Statistics in Kinesiology (1, 2, 3, 4, & 7)
In a normally distributed data set with a mean of 100 and SD of 15, what is the Z score of someone who scores 115? a. +1 b. -1 c. 2 d. 0
a. +1
In a normally distributed data set with a mean of 100 and SD of 15, what is the Z score of someone who scores 55? a. -3 b. 3 c. -1 d. -2
a. -3
What are the odds of rolling a 5 with a 6-sided die? a. 1 to 5 b. 1 to 6 c. 1 to 4 d. 1 to 2
a. 1 to 5
In a normally distributed data set with a mean raw score of 50 and SD of 5, what raw score is associated with a Z score of +2? a. 60 b. 40 c. 55 d. 45
a. 60
Your bivariate regression resulted in a line of best fit with a slope of 0.5. What does that mean? a. For every one-unit increase in the independent variable, you would expect the dependent variable to increase by 0.5 units b. For every one-unit increase in the independent variable, you would expect the dependent variable to decrease by 0.5 units c. For every one-unit increase in the dependent variable, you would expect the independent variable to increase by 0.5 units d. For every one-unit increase in the dependent variable, you would expect the independent variable to decrease by 0.5 units
a. For every one-unit increase in the independent variable, you would expect the dependent variable to increase by 0.5 units
You are investigating the relationship between X and Y. If the 95% CI for the Pearson r spans from .05 to .70, what is your conclusion? a. The relationship is significant at α = .05 b. The relationship is not significant at α = .05 c. Somewhere between 5% and 70% of the variance in Y is accounted for by X d. Somewhere between 0.0025% and 49% of the variance in Y is accounted for by X
a. The relationship is significant at α = .05
What is the relationship of the mean, median, and mode in a normal distribution of numbers? a. The three measures will fall at or very near the same number. b. The median will be greater than the mode, and the mean will be greater than the median. c. The mode will be greater than the median, and the median will be greater than the mean. d. It is impossible to predicts
a. The three measures will fall at or very near the same number.
You perform a relative risk (RR) calculation, and the resulting 95% CI runs from 1.9 to 3.2. Would this effect be statistically significant at α = .05? a. Yes, it would be statistically significant b. No, it would not be statistically significant c. It may or may not be statistically significant depending on other factors d. the answer cannot be determined from the information provided
a. Yes, it would be statistically significant
The statistical hypothesis tests from Dr. X's study on the effects of a preworkout supplement on bench press repetitions to failure show a significant difference between the condition performed with the preworkout supplement and the placebo condition. However, in reality there is no effect of the preworkout supplement on bench press performance. The result of the study is apparently a. a type I error b. a type II error c. a type III error d. the correct finding
a. a type I error
Systolic blood pressure is an example of a _____ variable. a. continuous b. systolic blood pressure is not a variable c. discrete d. constant
a. continuous
When dealing with large data sets, it makes most sense to a. create a frequency distribution of the data b. rank order the data c. randomly order the data d. ignore the data because it is too difficult to work with
a. create a frequency distribution of the data
Which of the following procedures identifies common components from multiple dependent variables and derives factors as a data reduction technique? a. factor analysis b. meta-analysis c. multiple analysis of variance d. discriminant analysis
a. factor analysis
The more negative the kurtosis score, the __________ the distribution. a. flatter b. more peaked c. more bimodal d. more negatively skewed
a. flatter
A person who scores in the 80th percentile in the population for body weight is a. heavier than average in the population b. average weight in the population c. slightly lighter than average in the population d. much lighter than average in the population
a. heavier than average in the population
Sensitivity is a. how well the test detects those with disease or condition b. the test-retest reliability of a test c. the true negative rate d. the odds ratio of correct test diagnoses to incorrect test diagnoses
a. how well the test detects those with disease or condition
Which statistical hypothesis may be an acceptable null hypothesis? a. mean of A = mean of B b. mean of A > mean of B c. mean of A < mean of B d. mean of A ≠ mean of B
a. mean of A = mean of B
You do a study to predict resting blood pressure (mmHg) from self-reported time (minutes) of exercise performed per week. What are the units for the slope (b) of the regression analysis? a. mmHg/minute b. minutes/mmHg c. mmHg d. minutes
a. mmHg/minute
Why are normal distributions so common with data? a. randomness leads to normal distributions according to the central limit theorem b. normal distributions are actually quite rare c. sampling procedures are always biased toward "normal" people d. scientists prefer to present their data this way
a. randomness leads to normal distributions according to the central limit theorem
A study is investigating the effects of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on change in blood triglyceride levels. Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. the independent variable is change in blood triglycerides b. the independent variable has two levels c. the dependent variable is continuous d. the independent variable is diet type
a. the independent variable is change in blood triglycerides
The median is a. the number associated with the 50th percentile b. the score that occurs most frequently c. the statistical term for the arithmetic average d. your favorite number in a distribution
a. the number associated with the 50th percentile
What is the purpose of using standardized Z scores for a multiple regression rather than raw scores? a. they standardize the scale of the slope coefficients b. they make the multiple regression easier to calculate by hand c. standardized scores are required to calculate the R2 d. there is no reason to use standardize scores
a. they standardize the scale of the slope coefficients
If a test is positive and the condition is actually not present it is considered a a. true positive b. true negative c. false positive d. false negative
a. true positive
If a test is positive and the condition is actually present it is considered a a. true positive b. true negative c. false positive d. false negative
a. true positive
You perform a statistical hypothesis test, and the calculations lead you to accept the null hypothesis. If in fact the null hypothesis is false, what type of error would you have committed? a. type II error b. type I error c. Type III error d. type IV error
a. type II error
The raw deviation scores from the mean are added together for a given distribution of numbers. What is the result? a. zero b. variance c. standard deviation d. the arithmetic mean
a. zero
In a normal distribution, about what percentage of scores lie outside of the ±2 SD range? a. ~5% b. ~95% c. ~50% d. ~20%
a. ~5%
If there is absolutely no relationship between two variables, the Pearson r would be a. 1 b. 0 c. 100 d. .05
b. 0
What is the probability of getting tails when flipping a fair coin? a. 1.0 b. 0.5 c. 0.25 d. -0.25
b. 0.5
In a grouped frequency distribution it is common to group scores into ______ groups. a. 100 b. 15 c. 2 d. 1
b. 15
If there is a high negative relationship (e.g., r = -.95) between weekly exercise duration and body fat percentage, you would expect someone with a weekly exercise Z score of -2 to have a body fat percentage Z score of about a. -2 b. 2 c. 0 d. 1
b. 2
If the absolute risk reduction is -0.34, what is the number needed to treat? a. 34 b. 2.9 c. 0.03 d. 0.34
b. 2.9
Calculate the degrees of freedom for a multiple regression where data from 33 students were collected in order to predict scores. The independent variables were age, weight, height, 100-meter dash time, and 1-mile run time. df = n ? k ? 1. a. 26 b. 27 c. 32 d. 33
b. 27
Mr. E's physical education class ran as many laps as they could without stopping around a 400-meter track. The following is the distribution of laps completed by the students. 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 10, 12. What is the median of the distribution? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 5.5
b. 5
In a normally distributed data set with a mean of 50 and SD of 5, approximately what percentage of scores are ≤ 55? a. 99 b. 85 c. 50 d. 15
b. 85
All else being equal, which of the following will cause a decrease in the standard error of the mean? a. an increase in the standard deviation b. a decrease in the standard deviation c. no change in the standard deviation d. a change in the mind of the researcher
b. a decrease in the standard deviation
Which of the following relationships would you expect to have a negative Pearson r? a. age (X) and body fat percentage (Y) in adults b. age (X) and strength (Y) in older adults c. long jump (X) and triple jump (Y) d. grip strength (X) and mid-radius bone mineral density (Y)
b. age (X) and strength (Y) in older adults
Statistics are ______________. a. sorcery b. characteristics of samples c. a comparison of two or more parameters d. characteristics of population
b. characteristics of samples
In a 2 x 2 contingency table what data is in each cell? a. percentage of total b. counts of observations c. p value d. variance
b. counts of observations
Measures of variability a. describe how scores tend to cluster in a distribution b. describe the scatter, or spread of scores, in a distribution c. are the most common numbers in a distribution d. are the least common numbers in a distribution
b. describe the scatter, or spread of scores, in a distribution
The coefficient of variation can be found by ________ and multiplying by 100. a. dividing the mean by the standard deviation b. dividing the standard deviation by the mean c. dividing the mean by the variance d. dividing the variance by the mean
b. dividing the standard deviation by the mean
A positive likelihood ratio of 27 leads to which of the following conclusions? a. it suggests the disease or condition is present b. it gives strong evidence that the disease or condition is present c. it suggests the disease or condition is not present d. it gives strong evidence that the disease or condition is not present
b. it gives strong evidence that the disease or condition is present
A calculated Pearson r is NOT statistically significant when a. it is greater than the critical r value b. it is less than the critical r value c. it is at least .5 d. it is at least .1
b. it is less than the critical r value
All else being equal, increasing the sample size will a. make a confidence interval wider b. make a confidence interval narrower c. not change the confidence interval d. make a confidence interval completely disappear
b. make a confidence interval narrower
A thermometer is considered ______________ if it can display the same value under the same thermal conditions. a. valid b. reliable c. statistically significant d. correlated
b. reliable
Multiple regression is useful when an investigator wants to a. have multiple attempts to get the regression right b. see if a prediction can be improved by using information from more than one X variable c. see if a prediction can be improved by using information from more than on Y variable d. confirm the results of a bivariate regression
b. see if a prediction can be improved by using information from more than one X variable
The true negative rate is also known as the ______ of a test. a. sensitivity b. specificity c. accuracy d. reliability
b. specificity
Factor analysis is used when scores for many dependent variables are collected on the same a. day b. subjects c. instrument d. investigator
b. subjects
If someone's score on an independent variable is zero, what will be that person's predicted score on Y (YP)? a. the mean b. the Y-intercept c. the SD d. zero
b. the Y-intercept
If the raw deviation scores from the mean are added together for a given distribution of numbers and the result is not equal to zero which of the following is true? a. the distribution is not normally distributed b. the calculated mean is not correct c. the data are extremely variable d. the distribution is negatively skewed
b. the calculated mean is not correct
What is the relationship of the mean, median, and mode in a positively skewed distribution of numbers? a. the three measures of will fall at or very near the same number b. the mean will be greater than the median, and the median will be greater than the mode c. the mode will be greater than the median, and the median will be greater than the mean d. it is impossible to predict
b. the mean will be greater than the median, and the median will be greater than the mode
The number needed to treat is a. the number of pills for recommended dosage b. the number of patients who must be treated in order to prevent one adverse event c. the number of patients who must be treated in order to consider the treatment effective d. the number of people with any given disease
b. the number of patients who must be treated in order to prevent one adverse event
The mode is a. the number associated with the 50th percentile b. the score that occurs most frequently c. the statistical term for the arithmetic average d. a way of playing a game
b. the score that occurs most frequently
If you want to compare the effect of low-fat versus low-carbohydrate diets on change in blood triglyceride levels, which would be an acceptable null hypothesis? a. low-fat dieting results in greater blood triglyceride loss than low-carb dieting b. there is no difference in change in blood triglyceride levels between low-fat and low-carb diets c. low-carb dieting results in greater blood triglyceride loss than low-fat dieting d. there is an effect of diet type on change in blood triglyceride levels
b. there is no difference in change in blood triglyceride levels between low-fat and low-carb diets
Body mass is a a. constant b. variable c. instrument d. measurement
b. variable
Dr. C is performing a forward selection model of multiple regression using a software package. The independent variables of height, weight, age, vertical jump height, college major, and GPA will be used to try to predict 1RM squat for students in exercise physiology class. When will independent variables cease to be added to the model? a. when the addition of another independent variable does not increase the R2 value of the model at all b. when the addition of another independent variable does not cause a statistically significant increase in the R2 value of the model c. when all independent variable have been added d. when height, weight, age and vertical jump height have been added
b. when the addition of another independent variable does not cause a statistically significant increase in the R2 value of the model
The multiple correlation coefficient ranges from a. -1.0 to 0 b. -1.0 to 1.0 c. 0 to 1.0 d. 0 to 100
c. 0 to 1.0
If the probability of a football player sustaining a concussion during the season is .10, what are the odds of a football player sustaining a concussion during the season? a. 0.10 b. 1 in 10 c. 1 to 9 d. 10 to 100
c. 1 to 9
In a normally distributed data set with a mean raw score of 50 and SD of 5, what raw score is associated with a Z score of -2? a. 60 b. 55 c. 40 d. 35
c. 40
With an α level of .05, we must accept the null if the p value indicates our risk of committing a type I error is greater than a. 95% b. 90% c. 5% d. 10%
c. 5%
If you are trying to see if 40-yard sprint time predicts jump height, what would be your independent and dependent variables? a. IV = jump height; DV = sprint time b. IV = 40 yards; DV = sprint time c. IV = sprint time; DV = jump height d. IV = jump height; DV = 40 yards
c. IV = sprint time; DV = jump height
When is multiple analysis of variance useful? a. Multiple analysis of variance is useful when a researcher is interested in studying more than one independent variable in the same statistical model b. Multiple analysis of variance is useful when a researcher is interested in studying more than one group in the same statistical model c. Multiple analysis of variance is useful when a researcher is interested in studying more than one dependent variable in the same statistical model d. Multiple analysis of variance should never be used
c. Multiple analysis of variance is useful when a researcher is interested in studying more than one dependent variable in the same statistical model
When conducting a meta-analysis, what are the criteria for database searches? a. The criteria are established after the researchers have performed a few searches to see what results they will get. b. There are no criteria; the researchers look for studies until they decide to stop. c. The criteria must be established prior to conducting the literature review. d. The criteria include that no unpublished studies may ever be used in a meta-analysis.
c. The criteria must be established prior to conducting the literature review.
What type of measure should be used to describe how scores tend to cluster in a distribution of scores? a. a measure of variability b. the arithmetic mean c. a measure of central tendency d. the median
c. a measure of central tendency
Dr. Who wants to understand the relationship between calcium intake and bone mineral density. Subjects keep dietary records for a month, from which average daily calcium intake is quantified. Bone mineral density is then quantified with a DEXA scanner. This is an example of _____ study. a. an experimental b. a validity c. an observational d. a nominal
c. an observational
Dr. Stats has developed a statistical model to predict whether athletes will, or will not, experience a stress fracture based upon their blood concentrations of vitamin D. The subjects in the study are Division 1 collegiate volleyball players. Dr. Y wonders whether the model will predict stress fractures in high school volleyball players. Dr. Y's question centers on the question of a. internal validity b. reliability c. external validity d. validity
c. external validity
Which measure of central tendency is always affected by every score in a data set? a. median b. mode c. mean d. variance
c. mean
A 99% CI is equal to __________. a. mean ± 1.96 SEM b. mean ± 1.00 SEM c. mean ± 2.58 SEM d. mean ± 1.65 SEM
c. mean ± 2.58 SEM
Choice of college major is an example of a _____ variable. a. interval b. ordinal c. nominal d. ratio
c. nominal
If a distribution of data has a longer tail extending toward the right, or the higher values, the distribution would be a. abnormally skewed b. normally skewed c. positively skewed d. negatively skewed
c. positively skewed
In order to determine the interquartile range for a distribution of scores, take the difference of the _____ scores at the _____ and _____ percentile points. a. raw; 10th; 90th b. standardized; 10th; 90th c. raw; 25th; 75th d. standardized; 25th; 75th
c. raw; 25th; 75th
In null hypothesis significance testing, if your p value is less than your α value, you should a. accept the null hypothesis b. accept the type I error c. reject the null hypothesis d. accept the type II error
c. reject the null hypothesis
Dr. C is performing a forward selection model of multiple regression using a software package. The independent variables of height, weight, age, vertical jump height, college major, and GPA will be used to try to predict 1RM squat for students in exercise physiology class. Which variable will be added to the model first? a. height b. vertical jump height c. the independent variable with the highest correlation with 1RM squat d. the independent variable with the weakest correlation with 1RM squat
c. the independent variable with the highest correlation with 1RM squat
What is the relationship of the mean, median, and mode in a negatively skewed distribution of numbers? a. the three measures will fall at or very near the same number b. the median will be greater than the mode, and the mean will be greater than the median c. the mode will be greater than the median, and the median will be greater than the mean d. it is impossible to predict
c. the mode will be greater than the median, and the median will be greater than the mean
The degrees of freedom for any scenario is defined as a. 7 b. N-1 c. the number of values that are free to vary d. roughly equal to the standard deviation
c. the number of values that are free to vary
Which of the following best describes positive predicted value? a. the proportion of people with a negative test who really don't have the disease b. the test-retest reliability of a test c. the proportion of people with a positive test who actually have the disease d. the proportion of people with good attitudes
c. the proportion of people with a positive test who actually have the disease
A normally distributed data set has a sample mean of 500 and SEM of 50. What is the approximate 95% CI associated with this data set? a. ~450 to 550 b. ~500 to 550 c. ~400 to 600 d. ~9 to 95
c. ~400 to 600
Which of the following r values reflects the strongest relationship between X and Y? a. .80 b. 0.00 c. .70 d. -.90
d. -.90
If you are trying to use X to predict Y and you have data from 22 subjects, what is the degree of freedom (df) value to be used in the determination of statistical significance? a. 24 b. 23 c. 21 d. 20
d. 20
Twenty-five students completed a vertical jump test yielding a single distribution of scores. Dr. X wants to calculate the variance of the distribution. How many degrees of freedom should be used for the calculation if Dr. X considers the distribution to be a sample of scores? a. 1 b. 2 c. 25 d. 24
d. 24
A study of stress fractures in 200 collegiate endurance runners was conducted. Half the endurance runners received vitamin D supplements during their career, while the other half took no vitamin D supplements during their career. Of the runners who took vitamin D supplements, 24 reported a stress fracture during their career, while 54 of the runners who took no vitamin D supplements reported a stress fracture during their career. What was the absolute risk reduction of vitamin D supplementation on stress fractures? a. 24 injuries per 100 b. 54 injuries per 100 c. 78 injuries per 100 d. 30 injuries per 100
d. 30 injuries per 100
Mr. E's physical education class ran as many laps as they could without stopping around a 400-meter track. The following is the distribution of laps completed by the students. 1, 2, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 10, 12. What is the mean of the distribution? a. 4.7 b. 5 c. 6.2 d. 5.5
d. 5.5
Which level of confidence (LOC) value is associated with the highest (largest) α value? a. 95% b. 99% c. 99.9% d. 90%
d. 90%
Typically, the research hypothesis in a study is consistent with the a. null hypothesis b. validity hypothesis c. ordinal hypothesis d. alternate hypothesis
d. alternate hypothesis
A multiple correlation coefficient of -.93 indicates which of the following? a. a strong negative correlation b. a strong positive correlation c. a weak negative correlation d. an error (a negative multiple correlation coefficient is not possible)
d. an error (a negative multiple correlation coefficient is not possible)
All else being equal, which of the following will cause a decrease in the standard error of the mean? a. a decrease in the sample size b. no change in the sample size c. a change in the mind of the researcher d. an increase in the sample size
d. an increase in the sample size
Which of the following is an example of experimental research? a. determining if there is a relationship between how much people voluntarily exercise and blood pressure b. measuring the existing blood pressure of individuals who reported eating different types of meals c. determining whether the amount of sodium consumed by people with high blood pressure (hypertension) is different in people without high blood pressure (normotension) d. having two groups eat different diets and measuring their change in blood pressure
d. having two groups eat different diets and measuring their change in blood pressure
Which of the following methods of multiple regression allows the investigator to choose the order that X variables are added to the model? a. stepwise b. forward selection c. backward elimination d. hierarchical
d. hierarchical
All else being equal, decreasing a sample size should ___________ sampling error. a. have an unpredictable effect on b. have no effect on c. decrease d. increase
d. increase
A disadvantage of the mode is that it a. is difficult to calculate b. is heavily affected by extreme outliers c. can only be used with ordinal data d. is a terminal statistic because it isn't useful for further calculations
d. is a terminal statistic because it isn't useful for further calculations
Which measure of central tendency is useful with highly skewed data sets because it is unaffected by extreme outliers? a. mean b. standard deviation c. stanine d. median
d. median
You do a study to predict resting blood pressure (mmHg) from self-reported time (minutes) of exercise performed per week. What are the units for the Y-intercept (a) of the regression analysis? a. minutes b. mmHg/minute c. minutes/mmHg d. mmHg
d. mmHg
In a distribution of scores, the highest score was 35 and the lowest was 20; the difference between these scores is 15. Which measure of variability does this describe? a. median b. standard deviation c. variance d. range
d. range
Dr. Stats has developed a statistical model to predict whether athletes will, or will not, experience a stress fracture based upon their blood concentrations of vitamin D. The dependent variable is a. vitamin D concentration b. there is no dependent variable c. the athletes d. stress fractures
d. stress fractures
A meta-analysis is a type of a. ANOVA model b. post hoc procedure c. factor analysis d. systematic review
d. systematic review
Which of the following would you estimate to have a bimodal distribution? a. the distribution for height in males b. the distribution for height in college football offensive lineman c. the distribution for height in females d. the distribution for height that includes both males and females
d. the distribution for height that includes both males and females
You perform a relative risk (RR) analysis to determine if "exposure" (taking an experimental drug) affects the risk of having a heart attack. You find that the RR = 0.50 (95% CI = 0.25 to 0.75). Your best interpretation is that a. the drug increases risk of heart attacks b. the drug may be protective, but the effect is not statistically significant c. the drug may increase risk of heart attack, but the effect is not statistically significant d. the drug is protective
d. the drug is protective
Alpha (α) is equal to ____________. a. the probability of accepting the null when the null is false b. the probability of accepting the null when the null is true c. the probability of rejecting the null when the null is false d. the probability of rejecting the null when the null is true
d. the probability of rejecting the null when the null is true
The standard deviation can be found by taking the square root of the a. range b. mean c. deviation d. variance
d. variance
If a test is negative and the condition is actually present it is considered a a. true positive b. true negative c. false positive d. false negative
false negative
