Speech Chapters 13-16

Example of Demagogues:

Adolf Hitler

Devices for poetic rhythm:

Antithesis, parallelism, or repetition

Ways some try to exploit controversies:

For political gain, For personal growth

Presentation and Acceptance:

Formal or informal but brief; learn about the award, plan and practice, fit tone and occasion

Appealing to Ethos:

Fundamental to motivating an audience, Never substitute for logical arguments and available evidence, Use affective language, Identify shared values, Use vivid detail

Inaugural and Keynote Addresses:

Given when assuming office or position

Guidelines for Inductive Reasoning:

Have enough examples to make a claim, Make sure generalizations are accurate, Support inductive arguments with statistics or testimony

Compare Unfamiliar with Familiar:

Help audience's comfort with something new, Makes complicated and controversial ideas seem more familiar and acceptable

Vizualizations:

Help the audience to "see", Stirs emotions, Gets audience to think more deeply, Painting "word pictures" help audience visualize

Reflect upon the past:

Helps us understand ourselves and our challenges, Offers "lessons of history", Defines who we are, what we stand for, and where we're headed

Guidelines for Deductive Reasoning:

If the general principle is firmly established or commonly accepted, the reasoning should unfold smoothly; When audiences do not accept the general principle, additional evidence or reasoning is needed.

Analogical Reasoning:

Implying that because two things resemble each other in one respect, they also share similarities in another respect; Be sure what is compared is truly alike

Presentation:

Introduce yourself and purpose, say a few words about the award, extol the virtues of the recipient, and connect the values of the award with the recipient

A public controversy:

Involves choices we must make, and affects the whole community and maybe even nation or world

The After-Dinner Speech:

Often meant to entertain, but may address serious topics; Should be lively and not too long; Should give the audience something to think about or remember

Tributes and Eulogies:

Pay tribute and reinforce values; Define "virtue" and "character"; Highlight the person's unique contributions and talents; Praise the person's character

Groups can reassess:

Shared values, Traditions, Aspirations, Values

Functions of Informative Speeches:

Sharing Ideas and Information, Raising Awareness, Articulating Alternatives

Speaking from a Manuscript:

Use for ceremonial occasions; Present exactly as written; Strive for effective delivery

Demagogues:

Use personal and emotional appeals, Use charismatic ethos, Use pathos substituting emotion for argument, Exploit envy, resentment, hatred, and fears,

Effective delivery:

Try to maintain eye contact; Write in oral style; Control the pace; Remember, it's a speech, not a reading aloud

Vivid Language and Imagery:

Use concrete, specific language to appeal to senses; Use figurative language for imagery and impact; Choose words carefully

Rhythm and Cadence:

Write the speech to "flow"; Strive for a smooth, balanced rhythm; Use devices for poetic rhythm; Write for oral delivery

Issues of Policy:

determine future actions, deal with how to solve problems, evaluate options by: cost, feasibility, and advantages and disadvantages

Our responsibility is to:

discuss issues

Categorical:

emphasizes the significance of categories or divisions

As a citizen in a democracy we:

have the right to express opinions, should support with arguments, must accept disagreements and treat those who we debate with civility and respect

Causal:

highlights cause-and-effect relationships

Chronological:

illustrates aspects of time or steps to complete a task

Radical speakers can be source of:

inspiration and renewal

Keynote address:

A featured speech at a meeting, conference, or a formal gathering; Expresses purpose/significance of group and its gathering

Celebrate shared beliefs and values:

Articulate and reinforce common beliefs, Require understanding for one audience and occasion may not be for another

Social Values in Ceremonial Speaking:

Articulate and reinforce existing social values; Define a community's collective identity; Aim for eloquence; Reminds listeners of and can function as powerful agent of change, allowing group to reassess.

Ethical Considerations:

Avoid deception and manipulation, Recognize and respect power of emotions, Avoid distraction and disorientation, Don't overwhelm audience, Use emotional appeals with well-reasoned arguments

Inspire and Encourage:

Awards, tributes, commencement addresses keynote addresses; These are motivational speeches; May be used to sustain morale; Can change the course of history

Tips for Informative Speeches:

Bring your topic to life, Tailor your information to your audience, Use language that is clear and unbiased

Tips for Reasoning Ethically:

Build your credibility; Use accurate evidence; Verify the structure of your reasoning

Ethical Informative Speaking:

Carefully research the details of the topic, Strive to present unbiased information, Present information honestly, Think of yourself as a teacher

Commencement Speech:

Celebrates a graduation; Should be upbeat/ positive; Should reflect larger significance; Should inspire and offer guidance

Organizational Patterns:

Chronological, Spatial, Categorical, Causal

Acceptance Speech:

Convey gratitude, acknowledge the meaning of the award, and use language that is fitting

Honor Heroes

Emphasizes character and personal virtue, Remembers ideals of life well lived, Connects with values of the community, Educated by examining lessons of life, Creates role models

Sermons:

May or may not be epideictic (characterized by or designed to display rhetorical or oratorical skill)

Speech of Self Introduction:

May sound informative; Celebrates achievements; Welcome the speaker, reinforce speaker's ethos, and prepare the audience for the speech; Do your homework, look for a connection with audience, and keep focus on speaker

Shared beliefs may be:

Philosophical or practical, Religious or political, Social or economic

Causal Reasoning:

Process of reasoning that supports a claim by establishing a cause-and-effect relationship, Avoid false causes, Avoid assuming events have only one cause, Cite supporting evidence to strengthen cause-and-effect relationships

Ceremonial Speeches:

Reflect upon the past, Honor heroes, Celebrate shared beliefs and values, Inspire and encourage

Reasoned arguments have:

Substance

Types of Informative Speeches:

The Speech of Description, The Speech of Demonstration, The Speech of Explanation, The Informative Oral Report

Welcome and Farewell Speech:

Welcome visitors; Offer tips to make most of visit; Express gratitude in short farewell; Both should be written carefully and adapt to audience

Spatial:

addresses location or direction

Toulmin Model of Argument:

an argument written in this manner unfolds to reveal both the strengths and limits of the argument

False cause:

assumes that one event caused another because the first event happened before the second

Major dimensions in Ethos:

character, intelligence, goodwill

Contextual Factors Influencing Ethos:

characteristics we admire may vary, context affects ethos- may have pos. and neg. personal ethos, some factors are beyond our control

Persuasion is rooted in:

controversies

Address questions of:

past/predictions of future

Deductive Reasoning:

process of reasoning that uses a familiar and commonly accepted claim to establish the truth of a very specific claim

Hasty generalizations:

reaching a conclusion without enough evidence to support it

Empirical Proof:

real examples, statistics, and expert testimony

Inductive Reasoning:

reasoning that uses specific instances, or examples, to make a claim about a general conclusion

Burden of Proof:

responsibility to meet a certain standard of proof in a particular context

We must guard against:

rhetorical excess and extremism

Division and polarization hurt:

self-governance

Democratic system needs speakers to:

shake things up

Strengthen Your Ethos:

share audience concerns, cite reputable experts, use personal experience, be clear and interesting, consider different points of view, deliver with dynamism (energy)

Deliberating in Good Faith:

tell the truth as you see it, back up opinions with good arguments, accept your burden of proof

Ethos is:

the audience's perception of the speaker, how they view a speaker--not the actual character

Pathos:

the emotional appeals made by a speaker

Logos:

the logical arrangement of evidence in a speech

Ethos:

the speaker's credibility

Democracy depends on:

the system of public debate

Fallacies of Faulty Reasoning:

these are errors in analogical or causal argument, or they might involve "arguing in circles" or creating false choices

Fallacies of Personal Attack:

these are sometimes used deliberately to shift attention away from the real issue at hand. They substitute name-calling or character assassination for engagement of other people's arguments

Fallacies of Relevance:

these occur when a speaker changes the subject, talking about matters that are simply not relevant to the issue at hand

Fallacies of Inadequate Evidence:

these occur when a speaker simply does not have sufficient evidence to back up his/her claim

Qualities of Positive Ethos:

trustworthiness, competence, open-minded, and dynamism