STRESS MANAGEMENT EXAM#1

Know the structure in the brain that is first activated during the fear response.

AMYGDALA

Know the difference between eustress and distress.

Eustress: good stress, the type that inspires and motivates you. Distress: negative, harmful, destructive type of stress.

Know the difference between classical and operant conditioning.

OPERANT CONDITIONING: A particular overreaction to stress is reinforced by a stimulus (response-stimulus learning) -going to class even though you don't want to go bc you don't want to miss points... CLASSICAL CONDITIONING: Fears or stressors become paired with other stimuli in the environment that will then evoke similar reactions in the future

Understand the difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.

PARASYMPATHETIC: Off switch-slows energy "rest and digest" -heart rate decreases -pupils constrict -secretions to the lungs become dilute -saliva becomes dilute -gastrointestinal movement increases -sphincters relax -promotes energy storage SYMPATHETIC:On switch-accelerates energy: The Four F's-flight or fight, fright, and @$%& -heart rate increases -pupils dilate -secretions to the lungs decrease -saliva thickens -gastrointestinal movement slows -sphincters contract

Who coined flight or fight?

Walter cannon, first psychologist to begin talking about stress in the context of emotional responses. -described the stress response that becomes activated during perceived threats

Know the area of the brain responsible for controlling emotional responses.

*LIMBIC SYSTEM ...

Be familiar with the symptoms of PTSD.

NOT EXPERIENCED RIGHT AWAY COULD BE YEARS LATER.. -

What are the percentages of stress-related disease?

-About 75-90% of all visits to a primary care physician are because of stress-related disorders. -About 90% of all adults report that they have experienced stress at some time in their lives.

Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome.

-Alarm Stage: Acute stress reactivity characterized by disruption of the body's homeostasis. FIGHT OR FLIGHT -Resistance Stage: Presence of the stressor necessitates bodily adaptations and coping mechanisms resulting in stress products. -Exhaustion Stage: Prolonged exposure to stressors leads to the depletion of resistance energy resulting in illness or even death. -RAT EXPERIMENT: OVERTIME HE NOTICED PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES.. ADRENAL GLANDS ENLARGED, DRAMATIC CHANGES IN THE LYMPH NODES, THYMUS, AND SPLEEN

Be familiar with the Transactional Model of stress.

-Developed by psychologist Richard Lazarus -A greater emphasis is placed on the importance of cognitive appraisal in this model -Stress is the result of a "transaction" between an external and an internal event -The mediator between the two is the cognitive appraisal or interpretation (perception) -Example: Traffic ticket when you're broke and when you are "well-off" is a different experience -Two separate cognitive events are involved: a primary appraisal and a secondary appraisal -The primary appraisal will identify the nature of the environmental demand upon the person, or the relationship between the event and one's personal goals -The secondary appraisal considers the person's own resources with the nature of the challenge

What are some stress-related diseases that people suffer?

-Including stomach ailments, tension headaches, high blood pressure, addictions -Stress is linked to the six leading causes of death in North America 1. heart disease 2. cancer 3. stroke 4. chronic respiratory diseases 5. accidents 6. diabetes

acculturation stress

-Refers to both the cultural and psychological changes that result from continuous contact between two or more cultural groups -A stressor could be one culture trying to preserve their own cultural traditions versus adopting those of their new culture (e.g., language) -Another stressor could be due to the feeling of being marginalized economically, socially, and politically

What is the definition of stress?

-Stress can be defined as a psychological and physiological reaction to a real or perceived threat that requires some action or resolution. -Perception is the key factor in this definition. -People will respond differently to the same stimulus. -Stress is what happens when life exerts pressure on us, but also the way it makes us feel. -It is both a stimulus and a response

repressive personality

-Typically displayed by someone who has faced trauma or a severely disturbing situation; the memories are submerged into the unconsciousness, as if it never happened -Some people, feeling particularly vulnerable to life's stressors may try to organize their lives in such a way to prevent or minimize things that may upset their fragile world -Repressive personality features include: Planners who are organized, rule-bound, and hate surprises Resort to well-tested pattern of behaviors Like to keep a low profile and avoid conflicts Dread social disapproval and need social conformity Often, this type of person will over-attribute their actions to an internal locus of control

Culture and Stress

A culture is a group of people with shared values, characteristics, and interests. In fact, culture can influence stress and coping in four distinct ways (Aldwin, 2000): A. The types of stressors experienced B. The appraisal of these stressors C. The choice of coping strategies D. The institutional mechanisms for coping with stress

Difference between homeostasis and allostasis.

Homeostasis: all the physiological systems work in unison to keep the internal environment STABLE AND BALANCED. -If the body's core temperature, for example, should move beyond relatively small established limits, then immediate efforts are made to lower the temperature through sweating, or raise it through shivering. Allostasis: combined physiological and psychological adaptation to the experience of threats or adversities. The body will experience wear and tear and decreased capability to cope with future stressors as long as the threats continue and the need to maintain homeostasis still exists. -THE BODY WILL KEEP ADAPTING BUT OVERTIME IMMUNE SYSTEM BREAKS DOWN... ETC.

Be familiar with the various stages of human development.

IF YOU DON'T SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETE THAT DEVELOPMENTAL TASK THEN THERES PROBLEMS.

Know the serious warning signs of possible suicide.

MOOD SWINGS, DEPRESSION, FIND OUT IF THERES A PLAN, HAVE THEY MADE ARRANGEMENTS

What is the Four-Stage Model of Stress Management and Prevention?

Stage 1: Life Situations/Chronic Stressors Stage 2: Perception/Evaluation Stress prevention (stage 1&2): -proper diet and rest -lifestyle choices -regular physical exercise -effective communication -time management -skill development -problem solving -cognitive restructuring -spiritual well-being Stage 3: Stress Response Stage 4: Consequences Stress management (stage2&3): -monitoring changes -lifestyle changes -conflict resolution -relaxation -massage -coping with anxiety -overcoming fear -managing anger -cognitive restructuring -treatment of illnesses

Understand the causes of depression.

adjustment disorder, traumatic event, prolong grief, biological, stress, certain medical conditions and medications

Be familiar with the definition of somatization.

affects both men and women,, cultural more acceptable to complain about something physical than emotional..

Freud's theory, What is denial and projection, displacement, regression,

defense mechanisms

Which theoretical model developing ourselves,...

humanistic ??

Understand the psychological and physiological reactions to stress.

people respond to stress in different ways, physiologically, emotionally, cognitively, and systematically. -Humans are the only species that worry themselves over imagined fears.

Body's changes during the fight-or-flight response.

survival mechanism.. BLOOD PRESSURE INCREASES, HEART RATE INCREASES, PUPILS DILATE, MUSCLE TENSION, ADDRENALINE, HEAVY BREATHING, SWEATING, INCREASED SERUM GLUCOSE, RELEASE OF FATTY ACIDS, VASODILATION OF ARTIERIES IN ARMS AND LEGS, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM SHUTS DOWN, INHIBITION OF SEXUAL DESIRE AND REPRODUCTIVE CAPABILITY, IMMUME SYSTEM SHUTS DOWN, BLOOD COAGULATION -ACUTE STRESS

ex.) once bitten by a snake you will respond to a stick.. or fear of flying, you sit in a stimulated airplane

systematic desentatized ..

which personality style is more at risk for heart disease?

type A

Who goes to therapy more often?

women