spine goniometry
thoracolumbar flexion alternate methods
- fingertips to floor (average: 0-2 cm) **this looks more at gross flexibility - inclinometer (T1/S2--range is the difference btwn the 2 numbers) (normal range: 60 deg) - percentages (% loss or % of motion)
Thoracolumbar Extension alternate methods
- goniometer - inclinometer (T1/S2, range is difference btwn the 2 numbers; normal range is 25 deg) - prone press up (suprasternal notch to mat) - percentages (% loss or % of motion)
Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion alternate methods
- tape measure, fingertips to floor - fingertips to thigh
Thoracolumbar Extension (tape measure)
- use skin pencil to mark T1 and S2 (PSIS) - with tape measure, measure the distance between these 2 points standing up straight & then again with patient extended *subtract the 1st reading from 2nd reading **no normal value for extension
Thoracolumbar flexion (tape measure)
- use skin pencil to mark T1 and S2 (PSIS) - with tape measure, measure the distance between these 2 points standing up straight & then again with patient flexed *subtract the 2nd reading from 1st reading AVERAGE CHANGE: 4in. or 10 cm
Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion ROM/ test position
0-35 standing; feet shoulder width apart
cervical lateral flexion ROM/ testing position
0-45 - sitting in high back chair, trunk stabilized
Cervical Extension ROM/ testing position
0-45 - sitting in high back chair, trunk supported
Cervical Flexion ROM/ testing position
0-45 - sitting in high back chair, trunk supported
Thoracolumbar Rotation ROM/ testing position
0-45 - sitting in a chair w/o back, feet on floor to stabilize pelvis
Cervical Rotation ROM/ testing position
0-60 - sitting in high back chair, trunk stabilized
Lumbar flexion--Modified-Modified Schooner test (MMST) average change
6.7 cm- 5.8cm
Thoracolumbar Extension end feel
firm non: anterior longitudinal ligament conc: rectus abdominus
cervical lateral flexion end feel
firm non: intertransverse ligaments conc: longus colli
cervical flexion end feel
firm non: ligamentum nuchae conc: upper trap
thoracolumbar flexion end feel
firm non: posterior longitudinal lig conc: erector spinae
cervical rotation end feel
firm non: zygapophyseal joint conc: longus colli
cervical extension end feel
firm non: zygopophyseal joints conc: longus colli
Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion end feel
firm non: zygopophyseal joints conc: int/ext oblique abdominals
Thoracolumbar Rotation end feel
firm non: zygopophyseal joints conc: int/ext obliques
Thoracolumbar Rotation stabilization
pelvic hiking, pelvic rotation
cervical lateral flexion set up
axis: C7 stationary arm: thoracic vertebrae, perpendicular to ground moving arm: dorsal midline of the head using the external occipital protuberance as reference
Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion set up
axis: S2 stationary arm: perpendicular to ground moving arm: spinous process of T1
Thoracolumbar Rotation set up
axis: center of cranial aspect of head stationary arm: parallel to the imaginary line between the 2 prominent tubercles on the iliac crest moving arm: parallel to the imaginary line connecting the acromion processes
cervical rotation set up
axis: center of the cranial aspect of the head (VERTEX) stationary arm: parallel to the imaginary line connecting the acromion processes moving arm: tip of the nose
cervical extension set up
axis: external auditory meatus stationary arm: parallel or perpendicular to the ground moving arm: base of nares
cervical flexion set up
axis: external auditory meatus stationary arm: parallel or perpendicular to ground moving arm: base of nares
Thoracolumbar Extension goni set up
axis: lateral pelvis stationary arm: perpendicular to floor moving arm: following midline of thorax
Lumbar extension--Modified-Modified Schooner test (MMST)
landmarks: S2 (PSIS) then 15 cm above measurement: difference btwn the superior and inferior marks in erect standing and in extension **no normal value for extension
Lumbar flexion--Modified-Modified Schooner test (MMST)
landmarks: S2 (PSIS) then 15 cm above measurement: difference btwn the superior and inferior marks in erect standing and in flexion
Thoracolumbar Rotation alternate method
no alternate method
Thoracolumbar Lateral Flexion substitutions
shoulder hiking, lateral trunk tilting
cervical lateral flexion substitutions
shoulder hiking, lateral trunk tilting
Thoracolumbar Extension substitutions
stabilize pelvis to prevent PPT knee flexion
thoracolumbar flexion substitutions
stabilize the pelvis--anterior pelvic tilt knee flexion
cervical rotation alternate methods
tape measure method--chin to acromion process
cervical extension alternate methods
tape measure method--chin to sternal notch
cervical flexion alternate method
tape measure method--chin to sternal notch
cervical lateral flexion alternate methods
tape measure method--mastoid process to acromion process
cervical extension substitutions
thoracic & lumbar extension
cervical flexion substitutions
thoracic & lumbar flexion
cervical rotation substitutions
thoracic/trunk rotation
