Sport and Exercise Psychology Exam 2

Which of these is a guideline put forth based on 25 years of Smith and Smoll's research?

-Maintain clear expectations. -Reinforce effort as much as results. -Give encouragement and corrective instructional feedback immediately after a mistake.

A study that focused on high performance sport administrators (Fletcher & Arnold, 2011) found which major theme that characterized their practices?

-possessed an overarching vision for the organization -facilitated the development of group cohesion -provided a balance between supporting and challenging staff

According to a study of over 4,000 European athletes and coaches, what percentage of athletes and coaches felt that the captain of their team was NOT the primary leader?

45%

What percentage of participants in major international competitions experienced some type of conflict?

80%

It was obvious which line was the same height as the standard line, but everyone was consistently picking a different line. When it got to the participant, one-third conform; they would pick the wrong line in order to match everyone else's answer. These participants were part of ________ study of group effects. This research shows how strong an influence social ________ can have on individuals in a group.

Asch's; Norms

Which of these statements is true? (about athletes coaching behaviors preferences)

Athletes high in internal locus of control prefer training and instruction coaching behaviors.

Which of these is an important reason that communication may breakdown?

Individuals perceive faulty communication to be someone else's problem.

Which of these results from Smith and Smoll's studies on coaching behaviors is true?

Players for coaches who displayed high levels of general technical instruction evaluated their teammates and sport more positively.

Check every correct answer: In setting up a team goal-setting program, which of these guidelines should be followed?

Reward progress toward team goals. Involve all team members in establishing goals.

Which of these statements is true?

The cohesion-performance relationship is positive for both interactive and coactive sports.

Which of these statements best represents the relationship between cohesion and performance?

This relationship is circular.

Team climate can be defined as

a representation of how an individual perceives the interrelationships among the team members

Two ice dancing partners became increasingly frustrated with the differences in their styles of learning. They rather than dealing with the conflict, they avoided it and continued in frustration, leading to a fight during practice, storming off the ice, an escalation of negative feelings, and an interruption in training. The problem persisted the entire season, and for the first time, they did not end up qualifying for the championships. The frustration over learning styles was the _______________ of the conflict. The fight, storming away, and negative feelings was the ______________ of the conflict. The failure to qualify for the championships was the ____________ of the conflict.

antecedents, nature, consequence

"The driver works harder than anyone. He is the first to show up and last to leave," the coach said, looking intently at his pick for that position, "He is not only responsible for every of the course, but also responsible for the lives of the others on his team." The driver is a(n) _______________ leadership position.

appointed

In most organized sport teams, leaders and coaches

are appointed

Research using the Group Environment Questionnaire has revealed that group cohesion is related to which of these?

attributions for responsibility for performance outcomes increased satisfaction of members reduced absenteeism

Check the 2 correct answers: In a study comparing coaches and peer leaders, coaches tended to exhibit more

autocratic behaviors training and instruction behaviors

When coaches obtain the necessary information from relevant players and then come to a decision, what type of decision style are they using?

autocratic-consultative

Check each correct answer: Which of these tips can build team cohesion?

avoid excess turnover

Proxemics is the study of how we communicate

by the way we use space

In an interesting study by Schroeder (2010), coaches who turned around losing programs and eventually won championships said the major change involved

changing the team culture and emphasizing core values

The interactional model of leadership targeted for sport is known as the

cognitive-mediational model of leadership AND multidimensional model of sport leadership

A swimming relay team is made up of 4 swimmers. The Moore high school relay team needed one more swimmer to be complete. Using the top 4 fastest times, the roster was clear. However, the 4th fastest swimmer was also one who missed a lot of practices and when he did show up to practice, he did not put in much effort. The 5th fastest swimmer (a mere 2/10ths slower than the 4th) was a consistently hard worker. The coach called a meeting with the top 5 swimmers to discuss whether the 4th or 5th fastest swimmer should get the last spot on the relay team. He was utilizing a _________________ strategy to solve the problem. If the coach knew the upcoming race would be close and 2/10ths of second could really make a difference, he might decide to choose the top 4 swimmers in spite of the 4th swimmer's practice efforts, regardless of the other swimmers' opinions or his own frustration with the 4th fastest swimmer. In this case, he would be utilizing a _________________ strategy to make his decision. Let's say the coach wants to choose the 5th fastest swimmer, but the top 3 swimmers argue for the 4th fastest. They fear taking a slower swimmer means they may lose the race. If they beg for the coach to give the 4th fastest swimmer another consequence for his poor practice habits instead, and the coach agrees, then the coach and swimmers engaged in a ____________________ communication style. Perhaps the coach has a policy to simply choose the top 4 swimmers by time regardless of behavior, opinions of others, or his own feelings. The swimmers express their opinion that the 4th swimmer should have some consequences, and the coach reiterates that times are black and white. In this case, the coach would be using a [ Select ] ["collaborating", "avoiding", "competing", "accomodating"] style.

collaboration, competing, accommodating, avoiding

Which of these things should you do during a confrontation?

communicate the problem

The Enhancement of Leadership Interpersonal Teamwork and Excellence (ELITE) program resulted in the improvement in what type of skills?

communication

Check every correct answer: Research has indicated that social support can have a positive impact on which of these?

coping with stress recovery from injury

Intramural powder puff football season is about to commence. The rosters have been posted. One team decided to name themselves the "Ninja Puff Masters" and designed shirts that feature powder puffs dirtied with dark make-up foundation, wearing with ninja masks, and carrying footballs. They made up a slogan, song/ditty, and secret handshake. They were using a ________________ strategy to increase their group cohesiveness.

distinctiveness

Marsha is sitting on the bench in the locker room before practice crying. Aleia walks over, sits down next to her, and says, "I'm here if you want to talk." Then she is silent. Finally Marsha tells Aleia between sobs that she and Alex just broke up. Aleia leans over and puts her arm around Marsha. "That's tough," she says quietly. Aleia is using ______________ listening.

emotional support listening

When Amanda fell backward on the soccer field and broke her wrist, her teammates gave her ____________ support when they took a knee and patiently waited for her to be assisted off the field. During her recovery, she started to doubt her ability to get all her skills back with comments such as, "I'm so out of shape, now" and "The season will be nearly over when I can play again; why try?" Her best friend and teammate countered with "It's not like you're just sitting around; I think you'll find you get back in shape quickly, and even if it's just for a game or two, I want you there!" Her friend is offering ______________ support. Amanda is having difficultly keeping up with notes in class with her cast on. Another teammate who is in the same class offers to let her photocopy her notes. She is giving her __________________ support. Amanda is very appreciative of the help and support her friends are giving her while she is sidelined. She texts them a message to let them know. This is an example of ____________ support.

emotional; emotional-challenge; personal-assistance; task-appreciation

Both eligibility requirements and the number of athletes holding scholarships are examples of which antecedent of cohesion?

environmental factors

Research by Gano-Overway and colleagues on underserved youth participating in a summer camp found that with increased caring from the coaches and counselors, underserved youth

exhibited a decrease in antisocial behavior

Check every correct answer: A team's actual performance usually falls short of its potential productivity because of

faulty group processes motivation losses and coordination losses

Which of these is part of Shoenfelts FIT training intervention to prevent relapses in teams?

focus tenacity intensity

The driver, first middle man, second middle man, and brake man on a bobsled team are examples of ________

formal roles

"The driver works harder than anyone. He is the first to show up and last to leave," the coach said, looking intently at his pick for that ___________ role, "He is not only responsible for every of the course, but also responsible for the lives of the others on his team." This coach provided a description of the position in order to quell an argument, inspire leadership, and provide ________________. According to Carron's conceptual model, by picking the right person for the leadership role, he helped build _____________ among the team members as well as improve individual and group outcomes.

formal; role clarity; cohesion

The members of a new bobsled team are meeting each other for the first time. When the second person shows up, the first remarks, "Look Baldies here!" Later on when the bald-headed team member threatens, "I'll beat your butt," the first retorts, "I'll draw a line down the middle of your head so it looks like a butt." The other two team members also bicker incessantly. According to the linear perspective, the team is in the __________ stage. According to the pendular perspective, the team is in the ____________ stage.

forming; orientation

Check each correct answer: From an athlete's perspective, to help build team cohesion you should

give teammates positive reinforcement be responsible for yourself

All of these are constructs identified in the Group Environment Questionnaire EXCEPT

group attraction-environmental

If a rookie tried to take charge and exert leadership in critical games despite the fact that there was a veteran leader on the team, this would be considered a violation of

group norms

Which of these is part of the norming stage?

increase in cooperation and solidarity conflict resolution role acceptance

According to Carron and Dennis, the most important personal factor regarding the development of social and task cohesion is

individual satisfaction

Which of these is NOT a type of communication?

introspective communication

After taking Sullivan's communication training, athletes had this reaction to the workshop.

its scary to open up, but this makes things easier AND it helps to know the goals of my teammates

Nonverbal behaviors that communicate interest and attention include which of these?

maintaining eye contact

You could suggest all of the following for communicating with empathy EXCEPT

make sure the other person understands your point of view

Ryan missed a spike on the volleyball court. His coach yelled, "It's alright! You've got the next one. Let's go!" Her response is an example of ____________________ on the CBAS.

mistake-contingent encouragement

"Hold on, guys!" the coach called a time-out after Ryan made a mistake on the volleyball court. She spoke directly to him, "So you're going in quick, good. You gotta keep your elbow up. You're keeping in low. Keep going in quick and just get it high. Okay?" Her response is an example of __________________ on the CBAS. PreviousNext

mistake-contingent technical

Susie was the last swimmer in a neck-in-neck relay race. Unfortunately, she was slow off the block, and then her team ended up losing by less than a tenth of a second. Her coach used _______________ when he said, "That's okay, Susie. Even with a slow start, you still put in your best split ever. Next time track the racer coming into the wall, dip your head down lower, and start your arm swing earlier. That's a small change I know you can easily do." His use of the _____________________ , allowed Susie to accept the instruction easier, but she still felt guilty. She broke down crying. Her teammates sat with her and then responded, "It seems as if you are blaming yourself entirely for the close second!" Susie nodded. Mary added, "I did not swim my fastest time, so it could also be my fault." Her teammates are using______________________

mistake-contingent technical the sandwich approach active listening

Check every correct answer: Individuals holding stronger beliefs about the cohesiveness of exercise classes are

more likely to attend more classes more resistant to group disruption

According to the latest definition provided by Carron, Brawley, and Widmeyer, cohesion is seen to be

multidimensional

All of these are principles of energy management developed by Loehr EXCEPT

never push beyond the comfort zone

"Awful. Awful. I don't even know why I have you in the gym right now, Ryan! Are you incapable of getting your feet there? Come on!" The coach has a nonconfrontational body posture and is smiling in jest, even though she is serious. Her _________________ communication ensures the athlete interprets her message as motivational rather than demeaning; a process explained by ___________________

nonverbal, the cognitive-mediational model

The team has now been working together for nearly 3 months. There is definitely a sense of teamwork among the group. There are few arguments and disagreements that can't be resolved among the team. They support each other on the project - problem solving issues, making decisions as a team, sharing information and ensuring that the ground rules put in place for the team are followed. Additionally, the team members are helping each other to grow and develop their skills. For example, Ameya has worked closely with Sarah to teach her many of the skills he has learned in database design and development and she has been able to take the lead on accomplishing some of the components of their aspect of the project. Overall, the team members are becoming friends. They enjoy each other's company - both while working on the project and after hours via communicating on email, via instant messaging, on Twitter, or over the telephone. According to the linear perspective, this team appears to be in the __________ stage.

norming

In Asch's experiment of line-comparison judgments, approximately _____ of the subjects conformed to the group norm.

one-third

Francis got in an argument with Paula about hogging the ball, and then the argument spilled over into ongoing animosity between the players even off the field. The team captain called Francis over and asked her what she thought she could do to make the situation better. According to the GROW model, the team captain was using _______________ questions. After Francis has offered three possible suggestions, the team captain asked her what she thought might be the best strategy and when she was going to implement it. According to the GROW model, this is an example of using _________ questions.

options; will

All of these are antecedents to cohesion according to Carron's model EXCEPT

organizational factors

Check every correct answer: Which of these is a key concept within the organizational psychology of sport discussed by Wagstaff?

organizational stress; organizational resilience

Role clarity is a multidimensional concept including all of these EXCEPT

perceived locus of causality

Task and affiliation motivation are examples of which antecedent of cohesion?

personal factors

All of these are part of effective leadership EXCEPT

position power

Female teams, compared to male teams, had higher perceptions of norms for

practice social setting competition

Having athletes eat together or live together is an example of which factor that is important in developing an effective team climate?

proximity

In a study by Lorimer (2013), all of these were suggested as a way to improve the accuracy of coaches' empathy EXCEPT

reflective LISTENING

The volleyball coach called out at various times throughout the practice, "Good serve, Leah!" "Good swing, Dave!" "Good hustle, Ash!" According the CBAS, this coach is using _________.

reinforcement

Check the 2 correct answers: Supportive listening behaviors

remain open to new ideas are empathic

Check every correct answer: According to Chelladurai's multidimensional model of sport leadership, which of these are categories of leader behavior?

required leader behavior actual behavior preferred leader behavior

All of these are purposes of communication EXCEPT

retrospection

Check every correct answer: Role acceptance depends on

role significance competence autonomy feedback and role recognition

One article recommends assuming the perspective of the other person in order to enhance communication. This involves the use of

role-playing

When the bobsled members first meet they constantly argue about petty, and often personal, things. They have low ________ . One member, though, does try to increase ____________ by remarking, "as long as you're here to bobsled."

social cohesion; task cohesion

Although increasing group size often leads to less effort by individuals, sometimes it can lead to greater effort. This special case is called

social laboring

Check every correct answer: The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors?

social support autocratic behavior democratic behavior training (instructional) behavior positive feedback leadership behavior

The Leadership Scale for Sports identifies which coaching behaviors?

social support AND democratic behavior

Team members have gone back to their home offices and are beginning work on their project. They are interacting via the SharePoint site and the project is off to a good start. And then the arguments begin. Peter has put up the project schedule based on conversations with only Mohammed and Ameya on the team. Donna and Sarah feel as if their input to the schedule was not considered. They believe because they are more junior on the team, Peter has completely disregarded their concerns about the timeline for the project. They challenged Peter's schedule, stating that it was impossible to achieve and was setting up the team for failure. At the same time, Sarah was arguing with Ameya over who should lead the database design and development effort for this project. While Sarah acknowledges that Ameya has a few years more experience than she does in database development, she only agreed to be on this project in order to take a lead role and develop her skills further so she could advance at the company. If she knew Ameya was going to be the lead she wouldn't have bothered joining this project team. Additionally, Mohammed appears to be off and running on his own, not keeping the others apprised of progress nor keeping his information up to date on the SharePoint site. No one really knows what he has been working on or how much progress is being made. According to the linear perspective, this team appears to be in the ____________ stage.

storming

Two classes went head to head for tug-o-war at field day. According to _________ the ____________ the class, the_________ force each individual class member will pull.

the Ringelmann effect"; bigger; less

Check every correct answer: Breakdowns in communication can occur because

the receiver misinterprets the message the messages are inconsistent the receiver is fatigued or overwhelmed

According to the multidimensional model of sport leadership, performance and satisfaction are a function of the degree of congruence among

three types of leader behavior

Role clarity refers to

understanding exactly what your role is for the team

The dimensions of the Multidimensional Sport Cohesion Instrument include

unity of purpose attraction to the group

Intrapersonal communication is communication with

yourself