sports injury ch 10 & 13

lumbar disk injuries

A serious form of soft tissue injury is a "herniated disk." Excessive flexion can cause posterior lateral protrusion of disk. Excessive extension causes anterior protrusion of disk material.

injuries to the liver

Although fairly safe, the liver is susceptible to blunt trauma. The liver may be implicated if a rib fracture occurs in the upper right abdominal quadrant. The liver is, however, susceptible to various pathologies.

what heart problems can steroids cause

Anabolic androgenic steroid use can potentially alter the heart, cause cardiac hypertrophy, and create structural abnormalities in the ventricles

what makes up an intervertebral disk

Annulus fibrosis (outer ring) and nucleus pulposus (inner ring) Designed for shock absorption

other heart injuries include

Cardiac pathologies like hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or altered rhythms. Blunt trauma to the chest can also cause aortic rupture, damage to the pericardium, or valvular damage. Aortic injury is often fatal and must be given immediate attention.

treatment of heart injuries

Closely observe any athlete with chest injury or severe chest pain for breathing problems, fainting, decreases in heart rate and blood pressure.

coccyx anatomy

Coccyx (tailbone) is most distal portion of the vertebral column.

what is Exercise-related transient abdominal pain (ETAP)

Commonly called "side ache" or "stitch in the side" by athletes. This problem typically occurs during running early in an exercise regimen of an unconditioned athlete. The actual cause has not been exactly determined, but different hypotheses have been put forth.

thoracic vertebral fractures

Compression fracture to vertebral body or spinous process fracture--> Usually involved significant soft tissue disruption too. Direct blow to the posterior thorax or extreme flexion of the thoracic spine. May happen with tackle in football, a collision in soccer, or while landing on the opponent's knee during a takedown move in wrestling

what makes the liver more vulnerable to injury

Diseases such as hepatitis make liver more vulnerable to contusion and rupture. Heavy consumption of alcohol and/or use of steroids damages the liver.

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Excessive thickening of the left ventricular wall = ventricles will be less efficient in pumping necessary volume of blood HCM is a genetic disorder most often discovered after the death of an athlete

Lumbar spine anatomy

Five vertebrae are in lumbar spine. Lumbar vertebrae are the largest moving vertebrae. The major ligaments are the anterior and posterior longitudinal.

common sports injuries of the midline

Fractures can occur to ribs, sternum, clavicle, or thoracic vertebrae. Injuries must be treated immediately to avoid pneumothorax or hemothorax. Joint dislocations and subluxations of thoracic skeletal joints can occur along with muscle strains. Costochondral separations involve disunion of sternum and ribs. Risk of internal organ injury.

first aid treatment of lumbar sprain or strain

Have athlete maintain a comfortable position (typically supine) with soft support for lumbar region and application of ice. If not improved and/or if dyspnea persists more than 24 hours, refer to physician.

sings and symptoms of costochondral separation

History of snap or popping sensations. Pain and tenderness over costochondral/sternocostal junction. Palpable defect and swelling in the localized area. Maximum or near-maximum inhalation may be very difficult.

what is spondylolisthesis

If the condition (spondylolysis) is bilateraI, the affected vertebra can slip forward resulting in spondylolisthesis.

first aid treatment of rib fracture

Immediate application of RICE. Treat for shock. Refer athlete to physician.

signs and symptoms of lumbar disk injuries

Intense local or radiating pain. Sensory loss or burning/tingling sensation in lower extremity. Muscle spasm and postural abnormalities

signs and symptoms of internal organs

Intense pain or rebound pain in abdominal quadrant. Internal hemorrhaging and abdominal rigidity. Referred pain to shoulder or low back

lumbar strains

Involve contractile tissue and their support structures, such as the erector spinae, segmental muscles, and intercostal muscles. Related to maximal exertions and overuse. Result in muscle spasm and point tenderness.

where is the most common location for a herniated disk

L5

scoliosis

Lateral curvature of spine due to bony or musculature anomalies. Children with either of these disorders need to be referred to a doctor for extensive evaluation.

signs and symptoms of sprains and strains in the lumbar region

Localized or global muscle spasm. Pain that does not radiate into buttocks or lower extremity. Acute postural abnormalities associated with recent trauma.

what are the signs and symptoms of acute apendicitis

Loss of appetite and generalized abdominal pain. Nausea and possibly vomiting. Fever. As progresses severe pain in the lower right quadrant. Immediate transport to hospital.

treatment of internal injuries

Monitor vitals and refer athlete to a medical facility.

signs and symptoms of a rib fracture

Painful respiration. Deformity in the region of the injury, including a protruding rib or depression where the normal contour of the rib should be. Swelling and discoloration. Pain when rib cage is gently compressed

treatment of lumbar disk injuries

Place athlete in most comfortable position. Support lumbar region with rolled towel or other soft material. Apply crushed ice to lumbar region. Arrange for transport to medical facility.

danger of a rib fracture

Posterior rib fractures can potentially result in a pneumothorax or a hemothorax. Air or blood filling the pleural cavity and causing a collapsed lung.

lung injuries following a rib fracture

Pulmonary contusions may occur as complication of rib or sternum fracture or other type of lung injury. Fractured rib can puncture pleural sac, causing *pneumothorax* (air in pleural cavity causing collapsed lung). Spontaneous pneumothorax can occur without trauma (reported in weight lifters and runners). *Hemothorax* occurs when fractured rib punctures lung (air and blood collapses lung).

abdominal regions

Right Upper: Liver, gallbladder, and right kidney. Right Lower: Appendix and ascending colon. Left Upper: Stomach, spleen, left kidney, and pancreas. Left Lower: Descending colon.

how can you prevent internal injuries

Some sports require protective equipment that may prevent injuries to the heart, lungs, and chest. Sports that do not require chest protection should educate athletes on how to protect the chest when specific situations arise. CPR and AED-trained personnel should be available to provide immediate care.

what is spondylolysis

Spondylolysis is a stress fracture in the neural arch (pars interarticularis). It compromises the articulation between two vertebrae.

thoracic sprains

Sprains occur whenever a joint is forced beyond its normal ROM resulting in damage to ligaments and joint capsules. Evaluation of a sprain to the thoracic spine is difficult. A consistent symptom is painful respiration (dyspnea).

symptoms of spondylolysis

Symptoms include lower back pain that worsens during hyperextension, and radiating pain to the buttocks and upper thighs.

injuries to the bladder

The bladder is not commonly injured in sports. A direct blow to the bladder may injure the organ. Signs are pain in the area and blood in urine. To avoid injury, encourage athletes to empty their bladder prior to participation.

injuries to the kidneys

The kidneys are located posteriorly and somewhat inferiorly on each side of the abdomen Kidneys are susceptible to blunt trauma directed at the lower back. Be alert for hematuria (blood in urine). Kidneys may also be injured as a result of heat illness or overuse of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories.

sacrum anatomy

The sacrum consists of five fused vertebrae. The sacrum connects the spinal column to the pelvis. Right and left sacroiliac (SI) joints are formed by the union of the sacrum and pelvis.

what is sickle cell trait

The sickle cell trait is common amongst African Americans, and increases the probability of sustaining a sudden cardiac death. It is important to modify activity levels when needed (watch closely for muscle cramping, fatigue, excessive dyspnea), and ensure that proper hydration and cooling occur. The availability of an AED should be available at practices and competitions at all times

injuries to the spleen

The spleen serves as a reservoir for red blood cells. Susceptible to blows in the left upper quadrant. It has an ability to "splint" or patch itself when lacerated but can rupture. Be alert for Kehr's sign (radiating pain to left shoulder). Athlete recovering from mononucleosis MUST be cleared by a physician to return to participation because spleen is vulnerable

treatment of spondylolysis

Treatment includes rest, drug therapy, lumbar bracing, exclusion from certain sports, and surgery.

breast tissue injury

Women experience contusions from direct contact in some sports. A sports bra does not provide protection but can provide comfort and support. "Going braless" during athletic activity can stretch breast tissue resulting in loss of contour. Nipple irritation occurs in some athletes from shirts chafing the tissue. Placing a bandage directly over the nipple during training and competition prevents irritation

Scheuermanns disease

adolescent condition characterized by kyphosis

how do rib fractures happen

associated with direct blows to lateral or posterior thorax and can occur anywhere along the rib. The ribs commonly fracture near the anatomic angle, which is the weakest point.

what is marfan syndrome

connective tissue disorder typically associated with the very tall athlete (male and female) that imposes a greater risk for sudden cardiac death in athletes due to a number of cardiac implications

what is commit cordis

heart injury Athlete is hit in the chest and the impact is timed exactly with the repolarization phase of the contracting heart, it is possible for the athlete to experience ventricular fibrillation leading to death. More prevalent in male youth Emergency action plan and use of AED device is the most practical way to save the lives.

are vertebral fractures common in sports? why?

no External blows may result in internal injury. Deep abdominal pain, hematuria (blood in urine), and shock are signs and symptoms of internal injury. Immobilize on spine board and transport to medical facility. Blows to the coccyx can result from landing on the buttocks. Fractures of the coccyx result in severe pain, point tenderness, swelling, and bruising. Refer athlete to physician for evaluation.

is injury to internal organs common?

no Rare, but very serious injuries. Sudden death among athletes has become a more publicized event in recent years. 56% of the reported sudden death events were "probably or definitely due to cardiac causes" (Maron, 2009).

most common soft tissue injuries in the lunar spine

sprain and strains Major joints include: Lumbosacral. Sacroiliac. Sacrococcygeal.

is it important to know preexisting conditions of an athlete

yes It is important to review each athlete's medical history very closely to determine if a cardiac or respiratory condition may be present. Preexisting conditions may disqualify an athlete from activities that place excessive stress on the affected systems.