SPTE 435 Midterm

As the public assembly venue industry entered the 1950s & 60s, arena capacities, at least in North America, were nearing the .... seat level.

10,000

By the 1980s, it was not uncommon to find arena seating capacities in the ... seat range, stadiums expanding to between ... & ... seats and convention & meeting venues measuring ... square feet.

20,000, 60,000 to 100,000, 1,000,000

During the late 1950s, outdoor stadiums were built to accommodate ... to ... spectators.

30,000 to 80,000

During the 1950s & 60s, convention & civic centers grew to between ... & ... square feet of meeting & exhibit space. Auditoriums & performing arts centers began to emerge in the industry with capacities in range of ... to ... seats

50,000, 250,000. 1,500 to 2,500

two of the most iconic venues

Houston Astrodome, the first domed stadium, opened in 1965 New Orleans Superdome, opened in 1975

Today, the largest venue is ... with over ... of prime exhibit space.

McCormick Place in Chicago, 2.7 million square feet

... owned venues managed by ... far outnumber any other form of ownership & management.

Publicly, public employees

open-air stadium accommodated approximately 50,000 people. hosted a variety of spectator events including circuses, athletic events & gladiatorial contests, & it incorporated sophisticated architectural & mechanical innovations.

Roman Colosseum

designation of a surrounding area as a ... where local businesses that directly benefit from the events in the venue are assessed special taxes

Tax Increment Financing District (TIF)

opened in 1955. according to Look Magazine, was the largest unsupported dome venue in the country with a seating capacity of just over 10,000.

The Charlotte Coliseum

Why do very few venues operate profitably?

debt service, the principal, interest payments on the cost of construction. most require some level of operating subsidy.

WPA

Work Project Administration. built approximately 30 venues that included auditoriums, arenas & coliseums in the 1920s.

Management & governance of a public assembly venue varies from city to city but the venue's management reporting responsibility is usually assigned to...

a city or county manager, chief administrative officer or the chief elected official (usually the mayor)

Public assembly venues usually operate within the scope of a written statement of purpose or ...

a mission statement.

In most privately owned venue cases, the venue owners also own...

a professional franchise that is the major tenant.

key skills for venue manager

ability to negotiate, ethics, managerial leadership, team building abilities, entrepreneurial instincts, ability to communicate

The public assembly venue manager, regardless of the type of venue, is responsible for 9 core functions that are common to all venues.

administration/management, business & financial management, booking the venue, marketing & sales, ticketing & access management, management of the event & ancillary revenue sources, venue operations management, event management, safety & security

The term public assembly venue refers to ...

all public & private structures designed to accommodate people who assemble for a common purpose.

public assembly venue types

amphitheater, arena, auditorium, conference center, congress center, expo center, convention center, civic center, complex, exhibition hall, performing arts center, theater, stadium, special event venues

nonprofit organization management

an independent authority established to manage a public assembly venue, usually having an operating agreement with the owner or public body

commission management

an independent entity charged with the operation & oversight of a public assembly venue, members of which may be appointed by a single governmental body or official

Nonprofit organizations find ways to close the financial gap by generating revenue through...

donations & sponsorhip.

Administrative responsibility of academic institution venues may be alined under ... or governance of collegiate venues may be delegated to ...

applicable departments (student affairs, auxiliary services, business & finance, athletics), an advisory committee comprised of elected or appointed representatives of the venue, administration & student body.

Many cities & counties view an authority or commission structure ... than ... in order to remain competitive & financially sound.

as a more comfortable alternative, privatizing the venue

typical events of stadiums

baseball, football, soccer, major concerts, spectacles & major civic events

typical events of arena/coliseum

basketball, hockey, concerts, ice shows, circuses & other family shows. these venues may also have occasional conventions, trade shows & meetings, but they are not primarily convention & exhibition centers. (INTRUST Bank Arena)

mission statement

brief statement of the purpose for which an organization was created & its philosophy of operation

Public assembly venues have been developed in response to the needs of social communities to ....

build permanent structures for public assembly.

Beginning in the late 1980s & early 90s, the focus turned from ... to ... for revenue generation.

capacity & square feet, amenities & opportunities

most common type of venue ownership

city (45%)

complex

combination of 2 or more venue types, presenting typical events as indicated

typical events of amphitheater

concerts, stage presentations & community events

typical events of performing arts centers

concerts, symphony, drama, dance, touring Broadway shows, ballet, opera, stage presentations & other community events. may also have conventions & meetings but are not primarily convention & exhibition centers.

promoter

contracted persons or companies responsible for expenses, production and promotion of an event

typical events of convention/exhibition/trade show centers

conventions, trade shows, consumer shows (boat, home auto), banquets, receptions, meetings & major local events

Recognizing the financial impact that public assembly venues provide, some communities ... to subsidize operating budgets of public assemble venues.

create special taxes or taxing districts

All venue managers are concerned with certain things such as ...

crowd management & risk management.

In the 1940s, .... events exceeded the number of ... events.

entertainment, sporting

... are most often part of ... & may contain up to 1,000,000 or more square feet of contiguous flat-floor space & ceilings 25 to 35 feet high. however the vast majority are more likely to have floor space in the ... square-foot range

exhibition halls, convention center. 60,000 to 200,000

5 positions & reporting lines typically found in a public assembly venue

finance, marketing, operations, event services, food & beverage

A ... usually appoints members of the authority or commission.

governing body

venue management options

government department; authorities, commissions or nonprofits; academic institutions; professional sport teams; private companies

role of a public assembly venue in the community

how it is managed, the events it is able to host, the financial viability of the venue & the overall perception of that venue by the local citizenry is of the utmost importance.

Mission statements often ...

identify the purpose of the venue & provide a basis for making policy decisions regarding issues of scheduling, booking priorities, tenant oversight, reporting & budget development.

The true nature of any venue nonprofit organizations is to...

serve as an organization dedicated to presenting cultural entertainment as a part of the overall quality of life in a community.

authority management

independent board charged with the operation & oversight of a public assembly venue, usually appointed by more than one elected body or appointed officials

special event venue

indoor or outdoor venue designed to accommodate a specific activity or event such as tennis stadiums, velodromes, curling rinks, natatoriums, horse & dog racetracks, & motor speedways.

performing arts venue -- concert hall/theater

indoor performing arts venue or concert hall, usually with some type of permanent stage & permanent seats on a ranked (sloped) floor or possibly a center or thrust stage with permanent &/or portable seating.

arena/coliseum

indoor venue with fixed &/or portable seats surrounding an open floor area, which can be set with different event configurations. may have a permanent stage but most use portable stage when required.

convention/exhibition/trade show center

indoor venue with large exhibit areas supplemented by various sized meeting rooms. internationally may be referred to as congress centers.

A large domed venue with full-field football or soccer capability is considered a stadium even though ...

its event schedule may include exhibits, basketball, family shows & other arena-type events. (Lucas Oil Stadium)

stadium

large venue, either open-aired or domed with fixed seats &/or bleachers surrounding field area

Variables such as ... may dictate the need for change from one organizational structure to another.

market competition, the general economy of the region and the changing demographics of a community

The challenge for all public assembly venues to organize for success is compounded by the fact that...

most venue managers are under pressure from a public governing body to maximize both event days & revenues generated by those events.

auditorium

multi-purpose venue that may have a flat floor, a stage at one end & a balcony on one or both ends. some may have a sloped floor similar to a theater.

Performing Arts Centers are commonly owned & operated by...

nonprofit organizations.

amphitheater

open-air venue, which usually includes a permanent stage. may have fixed or permanent seating &/or lawn seating

In the vast majority of management by academic institutions, the university public assembly venue is ...

organized as a distinct, independent department with its manager enjoying the same rank as other department managers within the institution.

Exactly how a venue is operated is determined by factors such as ...

ownership, purpose & mission and venue type

In many situations, the university's ... may provide support services such as utilities, maintenance and groundskeeping.

physical plant

Public assemblies can be for ...

political & commercial activities, religious gatherings, sports spectacles, artistic exhibitions, musical or theatrical performances or educational opportunities.

conference center

primarily designed for small-scale meetings & conferences. typically provide state-of-the art educational meeting rooms & may also provide sleeping rooms

4 types of venue ownership

private, public, academic institution, nonprofit

Theaters, especially in major cities, tend to be ... owned.

privately

Venue management by professional sports teams shows that most are owned by ... ad managed by ...

public owner, team management

... was also a major contributor to the rise of the public assembly venue & was an additional force in the 1950s & 60s. The combination of large venues, new technology, over-the-top visual effects & costumes gave birth to a venues-only genre known as ...

rock & roll, arena rock

Typically, a complex operated under ... & has ...

single management structure, combined financial reporting.

typical events of auditoriums

small concerts, community events, religious meetings, small sporting events & stage presentations

these venues, like most public assembly venues, are on occasion used to host activities or events not related to their primary purpose.

special event venue

The increasing costs of construction combined with the cost of operating sports franchises compelled management to concentrate on revenue-producing options to carry both operating costs as well as debt service requirements. As a result ... began to drive the public assembly venue industry.

special premium seating emerged, better & healthier food selections were offered, sponsorship opportunities increased, & business entertainment options

Many venues are governed by an authority or commission, which is typically created by a city, county or state government as a result of ... This enables the venue to ...

state legislation, operate in a more businesslike manner & without the day to day bureaucratic policy & procedure limitations that typically restrict government service departments.

Even when privately owned, these venues still receive some form of financial assistance from local government sources, which may come in the form of...

tax liabilities, investment of public funds or infrastructure development.

Nonprofit designation is only a...

tax status.

The organizational structure of a venue must match...

the needs of the organization and that of the venue's owner.

Why is it necessary that most modern-day public assembly venues finance publicly rather than privately in order to be built & operational?

the staggering cost to build & operate

The venue manager must juggle variables such as...

time, space, monetary resources, staffing and the demands of the owner & the expectations of the general public.

The development of ... & the fact that ... in the 1950s established the public assembly venue as a major force in the quality of life options for a community.

touring ice shows, circuses moved indoors.

hotel/motel "bed tax" assessed to out-of-town visitors, thus saving local citizens from the need for any additional tax

transient occupancy tax (TOT)