Statistics - Chapter 1 Sampling and Data

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Observational Study

a study in which the independent variable is not manipulated by the study

Sample

a subset of the population

Lurking Variable

a variable that has an effect on a study even though it is neither an explanatory variable nor a response variable

Explanatory Variable

a variable that we think explains or causes changes in the response variable

Population

all individuals, objects, or measurements whose properties are being studied

Placebo

an inactive treatment that has no real effect on the explanatory variable

Simple Random Sampling

every member of the population has an equal probability of being selected for the sample, usually by using a random digit table or random number generator

Representative Sample

A subset of a population that closely matches the overall characteristics of the population

Quantitative Discrete Data

All data that are the result of counting

Qualitative Data

Data that is based on observable characteristics of things or events that can be collected using the five senses.

Control Group

a group in a randomized experiment that receives an inactive treatment but is otherwise managed exactly the same as other treatment groups

Cluster Sampling

a method for selecting a random sample and dividing the population into groups; use simple random sampling to select a set of groups. Every individual in the chosen groups is included in the sample.

Stratified Sampling

a method for selecting a random sample used to ensure that subgroups of the population are represented adequately; divide the population into groups (strata). Use simple random sampling to identify a proportionate number of individuals from each stratum.

Systematic Sampling

a method for selecting a random sample; list the members of the population. Use simple random sampling to select a starting point in the population. Choose every nth individual in the list starting with the one that was randomly selected.

Convenience Sampling

a nonrandom method of selecting a sample; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data.

Proportion

a number of successes divided by the total number in the sample

Parameter

a number that is used to represent a characteristic of the population. It generally cannot be determined easily.

Statistic

a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample

Experimental Unit

a person, object, or some other well-defined item upon which a treatment is applied

Treatments

different values or components of the explanatory variable applied in an experiment

Quantitative Continuous Data

has measurable values which can fall anywhere between a finite or infinite range

Sampling Bias

not all members of the population are equally likely to be selected

Blinding

not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving

Double Blinding

the act of blinding both the subjects of an experiment and the researchers who work with the subjects

Sampling Error

the natural variation that results from selecting a sample to represent larger populations

Response Variable

the variable that is measured for change at the end of an experiment

Categorical Variable

variables that take on values that are names or labels


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