SPN 566 Exam 1

Similarities of latin and spanish/french

-Gender and number -Conjugations -Case System

Why do languages change?

-To become more efficient -If they are challenged with a language in contact

Comparative method

-certain languages show similarities in phonetics, syntax -compare multiple languages to see where they came from and the changes they underwent

Evidence of language change

-comparitive method -written documentation

Language Change Proof

-frequency of word use (non-linear) -gradual process -competition among variants of a word

spoken latin during the roman empire

-graffiti in Pompeii -the appendix probi

medieval/french and castillian

-history of spain -song of cid -song of roland

medieval/not standardized versions of french and castilian

-las jarchas -occitan songs/poems -works of marie de france

Romance of iberia and gaul

-reichenau glosses -strasbourg oaths -emilianus glosses

why does rome fall?

-too much territory to manage and constant fighting within the area, cannot fight invasions

3 important questions about language change

1. Do languages change? 2. How do language change? 3. Why do languages change?

What is Occitan?

A variation of romance from southern France (Oc), endangered

anglo-norman vocabulary example

Animal vs food vocab

What is generativism?

Argues all humans are capable of producing language at a young age, thus language is innate in all humans

What are the carolingian reforms?

Charlemagne wants everything to be documented in classical latin, guide for scribes and guidelines

Who is responsible for developing generativism?

Chomsky

Influences of the muslim invasion

Closer to tolerance, and mix of cultures and languages

Franks time period

Conquest Gaul in 3 centuries, their power in the north

Linguistic variation example

Do you guys vs Y'all

Visigoth time period

Domination of peninsula until 8th century AD

Las Glosas Emilianeses

Found in north of spain, completely in Romance, notes written for scribes

The franks path to modern french

Franceis is known as language of northern france, increased literature, and paris is the prestige location

What are the invasions called after rome falls?

Germanic invasions

What did we learn from Pompeii

Grafitti, more common speech among people in the time period

What did Alfonso do in terms of language standardization?

He took the strongest kingdom and decided they were speaking castilian

What are the reichenau glosses?

Indicate changes of Latin, like a key for reading for the vulgate bible

What are the ideas of variationism?

Language is due to social factors and uses statistical methodologies

Arabic influence on spanish

Largely lexical (al words)

Characteristics of pre-roman iberia

Many dispersed tribes

What is the capital of Francia

Paris

Types of linguistic variation

Phonetic, syntactic, morphemic, lexical

Examples of language change

Pompeii, appendix probi

Germanic influence

Primarily in french (G/silent H)

What language was more conservative in change?

Spanish (closer to latin)

How did this affect language variation?

Supressed variation because there was not attached prestige

Who is north of the pyrenees & rules them?

The Franks, Charlemagne

How did the Romans arrive to Gaul?

The Gallic Wars

How did the Romans arrive to Iberia?

The Punic Wars

Proof of Romance in Francia

The Reichenau Glosses

Who conquers Gaul

The franks

What is another example of a power difference in language?

The norman conquest of england

Who conquers Iberia

The visigoths

What is William Labov responsible for?

Variationism- a response to Chomsky

Example of language in contact:

Watería: spanglish (Idea of monolinguism to bilingualism back to monolinguism)

Spanish phonetic linguistic variation

Z & S, Z& TH

What does Romance split into?

castilian and french

Characteristics of Gaul pre-roman?

dispersed tribes!

El Cantar de Mio Cid

epic poem by Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar in a battle w/ muslims during reconquista

who occupied iberia before the romans?

iberians, celts, basques, and carthaginians

why is there language standardization?

influenced by institutions of power, an attachment to prestige

Example of language change

lacus-lacu-laco-lago (more efficient)

How does Latin transform to romance?

language continues to change closer to romance orally despite written documentation

What influences variation?

language-internal and external factors (geography, register, social)

Who invades the south of the pyrenees

muslims (almost the whole peninsula)

Written documentation north of the pyrenees

occitan, french, and anglo-norman

What did we learn from Appendix Probi

orthographic guide for scribes, correct form vs incorrect form- due to possible language change

Romanization

process of spreading roman culture, infrastructure, and language throughout conquered territiories

What is las jarchas?

proof of written documentation (poems) that are a mix of latin and arabic

Comparative method Ex:

qué/quoi

anglo-norman was the language of the..

ruling minority

Where did Latin originate?

the italic peninsula, in latium

what was the direction of the roman conquest?

they started in the south east and ended in the north west

Linguistic variation

they vs. he/she