Strayer Chapter 3 Trade Routes

Silk Roads (flourished between 200 BCE-200CE) Political

-- accompanied/ affected by construction of second wave civilizations and their imperial states --the persian empire invaded the territory of pastoral peoples in turkmenistan and uze --han dyansty expansion to control nomadic Xiongnu --indirect trading connections, often brokered by pastoral peoples, linked these Eurasion civilizations in a network of transcontinental exchange --roman and chinese empires --byzantine empire, muslim abbasid dynasty, Tang dynasty China --mongol empire

Silk Roads (flourished between 200 BCE-200CE) Environmental

--Eurasia had many different climates --Outer Eurasia consists of relatively warm, well-watered areas suitable for agriculture, which provided the setting for the great civilizations of China, India, the Middle East, and the Mediterranean --Inner Eurasia, the lands of eastern russia and central asia, has harsher and drier climates, much of which isn't conducive to agriculture --The pastoral people of this region had traded with and raided their agricultural neighbors, exchanging products of the forest and of animals for agricultural products and manufactured goods of adjacent civilizations -movement of pastoral people led to diffusion of indo-european languages, bronze metallurgy, horse based technologies, and more all across eurasia --yolks, sattles, and stirrups made the use of camels, horses, and oxen more effective means of transportation across the vast distances of the Silk Roads --camel caravans carried goods over the harsh and dangerous steppes, deserts, and oases of Central Asia. --diseases traveled the trade routes of eurasia --when isolated human communities connected, people were exposed to unfamiliar diseases for which they had little immunity of few effective coping methods Examples: Greek city states of athens 430-439 BCE was suddenly afflicted with a disease from seaborne trade with egypt --roman empire and han dynasty contracted smallpox from silk roads --534-750 CE: bubonic plague ravaged coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the black rates from india carried the disease --constantinople lost thousands of people per day during a forty day period in 534 CE --disease prevented byzantium from reintegrating italy into its version of a renewed roman empire --disease weakened cristendom to resist muslim armies from Arabia in the seventh century CE --Mongol Empire during the 13th and 14th century which briefly unified the eurasian landmass, sparking many diseases --ME facilitated the spread of the black death from china to europe, causing half the population of europe to perish from the plague between 1346 to 1348 --tenant farmers and urban workers, now in short supply, could demand higher wages or better terms and some landowning nobles were badly hurt as the price of their grains dropped and the demands of their dependents grew --Nomads of the central asian steppes also suffered, altering the balance between pastoral and agricultural people to the advantage of settle farmers --disease gave europeans an advantage when they confronted the peoples of the Western Hemisphere after 1500 because they were immune due to exposure to disease --the americas didn't have domesticated animals and was geographically isolated. Therefore, it had little defense against the diseases of Europe and Africa.

Silk Roads (flourished between 200 BCE-200CE) Social

--Trade itself was largely in the hands of men, but women still figured hugely in the process --Chinese women were responsible for tending the mulberry trees, extracting the silk fibers, and weaving textiles from silk fibers --Chinese homes became the primary site of textile production with rural women as its main labor force --By the time of the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE) women were making a large contribution to the household economy --elite men and women also furnished part of the demand for these fabrics -chinese officials required huge quantities of silk to exhange for much-needed horses and to buy off barbarian invaders from the north --women beyond china sought chinese silk for its comfort and its value as a fashion statement --In china and byzantine empire, silk became a symbol of high status, and governments passed laws that restricted silk to members of the elite class --Peasants in the Yangzi Rier delta of souther nchina sometimes gave up the cultivation of food crops, choosing instead to focus on producing silk, paper,porcelain, lacquerware, many of which were destined for the silk roads

Trade (600-1450) Cultural

--West africans imported scarce salt from the sahara necessary for human diets and useful for seasoning and preserving food --Frankincense and myrrh grown in southern arabia and northern somalia went to ancient Egypt and Babylon and the mediterranean. Theses products were used as incense and for religious and medicinal purposes. --spread religion (buddhism and islam) and technological innovations

Trade (600-1450) Economic

--altered consumption and shaped daily life --trade emphasize producing for distant markets rather than local communities --the diminished economic self-sufficiency altered social structures.

Funan (1-6 CE)

--economies based more on domestically produced rice than on international trade --located in what is now southern vietnam and eastern cambodia --archaeologists have found roman coins and trade goods from Persia, Central Asia, and Arabia in the ruins of its ancient cities

Silk Roads (flourished between 200 BCE-200CE) Economic

--largely a relay trade in which goods were passed down the line, changing hands many times before reaching a final destination --most traded goods were luxury products destined for an elite and wealthy market rather than staple goods, for only readily moved commodities of great value could compensate for the high costs of transportation across such long and forbidding distances --silk symbolized eurasian network of exchange --china had a monopoly on silk; after 300 bce silk found a growing market across the linked commercial network of the Afro-Eurasian world --state depended heavily on peasant taxes often paid in cloth; despite contributions of silk, many rural families persisted in poverty -the demand for silk was really large in roman empire so roman writer were appalled at the drain of resources that it represented --in central asia, silk was used as a currency or as a means of accumulating wealth --modest volume of trade bc of focus on luxury goods. this limited its direct impact on most people China: silk, bamboo, mirrors, gunpowder, paper, rhubarb, laquerware, chrysanthemums Siberia/central asia: lurs, walrus tusks, amber, livestock, horses India: cotton textiles, herbal medicine, precious stones, spices, peppers, pearls, ebony Middle East: dates, nuts ,dried fruit, lapis lazuli Mediterranean Basin: gold coins, glassware, glazes, grapevines, jewelry, artwork, perfume, wool and linen, olive oil

Trade (600-1450) Social

--merchants became distinct social groups viewed with suspicion by others because of their impulse to accumulate wealth without actually producing anything themselves --means of social mobility because chinese merchants were able to purchase landed estates and establish themselves within the gentry class --enabled elite groups in society to distinguish themselves from commoners by acquiring prestigious goods from a distance --the association with faraway powerful societies, signaled by the possession of their luxury goods, often conveyed status in communities more remote from major civilizations

Indian Ocean Trade Network (300 BCE onward) Environmental

--monsoons, wind currents that blew predictably northeast during the summer months and southwest during the winter -more shipbuilding technology and ocean anvigation skills --operated across an "archipelago of towns" whose merchants often had more in common with one another than with people of their own --Ventures began mostly hugging the coast with the excpetion of Malay sailors --they spoke austronesian languages and jumped off from the islands of present-day indonesia during the first millenium BCE and made their way in canoes to East african island of madagascar --cultural diffusion and migration coupled with later arrival of bantu was the extinction of the elephant bird in madagascar --techonological innovations facilitated indian ocean trade (better sails, ships, keels for stability, new means of calculating latitude, such as the astrolabe, and evolving versions of magnetic needle or compass --settled communities of Indian traders appeared throughout the Indian Ocean basin and as far away as Alexandria in Egypt --Chinese invented larger ships, magnetic compass, both of which added to the commercial growth --Southeast asia and East africa were at opposite ends of the network --Southeast asia was situated by geography to play an important role in the evolving world of Indian Ocean commerce

Champa (800ish)

--now central and southern vietnam --operated in China, Java, and practiced piracy when trade dried up --tried to control trade between china and southeast asia, but sparked rebellion

Srivijaya (choke point of Indian Ocean trade from 670 to 1025)

--plentiful supply of gold, access to source of highly sought-after spices, taxes levied on passing ships, provided resources to attract supporters to fund an embryonic bureaucracy and to create the military and navy --major center of buddhist observance and teaching

Silk Roads (flourished between 200 BCE-200CE) Cultural

--romans outraged at moral impact of revealing silk garments --the knowledge and technology for producing raw silk spread beyond china -- explained with old chinese story in which a Chinese princess who smuggled out silkworms in her turban when she was married off to a central asian ruler --in a european version of the tale, Christian monks living in China did the deed by hiding some silkworms in a bamboo cane, an act of industrial espionage that allowed an independent silk-producing and silk-weaving industry to take hold in the Byzantine Empire --silk became associate with the sacred in the expanding world religions of buddhism and christianity -chinese buddhist pilgrims who went to india seeking religious texts and relics took with them silk as gifts to monasteries they visited/ received purple silk robes from Tang dynasty emperors as a sign of high honor --In christendom, silk wall hangings, altar covers, and and vestments became highly prestigious signs of devotion and piety --Bc no independent silk industry developed in Western Europe until 12th century, market developed for silks manufactured in the muslim world. Some of those silks even were inscribed with Quran passages. --diseases may have strengthened the appeal of christianity in europe and buddhism in china

Indian Ocean Trade Network (300 BCE onward) Economic

--sea based trade routes --sea-based commerce existed since the days of the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans --The mediterranean sea had been an avenue of maritime commerce throughout the region, continuing during the 3rd wave era --when Venice emerged by 1000 CE. Wealth of venice derived from control of expensive and profitable imported goods from Asia, many of which came up the red sea through the Egyptian port of Alexandria. --This interregional interaction linked the maritime commerce of the Med sea to the Indian ocean basin --largest sea-based trade system before 1500, stretching from southern china to eastern africa --desire for various goods not available at home (porcelain from china, spices from southeast asia, cotton goods and pepper from India, ivory and gold from the East African coast) provided incentives for Indian Ocean commerce --lower transportation costs than silk roads because ships could accommodate larger and heavier cargos than camels --bulk goods over luxury goods --tempo picked up in the era of second wave civilizations during the early centuries of the common era --Egyptians and phoenicians likewise traded down red sea for goods from ethiopia, somalia, and southern Arabia --In the eastern indian Ocean and the south china sea, chinese and southeast asian merchants likewise generated a growing commerce, and by 100 CE, chinese traders had reached India --India's port had grain, ivory, precious stones, cotton textiles, spices, timber, and tortoiseshells --indian merchants in touch with Southeast Asia by first century CE --China reestablished an effective and unified state,especially during the Tang and Song dynasties (618-1279) --impressive growth of the Chinese economy sent chinese products into the Indian Ocean trade route --Middle Eastern Gold and silver flowed into southern India to purchase pepper, pearls, textiles, and gemstones --Merchants from the Roman world, mostly Greeks, Syrians, and Jews, established settlements. in southern India Jews and Christians living within the Islamic world, established communities of traders from East Africa to the south China coast. Efforts to reclaim wasteland in Mesopotamia to produce sugar and dates for export simulated slave trade from East Africa, which landed thousands of Africans in southern Iraq to work on plantations and in salt mines in horrendous conditions --Buddhist rulers, such as those in Burma regarded it as commercially useful to assume Muslim names. --in southeast asia, new societies were stimulated and decisi vely shaped by their interaction with southeast asia

Indian Ocean Trade Network (300 BCE onward) Political

--slave trade from East africa sparked a massive fifteen-year revolt (868-883) among these salves badly disrupted the Islamic Abbasid Empire before the rebellion was crushed --In east africa and Southeast asia, trade stimulated political change as ambitious or aspiring rulers used the wealth derived from commerce to onstruct larger and more centrally governed states ocities --During the third wave era, a series of cities and states or kingdoms emerged on both the islands and mainland of Southeast Asia/afro-Eurasian phenomenon --Srivijaya:connection between commerce and statebuilding --formed by Malay sailors who opened an all-sea route between India and China through the straits of Malacca around 350 CE --the many small ports along the Malay Peninsula began to compete to attract the growing number of traders and travelers making their way through the straits --southeast asian rulers liked hindu beliefs (leaders were god-kings, perhaps reincarnations of a Buddha or the Hindu deity Shiva, while the idea of karma conveyed legitimacy to the rich and powerful based on their behavior in earlier lives --sarulers made use of indian political ideas and buddhist religious concepts

Trade (600-1450) Environmental

--spread disease throughout eurasia (black death)

Indian Ocean Trade Network (300 BCE onward) Cultural

--vast cultural differences --early seaborne trade via the persian gulf between ancient mesopotamia and the indus valley reflected in archaeological finds --undeciphered indian writing system might have been stimulated by sumerian cuneiform --Malay sailors introduced their language and crops (bananas, coconuts, and taro) to Madagascar --Malayo polynesian xylophone to madagascar --christianity into both Axum and Kerala, India--->long term impact of trade --rise of Islam gave way to an international maritime culture by 1,000 --After 1000 Ce the culture was largely islamic --Indian cultural practices, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, as well as south asian political ideas began to take root in Southeast Asia --sudden rise of Islam in the seventh sentury CE and its subsequent spread across much of the Afro-Eurasian world --Islam was friendly to commercial life bc muhammad himself had been a trader --creation of large arab empire brought together a series of political systems, an immense range of economies and cultural traditions and provided a vast arena from the energies of Muslim traders --The immense prestige, power, and prosperity of the Islamic world stimulated widespread conversion, which in turn facilitated commercial transactions --Southeast asia and East africa experienced cultural change as local people were attracted to foreign religious ideas from Confucian, Hindu, Buddhist, or Islamic sources --spread of elements of Indian culture across much of Southeast Asia, even as Vietnam was incorporated into the Chinese sphere of influence --Indian alphabets such as Sanskrit and Pallava were used to write a number of Southeast languages --Indian epic Ramayana became widely popular across southeast Asia --Rulers/ indian political sponsored the creation of images of the buddha and various bodhisattvas whose faces resembled those of deceased kings and were inscribed with traditional curses against anyone who would destroy them --The seventh century chinese monk Yi Jing was so impressed that he advised Buddhist monks headed for India to study first in Srivijaya for several years --Borobudur: an enormous mountain-shaped structure of ten levels illustrating the spiritual journey from ignorance to full enlightenment, a javanese creation in Java indonesia. Largest buddhist monument in the world, resonated with veneration of mountains, process of buddhism becoming culturally grounded in a new place --Hinduism too found a place in southeast asia --well rooted in Champa kingdom, where Shiva was worshipped, cows were honored, and phallic imagery was prominent --Angkor kingdom of the twelfth century that Hinduism found its most stunning architectural expression in the complex known as Angkor wat, largest architectural structure of the premodern world

Trade (600-1450) Political

--wealth available from controlling and taxing trade motivated the creation of states in various parts of the world --should trade be left in private hands or should it be controlled by the state? --how should state authorities deal with men of commerce who were both economically useful and potentially disruptive?

Indian Ocean Trade Network (300 BCE onward) Social

-Merchants from the Roman world, mostly Greeks, Syrians, and Jews, established settlements in southern India Jews and Christians living within the Islamic world, established communities of traders from East Africa to the south China coast. Efforts to reclaim wasteland in Mesopotamia to produce sugar and dates for export simulated slave trade from East Africa, which landed thousands of Africans in southern Iraq to work on plantations and in salt mines in horrendous conditions --Srivijayan monarchs employed indians as advisers, clerks, or officials and assigned Sanskrit titles to their subordinates --

Khmer Kingdom of Angkor (800-1300)

-exported exotic forest products, receiving in return Chinese and Indian handicrafts, while welcoming a considerable community of Chinese merchants

Silk Roads (flourished between 200 BCE-200CE) Cultural/ Spread of Buddhism (600 BCE-100BCEish to CE)

-from its beginnings during the 6th century BCE, buddhism appealed to merchants who preferred its universal message to that of a Brahmin dominated Hinduism that privileged the higher castes --Indian traders and Buddhist monks sometimes supported by rulers such as Ashoka, brought the new religion to the trans-Eurasian trade routes --To the west, Persian Zoroastrianism largely blocked the spread of Buddhism, but in the oases of central asia buddhism quickly took hold; for example, by first century BCE, many of the inhabitants of these towns converted to Buddhism, --Sogdians, central asian people whose merchants established an enduring network of exchange with china --two sogdians during the second century CE translated sanskrit buddhist texts into chinese. --sogdians dominated silk road trade for much of the first millennium CE and their language became a medium of communication alll along that commercial network -Sogdians practiced zoroastrianism, manichaeism and local traditions as well as buddhism --conversian of buddhism in the oasis cities was voluntary and brought those who converted a link to wealthy prestigious civz of India and religious merit by building monasteries and supporting monks --these monasteries could also provide culturally familiar places of rest supply for merchants --many buddhist texts were found in Dunhuang, where several branches of silk roads joined to enter western china --Buddhism progressed slowly around pastoral peoples of C.Asia due to absence of written language and nomadic ways of life, but these groups found buddhism more attractive once they came to rule settled agricultural peoples --Nomadic Jie people: controlled much of city of northern china after collapse of Han. ruler in early fourth century CE, Shi Li, became acquainted with a central asian buddhist monk and ;ed to the conversion of thousands and the construction of hundreds of buddhist temples --buddhism remained a religion of foreign merchants of foreign rulers in China --The faith became more secular and a new doctrine emerged, The begging bowls of the monks became a symbol. Sculptures and murals in monasteries depicted musicians and acrobats, women applying makeup, and drinking parties -Mahayana buddhism emerged (boddhisatvas, buddha as a diety, emphasis on compassion) --syncretism: buddhism picked up elements of other cultures, such as greek elements and gods most from conquest of alexander the great --In the Sogdian city of samarkand ,the use of Zoroastrian fire rituals apparently became a part of Buddhist practice.

Between _______________ (years) the civilizations of Mesoamerica and the Andes seem to have had little direct contact with each other.

500-1500 CE

Trans-Saharan slave trade

A fairly small-scale trade that developed in the twelfth century C.E., exporting West African slaves captured in raids across the Sahara for sale mostly as household servants in Islamic North Africa; the difficulty of travel across the desert limited the scope of this trade

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.

Ghana, Mali, Songhay

A series of important states that developed in western and central Sudan in the period 500-1600 C.E. in response to the economic opportunities of trans -Saharan trade (especially control of gold production)

American web

A term used to describe the network of trade that linked parts of the pre -Columbi an Americas; although less intense and complete than the Afro-Eurasian trade networks, this web nonetheless provided a means of exchange for luxury goods and ideas over large areas

Sand Roads

A term used to describe the routes of the trans -Sahara trade in Africa

Thorfinn Karlsfeni

A well-born, wealthy merchant and seaman of Norwegian Viking background, Karlsfeni led an unscuccessful expedition to establish a colony on the coast of what is now Newfoundland, Canada, in the early eleventh century C.E.

Monsoons

Alternating wind currents that blew eastward across the Indian Ocean in the summer and westward in the winter, facilitating trade

Swahili civilization

An East African civilization that emerged in the eighth century C.E. from a blending of Bantu, Islamic, and other Indian Ocean trade elements

Oasis cities of Central Asia

Cities such as Merv, Samarkand, Khotan, and Dunhuang that became centers of trans-Eurasian trade

Third-wave civilizations

Civilizations that emerged between 500 and 1500 C.E. and were typified by intensifying trade networks

Which of the following was a consequence of the exchange of diseases along the Silk Roads?

Europeans acquired some immunity from Eurasian diseases.

Sudan

From the Arabic term for "land of black people," a large region of West Africa that became part of a major exchange circuit

Silk Roads

Land-based trade routes that linked Eurasia

_____________________ merchants established communities of traders from East Africa to the south China coast in the seventh century.

Muslim/Islamic/Arab

Pochteca

Professional merchants among the Aztecs

Malaysians

Speakers of Austronesian languages from what is now Indonesia who became major traders in Southeast Asia and Madagascar

How did Buddhism change as it spread along the Silk Roads?

The gods of many peoples along the Silk Roads were incorporated as bodhisattvas.

Indian Ocean trading network

The world's largest sea-based system of communication and exchange before 1500 C.E., Indian Ocean commerce stretched from southern China to eastern Africa and included not only the exchange of luxury and bulk goods but also the exchange of ideas and crops

Swahili civilization was most heavily influenced by which of the following cultures?

bantu

In contrast to other trade routes, like the Silk Roads, the Indian Ocean Maritime Routes

carried more products for a mass market.

Of all states during this period, _________________ exercised the greatest control over economic exchange within its borders.

china

The states that emerged in West Africa between 500 and 1600 shared the characteristic of a ______________________________________ style government which stopped empires from forming.

city-state

An effect of the international trade in silk was the association of silk with the sacred in Buddhism, Islam, Judaism, and Christianity.

false

Between 500 and 1500, the Afro-Eurasian world experienced a period of intensified interaction under a strong unified controlling rule of the Chinese.

false

Swahili cities operated as intermediaries for people from the interior to sell their goods to European merchants.

false

The Sand Roads linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world to the land and peoples of the Indian subcontinent.

false

The political structure of Swahili civilization was not similar to the competitive and independent city-states of ancient Greece.

false

the Silk Roads was largely a "relay trade" The trade conducted along because

goods were passed down the line rather than carried by one merchant along the entire route.

In which third-wave civilization did the state largely control trade, preventing a professional merchant class from emerging?

inca

Between the sixth and eleventh centuries the encouragement of maritime trade by an effective and unified Chinese state led to increased and expanded trade in the _________________ Ocean basin.

indian

The Chinese invention of ________________________ facilitated Indian Ocean commerce?

junks

Trade along the Silk Roads was facilitated by

large and powerful states that provided security for merchants and travelers.

The Silk Road trade affected peasants in China by causing the peasants to focus on producing ____________________________ goods.

luxury

The spread of the Black Death from China to Europe in the fourteenth century occurred during an era of increased contact facilitated by the ___________________________________.

mongols

The Silk Roads built upon earlier trading connections between Eurasian civilizations and nomadic or ______________________________________.

pastoral/migratory

The Sahara held rich deposits of which highly valued commodity?

salt

Which of the following luxury goods came to symbolize the Eurasian exchange system?

silk

Indian cultural influence in __________________ was a matter of voluntary adoption and adaptation of Indian ideas, myths, religions, etc. by various societies.

southeast asia

Interaction among the major civilizations operated on a relatively equal basis and characterizes the networks and webs of exchange that connected different parts of the world from 500 to 1500.

true

Networks of exchange in the Americas were local, with the most active links within rather than between regions.

true

Slaves and donkeys were useless in the long trek across the Sahara?

true

The architectural expression of Hinduism at Angkor Wat is an example of the "Indianization" of Southeast Asia.

true

While Indian Ocean trade was expanding, European exploration and trade was also expanding and growing.

true

The absence of which of the following made long-distance trade in the Americas difficult?

wheeled vehicles