spine goniometry

thoracolumbar flexion alternate methods

- fingertips to floor (average: 0-2 cm) **this looks more at gross flexibility - inclinometer (T1/S2--range is the difference btwn the 2 numbers) (normal range: 60 deg) - percentages (% loss or % of motion)

Thoracolumbar Extension alternate methods

- goniometer - inclinometer (T1/S2, range is difference btwn the 2 numbers; normal range is 25 deg) - prone press up (suprasternal notch to mat) - percentages (% loss or % of motion)

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion alternate methods

- tape measure, fingertips to floor - fingertips to thigh

Thoracolumbar Extension (tape measure)

- use skin pencil to mark T1 and S2 (PSIS) - with tape measure, measure the distance between these 2 points standing up straight & then again with patient extended *subtract the 1st reading from 2nd reading **no normal value for extension

Thoracolumbar flexion (tape measure)

- use skin pencil to mark T1 and S2 (PSIS) - with tape measure, measure the distance between these 2 points standing up straight & then again with patient flexed *subtract the 2nd reading from 1st reading AVERAGE CHANGE: 4in. or 10 cm

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion ROM/ test position

0-35 standing; feet shoulder width apart

cervical lateral flexion ROM/ testing position

0-45 - sitting in high back chair, trunk stabilized

Cervical Extension ROM/ testing position

0-45 - sitting in high back chair, trunk supported

Cervical Flexion ROM/ testing position

0-45 - sitting in high back chair, trunk supported

Thoracolumbar Rotation ROM/ testing position

0-45 - sitting in a chair w/o back, feet on floor to stabilize pelvis

Cervical Rotation ROM/ testing position

0-60 - sitting in high back chair, trunk stabilized

Lumbar flexion--Modified-Modified Schooner test (MMST) average change

6.7 cm- 5.8cm

Thoracolumbar Extension end feel

firm non: anterior longitudinal ligament conc: rectus abdominus

cervical lateral flexion end feel

firm non: intertransverse ligaments conc: longus colli

cervical flexion end feel

firm non: ligamentum nuchae conc: upper trap

thoracolumbar flexion end feel

firm non: posterior longitudinal lig conc: erector spinae

cervical rotation end feel

firm non: zygapophyseal joint conc: longus colli

cervical extension end feel

firm non: zygopophyseal joints conc: longus colli

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion end feel

firm non: zygopophyseal joints conc: int/ext oblique abdominals

Thoracolumbar Rotation end feel

firm non: zygopophyseal joints conc: int/ext obliques

Thoracolumbar Rotation stabilization

pelvic hiking, pelvic rotation

cervical lateral flexion set up

axis: C7 stationary arm: thoracic vertebrae, perpendicular to ground moving arm: dorsal midline of the head using the external occipital protuberance as reference

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion set up

axis: S2 stationary arm: perpendicular to ground moving arm: spinous process of T1

Thoracolumbar Rotation set up

axis: center of cranial aspect of head stationary arm: parallel to the imaginary line between the 2 prominent tubercles on the iliac crest moving arm: parallel to the imaginary line connecting the acromion processes

cervical rotation set up

axis: center of the cranial aspect of the head (VERTEX) stationary arm: parallel to the imaginary line connecting the acromion processes moving arm: tip of the nose

cervical extension set up

axis: external auditory meatus stationary arm: parallel or perpendicular to the ground moving arm: base of nares

cervical flexion set up

axis: external auditory meatus stationary arm: parallel or perpendicular to ground moving arm: base of nares

Thoracolumbar Extension goni set up

axis: lateral pelvis stationary arm: perpendicular to floor moving arm: following midline of thorax

Lumbar extension--Modified-Modified Schooner test (MMST)

landmarks: S2 (PSIS) then 15 cm above measurement: difference btwn the superior and inferior marks in erect standing and in extension **no normal value for extension

Lumbar flexion--Modified-Modified Schooner test (MMST)

landmarks: S2 (PSIS) then 15 cm above measurement: difference btwn the superior and inferior marks in erect standing and in flexion

Thoracolumbar Rotation alternate method

no alternate method

Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion substitutions

shoulder hiking, lateral trunk tilting

cervical lateral flexion substitutions

shoulder hiking, lateral trunk tilting

Thoracolumbar Extension substitutions

stabilize pelvis to prevent PPT knee flexion

thoracolumbar flexion substitutions

stabilize the pelvis--anterior pelvic tilt knee flexion

cervical rotation alternate methods

tape measure method--chin to acromion process

cervical extension alternate methods

tape measure method--chin to sternal notch

cervical flexion alternate method

tape measure method--chin to sternal notch

cervical lateral flexion alternate methods

tape measure method--mastoid process to acromion process

cervical extension substitutions

thoracic & lumbar extension

cervical flexion substitutions

thoracic & lumbar flexion

cervical rotation substitutions

thoracic/trunk rotation