Stress Chapter 4

positive correlation

the higher the stress level, the greater the likelihood of illness, and for a

cellular mediated immunity:

the defense strategy employed by the human immune system involving the natural killer cells, the granulocytes, the macrophages, and T cells inflaming, phagocytosing, and releasing toxic substances.

randomized controlled trial

the gold standard experimental study in medicine in which participants are randomly assigned to groups and then the group that receives the intervention being tested is compared to one or more control groups.

negative correlation

the higher the stress level, the lower the likelihood of illness.

humoral immunity:

the second line strategy employed by the human immune system after cellular immunity involving Type 2 T-helper cells partnering with B cells to stimulate antibody production.

SRRS

divorce, or major tension in their intimate relationship one year prior to their cancer diagnosis had smaller rather than larger tumors when compared to their lower relationship-stress counterparts. They speculated that their surprising finding may be the result of high relationship-stress suppressing estrogen, a hormone associated with accelerating breast cancer tumor growth.

neuropeptides such as endorphins also

during physical exericse they can enhance immune response.

Neutrophils

e the most common white blood cells (i.e., leukocytes), constituting over 50% of the total number. They

cateogies of stressers

exam stressors, large-scale disasters, chronic stress of long-term caregiving for loved ones with dementia, loss and bereavement, and viral challenges.

The Immune System and Acute Stressors

fight-or-flight response, the sympathetic-adrenal medulla (SAM) axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) release catecholamines and glucocorticoids

cellular mediated immuity

governed by Th1 cell

negative life stress events

has validity as it pertains to illness

Stress life events vs Daily Hassles

hassles a slight improvement

Exam Stressors

have high levls of catecholamine, blood presure an cortisol levels and psychological stress on exam days -evidence of immune supression

Large-Scale Disasters

higher catecholamines and resting blood pressure -evidence of immonosupression, lower levels of T cells, B cells and NK cells and higher number of herpers simplex virus

prospective research design, known also as a longitudinal design,

in which research participants are evaluated from day one of the research project on stress and illness variables and then tracked across a fixed period from baseline.

LEDS and health

not that widely used, some predictive

loss and bereavement

o,,impsi[[ressing evidence for both. Better to be the breaker upper for bereavement studies NK cells of the subjects ahd decreased levels of effectiveness

innate immune system

out barriers such as the skin and early defenders -no memory of previous invaders and mount the same response each time

innate immune system phacytic cells

phagocytic cells caleld natural killer cells (NK)

Macrophages

play a major role in triggering the immune system by releasing communication molecules called cytokines and stimulating the production of T-helper cells. The Type 1 T-helper (Th1) cells then partner with the macrophages to maximize their killing efficiency. The Th1 cells also produce cytokines that activate the NK cells and the cytotoxic T cells.

B cells

produce antibodies called immunoglobulins (Igs), which are soluble proteins that circulate in the bloodstream.

Infection

refers to an invasion of the body by a harmful microorganism— in Nicole's case the cold virus—that can create a pathological condition in the body's tissues and systems.

CD 4

regular T cells have

For r,

small effect size is in the range of .10, a medium effect size is around .30, and a large effect size is .50 or greater (Cohen, 1992). Effect sizes may also be reported as standard deviation units.

Catecholamines, especially norepinephrine,

temporarily boost immunological activity

retrospective research design

that asks research participants to recall past stressors and illnesses and then you record the information.

as we move towards stressors that become more chronic

the body begins to switch away from teh cellular0mediated immnune system toward the humoral immune system

illness behavior

those who adopt the sick role exhibit patterns of behavior referred to as illness behavior in which they evaluate symptoms, seek medical care, and ask for support from close other

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

to refer to the study of the relationship among the psychological, neurological, and immunological interactions.

CD 8

a receptors that T Cytotoxic have

T helper cells

are immune cells that act to direct and amplify the immune response through the use of chemical messeners

viral ifnections

most common due to chronic stress include herpes simplex virus(HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus(EBV)

leukocytes

white blood cells

Antigens

These threats to our health are referred to as antigens. Antigens are the cast of bad characters that we want to keep out of our biological systems because they are disruptive and often dangerous.

disease.

This pathological condition usually has a recognized pattern of signs and symptoms and is referred to as a

Strengthening the Protective and Immune Systems

Wash Hands Get Immunizaed 3. Get Sufficient Sleep physical exercise eat healthy seek treatment for clinical depression void Known Immune System Suppressors

lymphocutes

a cateogyr of immune sytems cells that kill, include NK cells, T sells abd B sells

longitudinal designs:

a study in which cohorts are being tracked across time.

cross-sectional design:

a study that observes cohorts at only one point in time.

adaptive immune system,

acquired or specific immune system, this slower but more advanced line of defense against antigens remembers past invaders and other antigens and consists of T-cytotoxic, T-helper, and B lymphocytes as well as immunoglobulins.

void Known Immune System Suppressors

alcohol, cigarette smoke moderate alcohol use okay, maybe not for women

caregivers who had low social support and higher levels of distress

also had more frequent resipratory tract infections and overall lower levels of cellular immunity

meta-analytic studies:

also known as meta-analytic reviews; studies that use statistical procedures to determine average effect sizes of multiple studies.

innate immune system:

also known as the natural immune system, this more primitive but rapid system consists of phagocytic cells, natural killer cells, and various enzymes and serum proteins that are involved in the inflammation process.

Th2 cells

also secret cytokines

more recently

altered T celll function and accelerated immune cell aging as suggested by execessive telomere loss.

inflammation

an immune response of the body to damaged tissue or infection characterized by swelling, pain, heat, and/or redness.

presense of an increased titer of blood antibody levels for the virus suggests

an immune response definiecy. Higher anti bodies indicated weaker immune systems. viral incolulation

effect size,

an indicator of the strength of the relationship of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficients

are the most commonly reported correlations and are designated as r. The

immune system.

body's system of organs, tissues, and cells is designed to protect her against infections and harmful substances and is referred to as her

phagocytes

cells of the immune system that eat the antigens they attack

cytokines:

chemical messenger molecules sometimes thought of as hormones of the immune system that stimulate immune responses.

Following the acute stress response,

cortisol plays a role through a negative feedback loop to damp down central nervous ssystem excitement as part of the homeostatic system.

Correlational studies

describe the magnitude of covariation between stress and illness but do not give sufficient information to determine causation. I

life change units (LCUs)

developing the instrument, each life event on the scale was assigned a number of life change units (LCUs) based on the mean participant ratings of their experiences with the events.

T-cytotoxic cell

different type of cell, does directly fight andi s licensied to kill like natural killers.

Long-Term Caregiving for Loved Ones with Dementia

higher level of stress hormones, lower anti body. and immunospressing goin on

Experimental studies

hold extraneous variables constant while manipulating other variables, the so-called independent variables. The outcome variables known as the dependent variables are then measured.

cytokines

include interleaukin, interferon and tumor necrosis factor

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)

infects cells such as the CD4 helper T lymphocyte. This infection leads to a reduction in the number of CD4 T cells that can in turn result in an increase in opportunistic infections that the immune system would normally resist. Ultimately, the process can eventually lead to AIDS-defining conditions

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

is a virus within the herpes family that is associated with mononucleosis in adolescence and young adulthood. The virus is asymptomatically present in almost all adults by the age of 40.

acute stressors

last minutes to hours

chronic stressors

last months to years

subchronic

lasting days to less than a month

Daily Hassles model

lazarus -hassles and uplifts -hasles better predictor of stress than life events -uplifts not much effects

SLE models

life events model problematic 1) people haave difficult remembering 2) overlap with illness 3) negative affects contributes to responses

natural killer (NK) cells,

lymphocytic cells of the innate immune system programmed to recognize other cells that are nonself such as tumor cells and cells infected with viruses, and to release cytotoxic chemicals that lyse these cells.

adoptive immune system killer

T ctotoxic cellsCD8

sick role.

bejavior during ilness

problems

-memory might not be reliable -seoncary gains might make it unreliable -personality where she could be exxagerating -two way relationship

external validity

external validity refers to the generalizability of the results.

innate immute systems killer

natural killer

disadvantage od LEDS

1) reqyures traning 2)more training 3)time demanding

mroe

(refers to the body's noncellular fluid), is mediated by antibodies and has greater target precision but less speed. It may take several days for the humoral immunity system to build to maximum levels. The cells of this system are tailor made to have specific receptor sites that fit the molecular shape of the antigen. Therefore, these can only attack one specific type of invader. This type of immunity is most closely associated with the B cells. The B cells, antibodies, and a different type of T-helper cell, which is discussed shortly, form the primary components of the adaptive immune system

herpes simplex virus (HSV)

An initial active infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV) may involve an outbreak of a cold sore around the mouth (oral herpes) or around the genital area (genital herpes) that typically leads to a later dormant state followed once again by an active infectious state and so on in a cyclical manner. This reactivation, brought about by the endogenous latent HSV, may or may not result in the emergence of clinical symptoms

immune dysregulation:

As noted earlier, the over- or underreaction of the immune system is referred to as immune dysregulation.

time

During acute (defined in minutes) stress, cellular immunity is regulated upward combined with specific humoral immunity regulated downward. As time exposed to stressors expands, there is a shift in the cytokine balance from Th1 (cellular) to Th2 (humoral) immunity. With sufficient time of exposure to the stressors, there is suppression of both cellular and humoral immunity.

secondary gains

Illness behavior is reinforced in this manner by those who find the additional attention, care, and relaxation of the demands of their normal duties rewarding. These rewards are referred to as secondary gains

Illness and sickmess

Illness refers to the unhealthy state caused by the disease and sickness is a synonym for illness.

LEDS

Instead of using a self-report checklist, the LEDS uses a semistructured interview and a panel of trained raters to assess among other variables the degree of potential long-term threat of the life events noted by the participants within the context in which they occur. It is based on what a typical person in that situation would likely experience.

T cells

Lymphocytic cells that edevelop in the thymus that are part of the adoptive immune system

Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to

SRRS conceptualizes stressors as positive or negative life events that require adaptation or adjustment. In

A slightly different model from the Holmes and Rahe checklist approach to life events stress is represented by the Bedford College Life Events and Difficulties Schedule (LEDS) (

The LEDS requires training in its application and scoring and is used primarily with clinical populations such as those with clinical depression (Lenze, Cyranowski, Thompson, Anderson, & Frank, 2008), bipolar disorder (Johnson et al., 2008), and forms of psychoses (Myin-Germeys, Krabbendam, Delespaul, & van Os, 2003).

HUman immune system

The human immune system is designed to protect us from exogenous (outside) and endogenous (inside) toxins, substances, particles, cells, and organisms that pose a threat to our physical well-being.