Speech

Nonverbal messages are crucial for expressing emotions

-through facial expressions reveal levels happiness or sadness or other emotions -to communicate unpleasant messages that are difficult to put into words -to hide emotions

Silence

-to allow for time to think -to signal the importance of the message -as a weapon -response to threats, deal with personal anxiety or shyness -convey an emotional response, annoyance or defiance -nothing to say or do not want to say anything

Nonverbal messages can influence and deceive

-to persuade others, such as adopting nonverbal cues which others may identify -to deceive others or detect deception

Nonverbal messages structure conversation

-to signal listening and turn-taking in social interaction

Zone 1 - Intimate Distance

-touching to 18 inches -used by people who are closely related to use

Emoticons

-typed nonverbal facial expressions :)

Tie-signs

-used to indicate the level of the relationship

Encoding Skills

-using nonverbal to express yourself

Paralanguage

-vocal characteristics that give dimension to the speech

Nonverbal messages help form relationships

-we communicate affection, support, and love largely through nonverbal cues -we communicate the nature of our relationships to other people non-verbally -we use nonverbal cues to indicate dominance or status in a relationship

Culture and Facial Expressions

-wide variation of facial expressions reflects which reactions are publicly allowed in those cultures

Denotative Messages

-word's objective definition -the dictionary meaning

Connotative Messages

-word's subjective or emotional meaning

Snarl words

-words used to describe people that are highly negative

Purr words

-words used to describe people that are highly positive

Theories of Interpersonal Communications and Relationships

1. Attraction Theory 2. Relationship Rules Theory 3. Social Exchange and Equity Theory

Everyday conversations (Small Talk) guidelines

1. Be positive 2. Be sensitive to leave talking cues 3. Stress similarities rather than differences 4. Answer questions with enough elaboration 5. Avoid monologuing 6. Remember that you will be associated with the topic that you frequently talk about

Guidelines to Compliments

1. Be real and honest 2. Compliment in moderation 3. Be totally complimentary 4. Be specific 5. Be personal in your own feelings

Channels of Nonverbal Communication

1. Body communication 2. Facial and eye communication 3. Spatial communication 4. Artifactual communication 5. Touch Communication 6. Paralanguage and Silence 7. Time Communication

Body Gestures

1. Emblems 2. Illustrators 3. Affect displays 4. Regulators 5. Adaptors

Myths of Nonverbal Communications

1. Nonverbal communication conveys more meaning than verbal communication 2. Liars avoid eye contact 3. Studying nonverbal communication will unable you to detect lying 4. Unlike verbal communication, nonverbal communication is universal throughout the world 5. When verbal messages contradict each other, it is wise to believe the nonverbal

Principles of Nonverbal Communication

1. Nonverbal messages interact with verbal messages 2. Nonverbal messages help manage impressions 3. Nonverbal messages help form relationships 4. Nonverbal messages structure conversation 5. Nonverbal messages can influence and deceive 6. Nonverbal messages are crucial for expressing emotions

Developmental Process of Conversations

1. Opening 2. Feedforward 3. Business 4. Feedback 5. Closing

Touch Communication

1. Positive emotions 2. Playfulness 3. Control or direct behaviors, feelings, or attitudes 4. Ritual touching (shaking hands) 5. Task-related touching (helping someone out of a car)

Principles of Conversations

1. Principles of Process 2. Principles of Turn-Taking 3. Principles of Dialogues 4. Principles of Immediacy 5. Principles of Flexibility 6. Principles of Politeness

Principles of Immediacy

1. Self-disclose 2. Refer to the other person's good qualities 3. Express your positive view of the other person and of your relationship 4. Talk about commonalities 5. Demonstrate your responsiveness 6. Express psychological closeness and openness 7. Maintain appropriate eye contact 8. Smile and express your interest 9. Focus on the other person's remarks

Pitch

highness or lowness of the voice

Rate

how rapidly or slowly you speak

Volume

loudness or softness of your voice

Nonword sounds

mmh uhhuh ahh ohh as well as pauses

Quality

unique resonance of your voice (nasally, husky, raspy, whiny)

Pronunciation

whether or not you say a word correctly

Articulation

whether or not your tongue, mouth, and teeth coordinate to make a word understandable (lisp)

Eye Communication

-oculesics -shows the duration, direction, and quality of eye movement -communicate different messages -eyes are most important in nonverbal communication

Nonverbal strategies used to secure help

-open hand gestures, puzzled look, and inept movements

Group Interaction and Leadership Skills

-participating as an effective group member in relationships and task groups -adds to the strength and success of the group

Interpersonal Relationship Types (LOVE)

-passion and caring and commitment

Social Exchange and Equity Theory

-people develop and maintain relationships that enable them to maximize their profits

Attraction Theory

-people form relationships due to attraction 1. Physical Attraction 2. Similarity 3. Proximity 4. Reinforcement 5. Reciprocity of Liking

Distance

-personal bubble, distance to other person when speaking to or listening to

Self-Presentation Skills

-presenting one's self to others as confident, credible, likable, and approachable is essential to effective human interaction

Relationship Rules Theory

-relationships are held together by adhering to certain rules

Self-adaptors

-self-touching movements (rubbing your nose)

Boundary markers

-set boundaries between your territory and that of others (bar placed between your groceries and that of the person behind you)

Nonverbal strategies used to be liked

-smile, pat on the back, shake hands warmly

Presentation Skills/Public Speaking Skills

-speaking to small and large audiences to inform or to persuade -builds self-confidence and can influence their attitudes and behaviors

Process of using messages to generate meaning

-the process of sending and receiving messages that have meaning

Spatial Communication (Proxemics)

-the study of spatial communication -how people use interpersonal space/distance

Nonverbal Communication

-the transmission of meaning from one person to another through means or symbols other than words -the process of using messages that are not words to generate meaning

Meaning

-the understanding of the message

White

(Asian cultures) -death (Others) -purity

Red

(China) -prosperity and rebirth (France) -masculinity (other) -death

Yellow

(China) -wealth and prosperity (US) -cowardice (Egypt) -happiness

Blue

(Iran) -negative (Cherokees) -defeat (Greeks) -patriotism

Purple

(Latin America) -death (Europe) -royalty, virtue, faith (Japan) -grace and nobility (US) -nobility and bravery

Black

(Thailand) -old age (Europe) -death

Green

(US) -money, "go ahead", envy (Ireland) -patriotism (Egypt) -femininity

Compliments

- a message of praise, flattery or congratulations

Zone 4 - Public Distance

-12 feet and beyond -option of choosing to ignore someone without appearing rude -most often used in public speaking events -strangers and impersonal interactions

Zone 2 - Personal Distance

-18 inches to 4 feet -minimal distance maintained in most encounters between friends -used for conversations and other non-intimate exchanges -protective bubble most people maintain

Zone 3 - Social Distance

-4 feet to 12 feet -most social interactions in the US take place in this zone -conduct business or participate in social interaction -coworkers, social gatherings, friends, work situations

Culture and Eye Messages

-Americans consider direct eye contact as an expression of honesty

Gender and Eye Message

-Women tend to make eye contact more, maintain it longer, and use their eyes to express more emotions

Nonverbal messages may be used with verbal messages in the following ways:

-accent or emphasize (tone of voice) -complement or add nuances (smiling) -contradict (yelling "I'm not angry") -control or regulate (avoiding eye contact in class so that you don't get called on in class) -repeat or restate (saying 2 and holding up 2 fingers) -substitute (thumbs up)

Body communication

-aka kinesics -Body Gestures -Body Appearance

Public territories

-areas that are open to all people

Secondary territories

-areas that do not belong to you but that you have occupied and with which you might be associated

Primary territories

-areas that you might call your own

Artifactual Communication

-artifacts -object language -messages conveyed through objects or arrangements that are human-made

Nonverbal strategies used to hide faults

-avoid self-touching or fidgeting movements

Illustrators

-behaviors that accompany and enhance (holding up two fingers when saying the word 2)

Adaptors

-behaviors that are emitted without conscious awareness and that usually serve some kind of need 1. Self-adaptors 2. Alter-adaptors 3. Object-adaptors

Regulators

-behaviors that monitor, control, coordinate, or maintain the speaking of others (glancing at your watch when you need to leave)

Interviewing Skills

-being able to interact to gain information in a variety of situations, including job interviews -enhances one's personal and professional life

Emblems

-body gestures that directly translate into words or phrases (thumb's up)

Nonverbal cues used to manage impressions and judge

-body size, skin color, posture, and facial expressions

Human Communication

-consists of the sending and receiving of verbal and nonverbal messages between two or more people

Facial Management Techniques to neutralize

-covering up sadness so as not to depress others

Facial Management Techniques to deintensify

-covering up your joy over some good news when a friend has bad news to relate

Nonverbal strategies used to confirm self-image and communicate it to others

-dress in certain ways, decorate apartment with things that reflect personality

Nonverbal strategies used to be followed

-dress the part of a leader, put diploma or award where others can see them

Facial Management Techniques

-enable us to communicate to achieve the effect we want and act in socially acceptable ways

Facial Management Techniques to intensify

-exaggerating surprise when friends throw you a party

Facial Management Techniques to simulate

-expressing emotions you don't really feel

Facial Management Techniques to mask

-expressing happiness when you are actually disappointed

Nonverbal strategies used to be believed

-focused eye contact, firm stance, and open gestures

Object-adaptor

-gestures focused on objects (doodling)

Eye avoidance

-help others maintain privacy (Civil inattention) -to signal lack of interest

Ear Markers

-identifying marks that indicate your possession of a territory or object (name tag, nameplates)

Facial and Eye Communication

-indicates the degree of pleasantness, agreement, and sympathy felt

Body Appearance

-influence how you communicate and how others communicate with you

Facial Feedback

-influences level of physiological arousal -people who exaggerate their facial expressions show higher physiological arousal than those who suppress these expressions

Central Markers

-items placed to reserve a territory (leaving your book on your desk)

Immediacy

-joining of the speaker and the listener

Relationship Skills

-knowing how to initiate, maintain, and sometimes dissolve relationships -makes one a better friend, family member, romantic partner, and coworker

Nonverbal strategies used to excuse failure

-look sad, cover face, and shake head

Eros

-love focused on sexuality and beauty

Storge

-love is a kind of companionship, peaceful and tranquil

Agape

-love is compassionate and selfless

Manic

-love is obsessive and possessive

Pragma

-love is practical and traditional

Ludus

-love is seen as a game and focuses on entertainment and excitement

Decoding Skills

-making judgments based on another's nonverbal cues

Color communication

-may influence our psychology, perceptions, and behaviors

Alter-adaptors

-movements directed at the person with whom you are speaking (straightening a tie)

Affect Displays

-movements that communicate emotional meaning (smiling)

Territoriality

-need of an individual to establish and maintain certain spaces as his/her own.

Artifacts

-objects that hold communicative potential (watches, jewelry, hairstyle) that communicate who you are, satisfy your need for self expression, and affect how others interact with you

Principle of Politeness

1. Tact 2. Generosity 3. Approbation 4. Modesty 5. Agreement 6. Sympathy

Facial Movement communicates at least 8 emotions:

1. happiness 2. surprise 3. fear 4. anger 5. sadness 6. disgust 7. contempt 8. interest

Benefits of Effective Nonverbal Communication

1. increased attraction, popularity and psychological well-being 2. increase success in influencing others

Principle of Flexibility

Analyze specific conversational situation Mindfully consider your available choices Estimate the potential advantages and disadvantages Competently communicate your voice

Smell Communication

Attraction messages (perfumes to enhance attractiveness) Identification messages (distinctive smells of cleaning products)

Time Orientation

Psychological Time (past, present or future)

Principles of Turn-Taking

Speaker cues and listener cues

Time Communication

Time Orientation Time and Culture

Time and Culture

Time orientation individualistic cultures emphasize future collectivistic cultures emphasize past Monochronic (single task) Polychronic (multitask) Social clocks right time to date, have children, etc

Back-channeling cues and interruptions

To indicate agreement or disagreement (gestures) To indicate degree of involvement (posture) To pace the speaker ("slow down") To ask for clarification (a puzzled look)

Speaker cues

Turn-maintaining (Audibly breathing in) Turn-yielding (tag question, direct question)

Listener cues

Turn-requesting cues (opening mouth) Turn-denying cues ("i don't know")

Proxemic Distances

Zone 1 - Intimate Distance Zone 2 - Personal Distance Zone 3 - Social Distance Zone 4 - Public Distance

Inflection

changes in pitch

Enunciation

clear speech

Dialogue

conversation between two or more people

Monologue

conversation by only one person