the ____________ _____ you have available are the object itself, models of the object, graphs, word charts, maps, people, photographs, and illustrations.

presentation aids

The _________ __________ pattern is especially useful in persuasive speeches in which you want to convince the audience that a problem exists and that your solution would solve or lessen the problem.

problem-solution

Your speech _____ is the speed at which you speak.

rate

Numerical data is of two basic types: ____ ________ and ____________.

raw numbers, statistics

Your first step in audience analysis is to construct an audience profile in which you analyze audience members' ___________ or _____________ characteristics.

sociological, demographic

You can also organize your main points on the basis of space. The _________ _________ is especially useful when you wish to describe objects or places.

spatial pattern

Once you have chosen your general purpose, develop your ________ ________ by identifying more precisely what you aim to accomplish.

specific purpose

a fear that is specific to a given communication situation.

state apprehension

When you use a _________ _________, you organize your speech into two, three, or four major parts, beginning with the past and working up to the present or future—or beginning with the present and working back to the past.

temporal pattern

the acronym FACQS

the fairness, accuracy, currency, qualifications, and sufficiency of Internet resources

In phrasing your _______, word it as a complete declarative sentence.

thesis

Be sure to limit your ______ __________ to one and only one central idea.

thesis statement

Your first step in preparing to give a speech is to select your ______, _______, and ________ .

topic, purposes, thesis

When your topic conveniently divides itself into subdivisions, each of which is clear and approximately equal in importance, the _________ _________ is most useful.

topical pattern

a general fear of communication, regardless of the specific situation.

trait apprehension

Three dimensions of voice are significant to the public speaker: __________, ____, and ______.

volume, rate, pitch

informative speeches

you seek to create understanding: to clarify, to enlighten, to correct misunderstandings, to demonstrate how something works, to define what something means.

persuasive speech

you try to influence attitudes or behaviors; you seek to strengthen or change existing attitudes or to get the audience to take some action.