SPTE Final Exam
What was the role of the US government in physical activity and health from 1950 to present?
- 1950's: President's Council on Youth Fitness - 1961: President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports - Now: President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition (for people of all ages)
Results of Recent Drug Testing
- 2012 Summer Olympics: 5,000 tests, 9 positives - 2014 Winter Olympics: 2,453 tests, 8 positives - $10 million IOC research fund to develop new technology for drug monitoring - MLB penalties for drug use-toughest in major US leagues.
Reasons for using steroids
- Accepted medical uses - To enhance athletic performance - To improve appearance
Types of deviant behavior
- Behavior that is beyond "normal" behavior; can be good or bad - Nor conforming to the group's rules and norms - Over-conforming to the group's expectations.
What are the IOC initiatives to achieve the Olympic Charter and Social Responsibility?
- Bringing sport to rural and underdeveloped communities - Aiding local economic development - Rehabilitating war victims - Helping prevent HIV/AIDS - Bringing hope and joy to refugee camps
What are Christian influences on sport?
- Catholics started the CYO; protestants started the YMCA - Some athletes use religion to conquer fear and find deeper meaning in sport
How can athletes promote change?
- Champion athletes have a platform-if they choose to use it - Notable examples include Muhammad Ali and Billie Jean King - Not all athletes who use the platform are successful or liked (e.g., Curt Flood)
What is being done to reduce violence in pro sport?
- Changes in the NHL treatment of fighting - NFL studies of brain trauma - Mentors in Violence Prevention program - Suspensions for players accused of violent behavior?
How does the government use sport to promote unity and identity?
- Cities try to attract pro sport in order to increase their attractiveness - Sport can unify strangers and provide topics of conversation - Sport can promote collective identity through apparel - Cities and countries hold special sporting events
Influence of Youth Sport
- Coach's role-to teach young athletes the rules - Citizenship through sports alliance
Groups of users
- College Athletes - Olympic Athletes - Weightlifters - Professional Athletes - Adolescent school children - Others
Other scandals
- Cyclists - MLB players - Others
On-Field Violence in sport
- Demands of collision and contact sports - "Enforcer roles" - Societal view of masculinity encouraging warrior mentality - "Part of the game" - Examples: Richie Incognito, Ndamukong Suh
What is the Role of US Government in Sport?
- Designates the USOC but does not provide its funding - Intervenes to address scandals or social issues in sport (e.g., MLB steroid use and drug testing) - Helps regulate event security
What is the Female athlete triad?
- Disordered eating - Amenorrhea (Abnormal absence of menstruation) - Osteoporosis
Other social trends that affect US sport
- Expansion of sport management - Record breaking due to scientific advances - Changing attitudes towards gambling - Increasing in coaching competence
How is sport used to promote religion?
- Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA) - Athletes in action - Pro athletes outreach - National Christian College Athletic Association
What are the benefits of sport and physical activity?
- Fun - Better health - Social integration - Moral development - Personal development - Cognitive development
How is sport an "Opiate to the Masses"?
- Governments use sport to distract citizens from societal inequities - Sport is used to rally citizens for a united cause in both developed and developing countries
History of religion and sport
- Greek festivals honored gods - Roman emperor Theodosius I banned the Olympics due to pagan elements - The Puritans saw sport as a leisure pursuit that should be avoided - Muscular Christianity, however approached physical fitness as a virtue
Other drugs used by athletes
- HGH (Human Growth Hormones), doping, amino acids
What are the four perspectives on politics and sport?
- How government uses sport to improve citizens's quality of life - How sport can reinforce the status quo - How nations sponsor international teams to promote patriotic pride - The politics of sport institutions
What are some examples of rule breaking?
- Illegally modifying equipment - Committing a foul - Faking injury to cause a time-out - Participating in a brawl - Taking other disallowed actions for strategic advantage
Anabolic Steroids
- Increase muscle size, speed, strength, and ability to train soon after exhaustion - BALCO scandal (A San Francisco business that supplied anabolic steroids to professional athletes) - Increase drug testing
What is the relation of emotion and sports in the fans?
- Increased excitement and arousal with tailgating and alcohol use - Hooliganism
Example of deviant behavior: - Some athletes use steroids or other drugs. - Usage is not a new phenomenon but does get more media exposure now.
- Increased use and scandals (e.g., Alex Rodriguez, Ryan Braun) - Random drug testing in the Olympics and some professional leagues (MLB congressional hearings)
Potential Funding Sources for Sport Development Programs
- International Groups (e.g., UNESCO, IOC) - Multinational corporations - Government groups - Social organizations (e.g., community centers, schools, recreation departments, faith-based organizations) - Charitable organizations
More ways that Christianity can influence sport
- Link between religion and sport can reinforce a desired code of conduct - Sport instills Protestant values (e.g., hard work, self-discipline, striving for success)
What is the role of the CDC in presenting information about physical activity and health?
- Links research on physical activity and quality of life - Sets recommendations for physical activity
Potential Issues with Drug Use
- Long-term health risks (e.g., female infertility) - Bad example for youth athletes - Rejection of sport by fans, parents, kids - Marginalization of non-using athletes - Withdrawal of corporate financial support - Futile if bar is raised by genetic engineering
Androgenic
- Masculinizing effects - Growth of facial hair - Growth of body hair - Deepened voice
Development Possibilities for sport
- Not development in traditional sense (athlete development, economic development) - Growing area that recognizes sport as SOCIAL CAPITAL has opportunities to improve lives for social and personal development for all populations, especially disenfranchised - Body of research, programming growing
How is sport used to promote religious schools?
- Notre Dame (Football) - Gonzaga (basketball) - Brigham Young University (football)
Rape culture at universities
- One in five women is raped - Rape is committed by a rising proportion of athletes and men at military academies
Methods of Administration
- Orally (Swallowing) - Sublingually (under the tongue) - By injection (Intramuscularly) - Topically
How is nationalism related to sport?
- Patriotic symbols and colors at international competitions - National anthem played before games - Army-Navy college football game - Historic Olympic boycotts
Relationship between sports and politics
- Politicians congratulate successful athletes - Championship teams visit the White House - Some athletes become politicians (e.g., Bill Bradley) - National Sport Boards and the NCAA operate as political organizations
Types of Drug Used by Modern Athletes
- Prescription and OTC - Stimulants - Anabolic Steroids - Others
Prescription and OTC Drugs
- Promote healing, mask pain, carry long-term risk.
What are some of the other roles the US government plays in sport?
- Protect citizens' rights - Promotes equal opportunity - Protects the public's financial interest
What are some examples of using sport to distract people from other issues?
- Rio - more money was spent on hosting the Olympics when there were other, more important national issues in Brazil. - Sport was used to bring people together after 9/11 - South Carolina was one of the first teams to fly after 9/11 and played one of the first college football games after 9/11.
How sport can contribute to peace building?
- Security - Rebuilding of economies and traumatized populations - Political structure and open communication - Reconciliation in torn societies - Second International Forum of 2011
Effects of steroid use
- Short-term v. long-term - Physical and Physiological v. psychological - Long-term effects not very well documented - Many short-term effects are reversible when uses ceases.
What are some of the consequences of on-field violent behavior?
- Shortened carer (and reduced earnings) - Pressure to return from injury - Concussions: recent change in perspective - Negative publicity for teams, leagues, organizations - Poor behavior modeling
The IOC (International Olympic Committee) and Physical Activity
- Sport can help us create a safer, more tolerant, and more peaceful society
Sport and Society
- Sport distracts from difficult times (distraction=passivity) - Sport helps maintain statues quo (male dominance, traditional values) - Sport can also change society (Jesse Owens, Arthur Ashe) - Sport can promote politicians (photo ops, athletes-turned-politicians)
What are the physical activities included in the context of development in sport?
- Strength training - Running and walking - Swimming - Pilates - Yoga
What is the relation of emotion and sport in athletes?
- Stress of competition - Being consumed by emotion - Optimal levels of arousal and intensity - Role of anger
How do coaches, owners, and organizations use religion?
- Team unity - Moral code for athletes - Religious role models for players (for example other players and coaches) - Prayer events, Christian outreach at Olympics - Informal prayer at school events - Faith nights in minor leagues
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids
- Testosterone - Primary Natural Male Hormone - Also present in females in lesser amounts
Peace Initiatives Through Sport
- The Sport and Development and Peace International Working Group works with governments to develop sport systems - Strong societies depend on tolerance and friendship among disparate groups - SPORT PROVIDES A SAFE PLACE TO FACE CONFLICT IN A STRUCTURED ENVIRONMENT
How can sport conflict with religion?
- There is a violent nature in some sports - How athletes overcome internal conflicts, justify dedication to sport, and validate sport experience - Separate beliefs - Questions of meaning and value
Anabolic
- Tissue building effects - Increases in muscle cell size - Increases in strength?
Violence against women
- Title IX and sexual violence cases - Domestic abuse and athletes
How do athletes use prayer?
- To cope with uncertainty and anxiety - To put life and sport into perspective - To build meaning in sport participation
What is rational rule breaking?
- To help the team (or individual) win - Because "everyone is doing it" - As acceptable behavior when a rule is considered bad.
How do athletes use religion in sports?
- To justify commitment to high performance - To reduce pressure and uncertainty - To enhance bonds between teammates - To guide moral decision making
What role does the US government play in Physical Activity and Health?
- US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - Found that kids should have at least 1 hour of daily aerobic activity - Found that adults need at least 150 minutes of weekly moderate-intensity activity
How does sport promote social values?
- US view of sport as teaching mainstream values - Capitalism: competition, hard work, winners - Socialism: teamwork, fitness, friendship - Potential to integrate people from diverse backgrounds in areas of conflict.
What is UNESCO?
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organizations - Our government does provide money to support many sport and physical activities programs
How many college athletes have reported being hazed?
About 75% of college athletes report having been hazed.
What is the relationship of alcohol and violence?
Alcohol increases the incidence of violence; athletes are more prone to binge drinking
What kind of athletes are at risk of hazing?
All athletes are at risk.
How many states allow gambling?
All but two US states allow some type of gambling.
In high school and collegiate sport, what will happen as a result of increase of competition?
As competition increases, rules may become looser, and coaches and players may try to win at all cost.
What are some athlete examples of gambling in sport?
Athlete examples: Chicago "Black Sox," college basketball, Pete Rose
INTERVENTIONIST THEORY
Athlete will force changes from the bottom up.
What is the proof that there is a sense of entitlement in pro athletes?
Athletes are 1/3-1/2 less likely than the general public to be arrested for the same level crimes - The general population has a conviction rate of 80% for sexual assaults, whereas the rate for athletes is only 38%. Law enforcement are reluctant to aggressively investigate or prescribe punishment to student-athletes.
If taken too far, what can athletes' discipline and determination lead to?
Athletes' discipline and determination can lead to EATING DISORDERS if taken too far.
Which of these is not a trend that affects US sport. A.) Global Trends (e.g. terrorism, global economy) B.) Decrease in number of older athletes C.) Protection of citizen's rights D.) Protection of sport investments
B.) Decrease in number of older athletes
What is aggression?
Behavior directed toward another person and intended to dominate or master. (Not always negative)
DEVIANT BEHAVIOR
Behavior that is beyond "normal" behavior; can be good or bad.
Hazing v. Bullying
Both involve an imbalance of power and status.
How is bullying different than hazing?
Bullying is always marked with aggressive behavior intended to harm.
Off-Field Violence
Challenges to manhood can arise off the field
What type of athletes are most likely to be concussed and take longer to recover?
Children and teens are more likely than adults to be concussed and recover more slowly.
What are the benefits and challenges of sport at the adult level?
Close relationships, self-challenge, less priority on physical activity
What is unique for sport involvement at the youth level?
Clumsiness, transitions from people who may be active and transferring out. If not very good, embarrassed so not having fun.
Who can inadvertently encourage eating disorders?
Coaches and parents can inadvertently encourage eating disorders
College athletes v College students and gambling
College athletes have a higher rate of problem gambling than nonathletes.
How does the Capitalistic view of society use sport to promote social values?
Competition and hard work promote Capitalism
What is the relationship between eating disorders and Title IX?
Eating disorders have increased since Title IX was enacted (more female participants).
CRITICAL THEORY
Educators can take the lead in determining the value and place of sport in society.
Islam and Sport
Every action meant to glorify Allah
T/F Activities, such as electronic entertainment, will no longer compete for people's time.
False - Activities, such as electronic entertainment, will continue to compete for people's time.
T/F Age-group competition opportunities will continue to decrease for older adults.
False - Age-group competition opportunities will continue to grow for older adults.
T/F Competition will decrease for fan's time and commitment.
False - Competition will increase for fan's time and commitment.
T/F Equipment and facility improvements will result in worse performances.
False - Equipment and facility improvements will result in better performances.
T/F Funding challenges will lessen, including competition with performance sport programs for money and facilities.
False - Funding challenges will persist, including competition with performance sport programs for money and facilities.
T/F Growing spectatorship will decrease participation unless undercut by boom in electronic spectatorship.
False - Growing spectatorship will increase participation unless undercut by boom in electronic spectatorship.
T/F Internationally: Soccer participation and spectatorship will decrease-in the US and globally.
False - Internationally: Soccer participation and spectatorship will INCREASE-in the US and globally.
T/F Latina and Hispanic girls and women need to be less integrated into lifelong physical activity.
False - Latina and Hispanic girls and women need to be integrated into lifelong physical activity.
T/F Online sport wagering will lessen.
False - Online sport wagering will grow.
T/F People who have a disability need less opportunities in sport and physical activity.
False - People who have a disability need continuing opportunities in sport and physical activity.
T/F Sport action will not be viewed on demand.
False - Sport action will be viewed on demand.
T/F Internationally: The Olympics will become less professional.
False - The Olympics will become more professional.
T/F The connection will become less clear between physical activity and health and quality of life.
False - The connection will become clearer between physical activity and health and quality of life.
T/F In the US: Youth participation will decrease among those who can afford it.
False - Youth participation will increase among those who can afford it
What are the benefits and challenges of sport at the child level?
Fast development skills, social interaction, rule following, self-concept
How did sport conflict religion with Hakeem Olajuwon and Sandy Koufax?
Hakeem would fast around the time of playoffs and Sandy Koufax would not play on certain Jewish holidays (Yom Kippur)
What is hazing in sport?
Hazing is any action that inflicts mental or physical harm or anxiety or demeans or degrades-regardless of intent or consent.
Why do athletes haze?
Hazing is seen by some as a rite of passage.
How is hazing different than bullying?
Hazing may involve some of the same qualities but is less frequent.
Who was Arthur Ashe?
He became the first and only African American tennis player to win the US Open and Wimbledon. He promoted his opinion on many social issues.
What is "Show Cause Penalty"?
If another school in the NCAA wants to hire someone receiving the penalty, they have to justify why they want to hire him and get the NCAA's permission to hire him.
Perennial issues for sport organizers
If the public doubts the integrity of the game, the game's popularity declines.
What president signed the legislation for the "President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports"?
In 1961, President John F. Kennedy signed the legislation for the "President's Council on Physical Fitness and Sports"
What is the percentage of athletes that admitted to betting on sport events?
In 2008, 30% of male athletes and 7% of female athletes admitted betting on sport events.
Who was Rollen Stewart?
In the 70s and 80s he was a fan called "Rock'n Rollen" and "Rainbow Man". He would sit in the view of the camera at sporting events and hold up a sign that said "John 3:16"
Stimulants
Increase arousal and energy; have been in use for decades
How has sport been used in other countries to integrate people?
Ireland used youth league sports to try and integrate protestants and Catholics. Also used in the Middle East to integrate Muslim and Jewish faith at the youth level.
What is the effects of on-field violence related to off-field violence?
It is unclear whether on-field violence leads to off-field violence
Who was Jesse Owens?
Jesse Owens was a black olympic sprinter that dominated his events in the 1936 Olympic games in Berlin, Germany
What type of boxers were dominant in the early 1900's?
Jewish boxers dominant in early 1900's
What religion and sport did Hank Greenburg and Sandy Koufax practice and play?
Judaism and Baseball
Lexington SC and it's promotion of sport
Lexington, SC has put a lot of time and resources into baseball, specifically youth baseball
What are some long-term affects of concussions?
Long-term effects can include dementia, depression, and Alzheimer's disease.
Are male or female students more likely to gamble than female students?
Male students are more likely to gamble than female students.
Judaism in sport
Many Jewish basketball players in 1940s
USC basketball players in the 1960s-1970s
Many of the players were Catholic and religion would show during games (Crossing themselves before free throws, praying, etc.)
What are some examples of Jews in the Olympic games?
Mark Spitz, Kerri Strug, Sarah Hughes
What is the percentage of the people worldwide who do not participate in sufficient physical activity?
More than 60% of adults worldwide do not engage in sufficient physical activity
What is unique for sport involvement at the adult level?
Most about relationships than physical activity
Who is Bill Bradley?
NBA all-star that played for New York. Eventually became a US senator of New Jersey
Have the NCAA increased or decreased punishments for violations?
NCAA punishments for coaches for violations have increased.
How many retired players were involved in the NFL legal settlement?
NFL legal settlement involves 18,000 retired players.
Are there any prohibitions in sport for Islamic males?
No sport prohibition for males (sport and games part of expected teachings)
How are non-athletes most likely to bet?
Non-athletes are more likely to bet at casinos.
Who is Steve Courson?
Offensive lineman at USC that used steroids. He was open about it and taught people about the effects of steroids. Died from a falling tree trying to save his dog.
CONFLICT THEORY
Participation sport programs allow more people to participate.
What is the perception about athletes regarding violence?
Perception that athletes are more violent than other people
What are "Enforcer Roles"?
Players that are used to assert physical dominance and aggression
Who was Curt Flood?
Professional baseball player that challenged the "reserve rule". This rule said that you were owned by a team until they traded you or released you. This gave teams the power when negotiating the contracts. He challenged this rule in court and certain parameters were set that gave players more control over themselves and got to the point where players could become free agents after a certain period of time.
What are Academic enrichment and Sport Programs?
Provides a safe haven but combines school and sport, activities happen at different times and easy to separate.
What are some referee examples of gambling in sport?
Referee examples: Tim Donaghy (NBA), 2006 World Cup, soccer match fixing.
How does the US government provide protection for some athletic events?
Resources come through the Department of Homeland Security and FBI for protection in some sporting events
How much is legally bet on March Madness annually?
Roughly $85 million is bet legally each year on March Madness through Las Vegas
What are the consequences of rule breaking in sport?
Rule breaking results in consequences, such as penalties and suspensions.
When are the rules of sport learned?
Rules are learned - taught from a young age at the time of entrance to a sport.
What are Stand-alone sport and physical activity programs?
Skill-focused and foundational, about the sport and development in the sport
What are the benefits and challenges of sport at the senior level?
Social and health reasons for participation
How much is illegally bet on March Madness annually?
Some $2.5 billion is bet illegally each year on March Madness
What is the relationship between violent sports and off-field violence?
Some sports may not cause violent off-field behavior but attract more-violent people
Violence in sport
Sport as mirror of society in violent acts and acceptance of violent acts.
What is SDPIWG?
Sport for Development and Peace International Working Group
Ben Johnson scandal
Sprinter from Canada , 100m champion, first to break 9.9 seconds in the 100m dash - he used PEDs to do this.
What is unique for sport involvement at the senior level?
Stay healthy and continue social activities
What kind of concussion guidelines are needed?
Strict concussion guidelines are needed
How are student athletes viewed as far as gambling goes?
Student athletes are viewed as easy "marks"
Gambling and other problems for students
Students with a gambling problem tend to have other issues (e.g., binge eating, heavy drinking, tobacco or marijuana use)
How does the Socialistic view of society use sport to promote social values?
Teamwork and friendship promote Socialism
How do the NCAA and professional sport leagues view legalized gambling?
The NCAA and professional sport leagues oppose legalized gambling.
What is the rule for athletes and athletic personnel and gambling?
The NCAA prohibits athletes and athletic department personnel from any type of sport wagering.
What is being done about International Outreach through Sport?
The WHO emphasizes conditions and diseases that can be addressed through physical activity
What is politics?
The are and science of governing, influencing policy, or controlling a government - Despite negative connotation, a dominant component of any culture
What is unique for sport involvement at the child level?
The biggest increase of development at this age. Learn about ourselves. Until - about 6 years old
Chinese Swimmers scandal
The government was giving them steroids they believed were supplements. The thing that stood out about this was the number of young people that took the steroids.
East German scandal
The government were being given what they thought were supplements, but the government was actually giving them steroids.
What has made gambling easier according to the NCAA?
The internet has made it easier to gamble
What are At-Risk Prevention Programs?
The main focus is giving at-risk children a safe haven and better environment. Academic risk, substance abuse, at risk for violence etc...
What is the percentage of male ahtletes that have eating disorders?
The percentage for male athletes is 10%
What promotes the perception that athletes are more aggressive than non-athletes?
The perception is fed by media and occasional leniency given to accused athlete offenders
FUNCTIONALIST THEORY
The theory that sport can be changed from the inside
Which US town promotes itself as the amateur sports capital?
The town in the US that promotes itself as the amateur sports capital is Indianapolis, Indiana. They try to host as many amateur sporting events as possible.
What are the three core values of the Olympic movement?
Three core values of the Olympic movement are excellence, friendship, and respect
What happened between Todd Bertuzzi and Steve Moore?
Todd Bertuzzi entered the game and skated up behind Moore and grabbed his jersey and punched him in the back of the head. The blow knocked Moore unconcious and he fell to the ice with Bertuzzi driving his face in to the ice. Moore fractured 3 vertebrae, had facial scars, and a concussion. Bertuzzi was suspended for the rest of the season and did not play in the next season due to the NHL lockout.
What are the benefits and challenges of sport at the youth level?
Transitions, critical time for dropouts
T/F As women age, they look to extend their participation in physical activity and sport.
True
T/F Commitment will be needed to attract sport dropouts and increase physical activity among young people.
True
T/F Concussions doubled in the last 10 years
True
T/F Development programs will us sport as a vehicle to achieve sport goals.
True
T/F Female participation has increased, but educational and athletic leaders need to embrace Title IX.
True
T/F Giants (e.g., ESPN) will continue to grow.
True
T/F Growth will continue in community programs, extreme sports, and college sport clubs.
True
T/F Health struggles will continue to increase.
True
T/F In the US: Professional Sports will continue to dominate; more may develop true world championships.
True
T/F In the US: Schools will invest more in college athletic programs but still face financial struggles.
True
T/F Increase in number of older athletes
True
T/F Internationally: Drug-testing programs will be expanded.
True
T/F Internationally: Female sport will continue to grow.
True
T/F LGBT individuals need to be welcomed into sport and leadership positions.
True
T/F Pay-per-view and Internet viewing will continue to revolutionize fan experiences.
True
T/F People will develop new drugs and performance enhancers.
True
T/F The Civil Rights movement increased diversity in sport, but minority opportunities still lag.
True
T/F The process of recovering from injury will be improved.
True
T/F Training methods will be improved.
True
T/F Two of five concussed high school athletes return to play before they have recovered.
True
T/F Women must be recruited and nurtured in sport leadership roles.
True
T/F Athletes will be more accessible to fans through social media.
True
T/F Fantasy teams and leagues will be interactive.
True
T/F Some will try to legalize sport gambling.
True
What are the types of eating disorders associated with sport?
Types are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, disordered eating, and compulsive exercise.
What are the typical gambling debts college students have?
Typical gambling debts range from $100 to $5,000 or even more.
How many female athletes report having an eating disorder?
Up to 33% of female athletes report having an eating disorder (more than nonathletes).
What is Academic Development and Sport?
Use sports as a way to improve academic skills, use sports in problems
What is Hooliganism?
Violent or rowdy behavior, supporting an athletic team to extreme measure. Most affiliated with soccer in Great Britain
What is the Olympic Charter and Social Responsibility?
We do not serve sports, sports serve us
What are the limitations of Islamic women in sport?
Women banned or required to wear traditional dress but starting to have greater impact in international sport
FEMINIST THEORY
Women will assume more leadership positions in sport.
What is WHO?
World Health Organization. Many health issues are related to physical activity