Stats Exam 4 (chapters 11, 12, 14)
A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA for a study in which participants are observed across five groups. If the degrees of freedom error is 56, then how many participants were observed in this study?
15
There are ______ cells or groups in a 3 × 4 ANOVA design.
12
The degrees of freedom for the between-groups variability is called ______.
both A and C
Using a within-subjects ANOVA design, ______.
n participants are observed k times
Which source of variation, if significant, is typically analyzed first?
the interaction
A lowercase k is used to denote ______ using a one-way ANOVA.
both A and C
For an analysis of variance, the term "one-way" refers to ______.
the number of factors in the design
Which of the following is a measure of proportion of variance for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
both A and B
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square test for independence test are ______.
(k1-1) (k2-1)
The means and standard error or standard deviations measured in a study can be summarized in ______.
all of these
A researcher observes the same participants in each of five different settings. Which source of variation is the variability attributed to observing the same participants across all five settings?
between-persons variability
Which source of variation is computed using a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, but not a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
between-persons variation
A chi-square goodness-of-fit test shows that the frequencies observed equal those that were expected. Hence, the value of the test statistic is ______.
equal to 0
When the variability attributed to between-groups is equal to the variability attributed to error, then the value of the test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is ______.
equal to 1
Which of the following is not a post hoc test for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
eta-squared
Without changing the value of error variance, the ______ the between-groups variability, the more likely we are to retain the null hypothesis.
smaller
A researcher records the amount of time spent studying by male and female college students in a dormitory versus a library setting. Different participants were observed in each group. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
two-way between-subjects ANOVA
Which of the following statements is the appropriate way to read the degrees of freedom for an ANOVA with 10 participants in each of four groups?
3 and 36 degrees of freedom
A researcher conducts two chi-square tests. The 2 × 2 chi-square was x2 = 3.82. The 2 × 3 chi-square was x2 = 5.02. Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance?
None; both chi-square tests result in a decision to retain the null hypothesis.
A researcher measures anxiety levels among participants in the presence and absence of a fearful stimulus. If the same participants are observed in each group, then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
both A and C
A professor compared differences in class grades between students in their freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior years of college. If different participants were in each group, then what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
Which of the following is recorded using a chi-square goodness-of-fit test and a chi-square test for independence?
both B and C
The term "between-subjects" refers to ______.
observing different participants one time in each group
Partial estimates of effect size make the denominator ______ because the between-persons variability is removed.
smaller
To summarize a one-way within-subjects ANOVA, we report each of the following except, ______.
the critical values
If the expected frequencies equal to observed frequencies for a chi-square test for independence, what do we conclude?
the test statistic value is equal to 0
One way a researcher can correct for having expected frequencies smaller than five is to increase the levels of the categorical variable such that the number of levels ______.
is greater than four
A researcher computes a 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA in which 6 participants are observed in each cell. What are the degrees of freedom error for this study?
30
A researcher conducts a study in which k = 5 and N = 80. What are the degrees of freedom between-groups for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
4
Not including the total variation, how many sources of variation are measured in a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?
4
The observed frequencies can be summarized ______.
all of these
A researcher can correct for having expected frequencies smaller than five by ______.
both A and B
A researcher computes a 4 × 6 chi-square test for independence with a sample of 120 participants, with x2 = 14.79. What is the effect size for this result?
.20
Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
all of these
Which of the following is an example of a parametric test?
all of these
A researcher selects a sample of 110 participants and computes the following phi correlation coefficient: r = .31. What is the value of x2 ?
10.57
There are ______ factors in a 2 × 3 ANOVA design.
2
A researcher computes a 3 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA. What are the degrees of freedom for Factor A for this study?
2
A researcher conducts a study in which k = 6 and n = 6 per group. What are the critical values for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?
2.53
A researcher computes a 2 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA. What are the degrees of freedom for Factor B for this study?
3
A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA in which k = 3 and n = 10. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
3.55
A researcher measures the time it takes eight participants to complete three successive tasks. What are the degrees of freedom between-persons for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
7
A researcher computes a 3 × 5 between-subjects ANOVA. What are the degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction for this study?
8
A researcher computes a 3 × 5 chi-square test for independence. What are the degrees of freedom for this test?
8
A researcher recorded the shooting percentage of 28 professional basketball players in each of 4 quarters in a game. What are the degrees of freedom error for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
81
A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 5. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
9.49
Using a two-way between-subjects ANOVA with Factor A (gender: male, female) and Factor B (type of employment: blue collar, white collar), a researcher found that scores for men and women significantly varied across the levels of the second factor (type of employment). In this study, the researcher found a significant ______.
A × B interaction
A researcher computes two 2 × 2 between-subjects ANOVAs. In Study 1, he observes 8 participants in each cell; in Study 2, he observes 12 participants in each cell. Which study is associated with a larger value for degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction?
Both studies have the same degrees of freedom for the A × B interaction.
Which of the following measures of effect size can be reported with a 3 × 4 chi-square test for independence?
Cramer's V
Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
Independent observations were made within groups, but not between groups.
What is the key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
Observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.
A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. The sum of squares between groups is larger in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2. Using eta-squared, in which study will the effect size be larger?
Study 1
Which of the following is not an assumption for computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA?
There is homogeneity of variance and homogeneity of covariance.
Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the least power to detect an effect?
Tukey's HSD test
A sex therapist has adult female clients rate their level of interest in each of six relationship situations. To analyze differences in the ratings, what type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
a one-way within-subjects ANOVA
A researcher conducts a within-subjects design and notes that scores increased at each level of the factor for all participants. Based on this description, does this test have high power to detect the effect?
Yes, because participant responding was consistent.
A simple main effect test is appropriate for analyzing which significant result?
a significant interaction
The statistical procedure used to analyze the simple main effects of an interaction is called ______.
a simple main effect test
A researcher groups college students in a study based on their year in college (freshman, sophomore, junior, senior) and the type of college they attend (junior, technical, university). He concludes that perceptions of academic cheating are more positive among freshman attending junior college. To reach this conclusion, which statistical test would need to be computed?
all of these
ANOVA stands for ______.
analysis of variance
To appropriately interpret the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, it is necessary to compare differences ______ of the categorical variable.
at each level
To appropriately interpret the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, it is necessary to compare differences ______.
at each level of the categorical variable
A researcher notes that the variability attributed to difference between group means is quite large. Which source of variation is the researcher referring to?
between-groups
An estimate of effect size with the two-way ANOVA is typically reported for ______.
both A and B
Using an A × B ANOVA, a researcher concludes that Factor A is significant, independent of Factor B. In this study, this researcher found a significant ______.
main effect of Factor A
Computing a two-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when ______.
different participants are assigned to each group or cell
When computing a chi-square goodness-of-fit test, the frequency expected in a given cell should never be less than ______.
five
Post hoc tests are computed ______.
following a significant ANOVA test to make pairwise comparisons
Which of the following is an assumption for the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, but not for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
homogeneity of covariance
The degrees of freedom for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test are ______.
k - 1
Which of the following hypotheses identifies a prediction that requires that two factors be observed in the same statistical design?
mood will improve most when people consume foods that are high in sugar and fat
A chi-square goodness-of-fit test shows that the frequencies observed fit well with those that were expected. Hence, the decision was to ______.
retain the null hypothesis
The following is a summary of a significant interaction for a two-way ANOVA: F(2, 30) = 2.04, p < .05 ( n2 = .15). Assuming the test statistic value is correct, then which of the following must be incorrect in this report?
the p value
The following result is reported for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 27) = 3.20, p < .05 (n2p = .14). Which value in the summary suggests that the design was within-subjects?
the partial estimate for eta-squared
Computing a one-way within-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when ______.
the same participants are observed across groups
A researcher conducts a 2 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA in which 12 participants were observed in each group. If SSa= 18 and SSe= 264, then what is the decision for Factor A at a .05 level of significance using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?
reject the null hypothesis
"Within-subjects" is also called ______.
repeated measures
A researcher selects a sample of 80 people and records the frequency of participants choosing a low-, moderate-, or high-calorie dessert in a buffet. What are the degrees of freedom for this chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
2
A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA in which k = 4 and n = 20. What are the degrees of freedom error for this test?
57
For the effects of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA, which values must be known to compute effect size using eta-squared?
sum of squares
A researcher computes a 2 × 2 chi-square test for independence. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
3.84
A researcher compares differences in positivity between participants in a low-, middle-, or upper middle-class family. If she observes 15 participants in each group, then what are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
(2, 42)
A researcher conducts a study in which k = 4 and n = 22 in each group. What are the degrees of freedom for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
(3, 84)
To compute the expected frequencies for a chi-square test for independence, we use which of the following formulas?
(row total × column total)/grand total
A researcher conducts a 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA. She finds a significant interaction, where SSaxb = 120 and SSr = 518. What is the effect size for this test using eta-squared?
.23
A researcher computes a 3 × 4 chi-square test for independence with a sample of 50 participants, with x2 = 8.43. What is the effect size for this result?
.29
A researcher conducts a study using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. He computes SSbg= 120 and SSe= 200. What is the effect size for this test using eta-squared?
.38
In a study with 3 groups and 13 participants in each group, the sum of squares for the within-groups source of variation is 18. What is the value for the mean square within-groups in this study?
0.5
A researcher computes a 2 × 3 factorial ANOVA. In this example, how many interactions can be observed?
1
A researcher reports the following results for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test: x2 (1) = 5.386, p < .05 (V = .22). How many groups were observed?
2
A researcher reports the following results for a chi-square test for independence: x2 (1) = 5.386, p < .05 (V = .22). What is the maximum number of levels that an independent variable could have had?
2
How many sources of error are present in a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
2
In a study with 4 groups and 10 participants in each group, the sum of squares for the between-groups source of variation is 60. What is the value for the mean square between-groups in this study?
20
A researcher measures attractiveness ratings of a male confederate among 30 women who were told the confederate was either single, dating, or married (n = 10 per group). What are the degrees of freedom for error for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
27
A researcher computes a 2 × 4 chi-square test for independence. What are the degrees of freedom for this test?
3
A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA using a sample of eight participants. If the degrees of freedom error is 14, then how many groups were included in this study?
3
The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 37) = 3.42, p < .05, n2 = .12. How many pairwise comparisons need to be made for this ANOVA result?
3
A researcher assigned participants (n = 8 per group) to read vignettes describing a person engaging in either a helpful, hurtful, or neutral act. Different participants were assigned to each group and asked to rate how positively they viewed the person described in the vignette. What is the critical value for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA at a .05 level of significance?
3.47
The following is a summary of a one-way between-subjects ANOVA: F(2, 37) = 3.42, p < .05, n2 = .12. How many participants were observed in this study?
40
A researcher compares the frequency of participants who sleep primarily on their stomach, back, or side during the night. What is the critical value for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test at a .05 level of significance?
5.99
A researcher computes a 2 × 3 chi-square test for independence. What is the critical value for this test at a .05 level of significance?
5.99
A researcher records the frequency of participants selecting one of four new slogans for an advertising campaign. If it was expected that among 200 people polled there would be no preference for any one slogan, then what was the expected frequency for each slogan?
50 people
A researcher tests whether levels of education and income levels are related. In this study, he observes the following frequencies. If he computes a chi-square test for independence at a .05 level of significance, then what is the decision for this test? EDUCATION LEVEL CHART
Education and income level are related.
A researcher randomly measures social adjustment among children from different family backgrounds (levels of Factor A: divorced, married, single) who engaged in one of five social activities (Factor B). For this study, 10 children were observed in each group. If SSa = 10, MSb = 12, SSaxb= 48, and SSe= 405, then which effect was significant at a .05 level using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?
Factor B (social activities)
A researcher computes the following 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA, in which 11 participants were observed in each group. Which effect was significant at a .05 level of significance using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA? CHART
Factor B and the A × B interaction
A researcher tests whether job security and life satisfaction are related. In this study, he observes the following frequencies. If he computes a test for independence at a .05 level of significance, then what is the decision for this test? LIFE SATISFACTION CHART
Job security and job satisfaction are independent.
What is a key distinction between parametric tests and nonparametric tests in terms of scales of measurement?
Parametric tests are used for interval and ratio data, whereas nonparametric tests are used for nominal and ordinal data.
A researcher conducts two studies using the two-way between-subjects ANOVA. The sum of squares total is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares for Factor A is the same in both studies. In which study will the effect size be larger for Factor A using omega-squared?
Study 1
A researcher conducts two studies using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. The sum of squares between groups is smaller in Study 1 than in Study 2; the sum of squares total is the same in both studies. Using eta-squared, in which study will the effect size be larger?
Study 2
A researcher conducts two studies. In Study 1, she recorded the amount consumed (in calories) among 8 participants observed at 3 meal times (breakfast, lunch, and dinner). In Study 2, she conducted the same study, except that n = 12 participants observed at each of 3 meal times. Which study is associated with a larger value for degrees of freedom between-groups for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
The degrees of freedom between-groups are the same in each study.
Which of the following is a key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test?
The observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.
A researcher divides participants into groups that will engage in low, moderate, or intense levels of exercise. The total calories consumed by participants following the exercise are then recorded. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
a one-way between-subjects ANOVA
A researcher records depression scores for 12 patients in each of 4 seasons. If depression scores for the same participants are recorded in each season, then what type of statistical design is most appropriate for this study?
a one-way within-subjects ANOVA
For the effects of a two-way between-subjects ANOVA, which values must be known to compute effect size using omega-squared?
all of these
The complexity of the two-way ANOVA differs from that of the t tests and the one-way ANOVAs in that ______.
all of these
To summarize the chi-square goodness-of-fit test, which of the following is reported?
all of these
Which of the following is a source of variation that is measured using the one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
all of these
Which of the following is an appropriate measure of effect size for a 2 × 2 chi-square test for independence?
all of these
The source of variation that is associated with differences between groups in a study is called ______.
between-groups variability
A ______ is the combination of one level from each factor.
cell
Which of the following is an example of a nonparametric test?
chi-square test
A researcher computes a 3 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA and finds one significant main effect and a significant interaction. What is typically the next appropriate step?
compute simple main effect tests for the interaction
A researcher computes a 4 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA and finds two significant main effects and a significant interaction. What is typically the next appropriate step?
compute simple main effect tests for the interaction
Following a significant one-way between-subjects ANOVA in which k > 2, what is the next appropriate step?
conduct post hoc tests
To summarize any type of two-way ANOVA using APA format, we report each of the following except the ______.
critical values
Computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is appropriate when ______.
different participants are observed one time in each of two or more groups for one factor
Many nonparametric tests are called ______ because they make no assumptions regarding the shape of the distribution in the population.
distribution-free tests
For a two-way ANOVA, the ______ should also be reported for each significant hypothesis test and for the simple main effect tests.
effect size
For the one-way within-subjects ANOVA, the more ______ participant responding between groups, the less powerful the test will be at detecting an effect.
inconsistent
A one-way within-subjects ANOVA is typically associated with ______ power than the one-way between-subjects ANOVA.
larger
Without changing the value of error variance, the ______ the between-groups variability, the more likely we are to reject the null hypothesis.
larger
Using a between-subjects ANOVA design, ______.
n · k participants are each observed one time
The interpretation of a 2 × 2 chi-square test for independence is similar to what other type of statistical test?
phi correlation coefficient
A local ice cream shop wants to see if they should promote a new swizzleberry swirl or creamsicle flavored drink. In order to determine which one to promote, they took a sample of 80 patrons and asked them to choose which they preferred. The one that is significantly preferred over the other (at a .05 level of significance) will be promoted. It is expected that an equal number of patrons will choose each flavor. Based on the observed frequencies given below, what is the decision for this test? FLAVORED DRINKS CHART
promote the creamsicle flavored drink
We compute the frequency expected in each category using known ______ stated in the null hypothesis.
proportions
A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 2 and x2 = 3.98. What is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance?
reject the null hypothesis
A researcher conducts a 2 × 4 between-subjects ANOVA in which 12 participants were observed in each group. If SSb = 18 and SSe = 264 for this study, then what is the decision for Factor B at a .05 level of significance?
retain the null hypothesis
Homogeneity of variance is an assumption for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA. What does this assumption mean?
that the variance is equal in each population from which samples are selected
A researcher conducts two chi-square tests. The 2 × 2 chi-square was x2 = 3.92. The 2 × 3 chi-square was x2 = 5.92. Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance?
the 2 × 2 chi-square
As a general rule, the larger the degrees of freedom for a chi-square test, ______.
the larger the critical value will be
For an analysis of variance, the term "two-way" refers to ______.
the number of factors in the design
A researcher computes a two-way between-subjects ANOVA and finds a significant A × B interaction and two main effects. Which significant effect should typically be analyzed first?
the significant interaction
Which of the following correctly identifies each source of variation in the two-way between-subjects ANOVA?
two main effects, one interaction, and error
A professor compares the exam grades of students based on whether they have a learning disability (yes, no) and where they sit in the classroom (in the front, middle, or back row). Different participants were observed in each group. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
two-way between-subjects ANOVA
A researcher measures differences in recall between participants watching a regular or a 3-D movie clip with a romance, drama, or action theme. Different participants were observed in each group. What type of statistical design is appropriate for this study?
two-way between-subjects ANOVA
A researcher computes a 2 × 3 between-subjects ANOVA test in which 11 participants were observed in each condition. If F = 5.20 for both main effect tests and the A × B interaction test, then the decision for each test ______.
will be significant for both main effects and the A × B interaction
The source of variability associated with error variance in the one-way between-subjects ANOVA is called ______.
within-groups variability
Which of the following designs are associated with greater power to detect an effect, particularly when there is consistent participant responding between groups?
within-subjects design
Which of the following is a reason why it can be necessary to include two factors in the same statistical design?
your hypothesis may require that you observe two factors
How does omega-squared for the one-way between-subjects ANOVA correct for the fact that eta-squared tends to be a biased estimate of effect size?
all of these
What is the minimum number of groups that can be observed using the one-way between-subjects ANOVA design?
2
Which of the following post hoc tests is associated with the greatest power to detect an effect?
Fisher's LSD test
The degrees of freedom for error is called ______.
all of these
The term "within-subjects" refers to ______.
observing the same participants in each group
A researcher conducts a chi-square goodness-of-fit test in which k = 3 and x2 = 4.32. What is the decision for this test at a .05 level of significance?
retain the null hypothesis
A researcher computes a two-way between-subjects ANOVA and finds a significant main effect of Factor A and an A × B interaction. Which significant effect should typically be analyzed first?
the significant interaction
Which of the following post hoc tests uses the t critical value in the calculation to determine the critical value for the test?
Fisher's LSD test
A chi-square goodness-of-fit test leads to a decision to retain the null hypothesis. Which of the following correctly explains this decision?
Frequencies observed were statistically similar to the frequencies expected at each level of the categorical variable.
A researcher asks participants to taste each of three meals and to choose the one they like best. The same foods are in each meal, expect for the calorie total of the meal (which is low, moderate, or high calorie). Based on the observed frequencies given below, what is an appropriate conclusion for this test at a .05 level of significance? TYPE OF MEAL CHART
Participants liked the high calorie meal more than was expected.
Which measure of proportion of variance tends to overestimate the size of an effect in a population?
eta-squared
A researcher computes a 4 × 4 chi-square test for independence and estimates the following effect size: V = .36. This effect size is ______.
large
A researcher observed the mating behavior of 10 porpoises in 5 different social conditions. What are the degrees of freedom between-groups for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
4