SPN 566 Exam 1
Similarities of latin and spanish/french
-Gender and number -Conjugations -Case System
Why do languages change?
-To become more efficient -If they are challenged with a language in contact
Comparative method
-certain languages show similarities in phonetics, syntax -compare multiple languages to see where they came from and the changes they underwent
Evidence of language change
-comparitive method -written documentation
Language Change Proof
-frequency of word use (non-linear) -gradual process -competition among variants of a word
spoken latin during the roman empire
-graffiti in Pompeii -the appendix probi
medieval/french and castillian
-history of spain -song of cid -song of roland
medieval/not standardized versions of french and castilian
-las jarchas -occitan songs/poems -works of marie de france
Romance of iberia and gaul
-reichenau glosses -strasbourg oaths -emilianus glosses
why does rome fall?
-too much territory to manage and constant fighting within the area, cannot fight invasions
3 important questions about language change
1. Do languages change? 2. How do language change? 3. Why do languages change?
What is Occitan?
A variation of romance from southern France (Oc), endangered
anglo-norman vocabulary example
Animal vs food vocab
What is generativism?
Argues all humans are capable of producing language at a young age, thus language is innate in all humans
What are the carolingian reforms?
Charlemagne wants everything to be documented in classical latin, guide for scribes and guidelines
Who is responsible for developing generativism?
Chomsky
Influences of the muslim invasion
Closer to tolerance, and mix of cultures and languages
Franks time period
Conquest Gaul in 3 centuries, their power in the north
Linguistic variation example
Do you guys vs Y'all
Visigoth time period
Domination of peninsula until 8th century AD
Las Glosas Emilianeses
Found in north of spain, completely in Romance, notes written for scribes
The franks path to modern french
Franceis is known as language of northern france, increased literature, and paris is the prestige location
What are the invasions called after rome falls?
Germanic invasions
What did we learn from Pompeii
Grafitti, more common speech among people in the time period
What did Alfonso do in terms of language standardization?
He took the strongest kingdom and decided they were speaking castilian
What are the reichenau glosses?
Indicate changes of Latin, like a key for reading for the vulgate bible
What are the ideas of variationism?
Language is due to social factors and uses statistical methodologies
Arabic influence on spanish
Largely lexical (al words)
Characteristics of pre-roman iberia
Many dispersed tribes
What is the capital of Francia
Paris
Types of linguistic variation
Phonetic, syntactic, morphemic, lexical
Examples of language change
Pompeii, appendix probi
Germanic influence
Primarily in french (G/silent H)
What language was more conservative in change?
Spanish (closer to latin)
How did this affect language variation?
Supressed variation because there was not attached prestige
Who is north of the pyrenees & rules them?
The Franks, Charlemagne
How did the Romans arrive to Gaul?
The Gallic Wars
How did the Romans arrive to Iberia?
The Punic Wars
Proof of Romance in Francia
The Reichenau Glosses
Who conquers Gaul
The franks
What is another example of a power difference in language?
The norman conquest of england
Who conquers Iberia
The visigoths
What is William Labov responsible for?
Variationism- a response to Chomsky
Example of language in contact:
Watería: spanglish (Idea of monolinguism to bilingualism back to monolinguism)
Spanish phonetic linguistic variation
Z & S, Z& TH
What does Romance split into?
castilian and french
Characteristics of Gaul pre-roman?
dispersed tribes!
El Cantar de Mio Cid
epic poem by Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar in a battle w/ muslims during reconquista
who occupied iberia before the romans?
iberians, celts, basques, and carthaginians
why is there language standardization?
influenced by institutions of power, an attachment to prestige
Example of language change
lacus-lacu-laco-lago (more efficient)
How does Latin transform to romance?
language continues to change closer to romance orally despite written documentation
What influences variation?
language-internal and external factors (geography, register, social)
Who invades the south of the pyrenees
muslims (almost the whole peninsula)
Written documentation north of the pyrenees
occitan, french, and anglo-norman
What did we learn from Appendix Probi
orthographic guide for scribes, correct form vs incorrect form- due to possible language change
Romanization
process of spreading roman culture, infrastructure, and language throughout conquered territiories
What is las jarchas?
proof of written documentation (poems) that are a mix of latin and arabic
Comparative method Ex:
qué/quoi
anglo-norman was the language of the..
ruling minority
Where did Latin originate?
the italic peninsula, in latium
what was the direction of the roman conquest?
they started in the south east and ended in the north west
Linguistic variation
they vs. he/she