STS-C Exam
Fire Components, Oxygen-
speeds up burning, sources include oxygen in the air, in cylinders, oxidizing chemicals and forced air from ventilations systems, removing it smothers a fire
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment,
- Inspections required before use, as well as daily or when conditions change - Competent person should inspect and approve all hoist and rigging equipment prior to initial use, daily and regularly thereafter
Effects of Heat Stress:Effects of Heat Stress, Heat rash
- "prickly heat", red skin rashes appear in areas where clothing is tight and wet from increased sweating
Sound, Frequency: number of sound waves in a given time, measured in hertz (Hz), 1 Hz equals ____ sound wave per second; human ear is best at
- 1 - middle-frequency (20-20,000 Hz)
Crane use -Watch for overhead electrical distribution and transmission lines and maintain a safe working clearance of at least __________from energized electrical lines up to __________ Add __________ clearance for each additional __________above 50 kV.
- 10 ft - 50 kV. - 0.4 inches - 1kV
Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated from fuel-gas cylinders or combustible materials _______or by a non-combustible carrier at least _________high with a fire rating of at least ____________.
- 2- ft - 5 ft - 1/2 hr
Oxygen Cylinders, Storage - store __________ from gas cylinders and other flammable material, if not possible separate with approve fire-resistive partition of at least ____ high, securely strap/chain cylinders to a wall or bench
- 20 ft. - 5 ft high
The human ear can detect a human voice at around _____, pain starts at ______, hearing protection is recommended for sounds __________
- 5 dB, - 135 dB, - 85+ dB
A fire extinguisher shall be provided within _______ of any location where more than __________ of flammable or combustible liquids or ___________of flammable gas are being used at the job site.
- 50 ft. - 5 gals. - 5 pounds
Not more than _______ of flammable or ___________ of combustible liquids shall be stored in anyone storage cabinet.
- 60 gals - 120 gal
Shock
- A reduced flow of blood throughout the body, occurs when important bodily organs do not get enough blood, oxygen and essential nutrients - Can be caused by bleeding, poisoning, insect bites and stings, snakebites, electrical shock, burns, severe injuries, psychological trauma, heart attacks or other medical conditions
Tags
- Accident prevention tags are used to warn employees of temporary situations that are out of the ordinary, unexpected or not readily apparent - Not needed when signs, guarding, or other positive means of protection are in place
Directional Signage, Workplace requirements
- Aisles and passageways - Exits - Non-exits - Fire extinguishers - First aid and PPE
Bleeding: External bleeding: include
- Arterial - Venous - Capillary
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware
- Block and tackle - Lifting beam - Hooks-do not have wear cracks, - Eyebolts-no bent shank (the threaded portion), - Shackles-no wear, - Turnbuckles - Plate clamps - Wire rope connections
Heat Stress: Cooling Mechanisms
- Blood Circulation - Sweating o Phase 1: if the body cannot release enough heat through the skin, the brain senses the extra heat and signals the sweat glands to produce moisture o Phase 2: sweat glands begin to shed moisture through the skin o Phase 3: as sweat evaporates, skin is cooled Sweat and Dehydration • In addition to cooling, sweating causes loss of water, could become dehydrated, most serious effect of dehydration is the inability to sweat and cool off properly • To prevent, drink 8 8-oz. glasses of water each day • In hot conditions, a person can become dehydrated in less than half an hour, drink more often (15-20 min) to prevent
Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid
- Call for help - Protect yourself - Stop the bleeding - Elevate wound - Prevent shock - Prevent infection
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)
- Canada's version of Employee Right to Know, major components of this system are proper labeling of WHMIS controlled products, the provisions of MSDSs, and worker education and development programs specific to the employee's worksite
Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system:
- Carcinogen - Corrosive - Highly toxic - Irritant - Sensitizer - Toxic
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Types of Slings
- Chain - Fiber - Wire Rope - Metal Mesh
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 3: Flammable and Combustible Liquids
- flammable defined as any liquid having a flashpoint below 100 degrees F
Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: including:
- Heat adjustment programs - Buddy system - Medical screening and surveillance - Available liquids - Rest and water breaks
Effects of Heat Stress: in order of most common issues:
- Heat rash - Heat cramps - Heat exhaustion - Heat stroke
Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include:
- Heat sources: - Humidity: - Age: - Weight: - Medical conditions: - Drugs:
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Types
- Hook - Shackle - Lifting beam - Eyebolts - Turnbuckle - Plate clamps
Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures - have a written plan, which should include:
- Identification of Responsible Parties - Identification of Hazardous Materials - MSDS - Employee Training
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Labels- - HCS requires labeling of each hazardous materials container, must include
- Identify: name of hazardous substance - Responsible party information: name and address of manufacturer, importer or other responsible party - Hazard warnings: including target organ effects of the hazardous substance
Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: The way a chemical enters the body
- Ingestion - Inhalation - Injection - Absorption
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware,
-the part of a rigging mechanism used to attach a sling securely to a hoist, reduces the stress on slings, enabling a safer lifting of loads
Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Accessing Scaffolds
-use a ladder for platforms that are 2 feet above or below access points, position the bottom step/rung no more than 24 inches above or below the scaffold supporting level, use rest platforms (areas that can be used for resting while climbing), required every 12 feet for stairway-type ladders, every 35 feet for supported scaffolds more than 35 feet high, never use a cross brace as a means of access
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Chain
-verify chains have legible sling identification and are free from excessive wear, nicks, gouges, and are not bent, twisted, stretched, deformed or altered in any way, make sure there is no evidence of heat damage, weld splatter, excessive pitting or corrosion, and note if it cannot hinge freely
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Metal Mesh
-verify legible sling identification and are free from broken weld or a broken brazed joint along sling edge, broken wire in mesh, reduction in wire diameter of 25% due to abrasion or 15% due to corrosion, lack of flexibility due to distortion of mesh, distortion of choker fitting so the depth of slot is increased by more than 10%, distortion of either end fitting so the width of the eye opening is decreased by more than 10%,
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Fiber
-verify legible sling identification and are free from discoloration, brittle fibers, and hard or stiff areas that may indicate chemical, UV, or heat damage, uniform fiber breakage along the major part of the length of the rope such as the entire rope appears covered with fuzz or whiskers, holes, tears, cuts, gouges, kinks, snags, or worn stitching, excessive dirt and grit or foreign matter, knots that can't be untied without damage, poor condition of thimbles or other components, corrosion, cracks, distortion, sharp edges, or localized wear, melted, hard, or charred areas that affect more than 10% of the diameter, other visible damage
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Wire Rope
-verify legible sling identification and are free from wear or scraping of one third of original diameter of the outside individual wire, broken, kinked, crushed, or distorted strands, severe localized abrasion, scraping or corrosion, evidence of heat damage, distortion, corrosion, or damage to fastenings, other conditions including visible damage, depending on the type of wiring, you must examine and remove from use if a certain number of wires are broken
Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Fall Protection, Falling Objects
-wear hardhats, scaffold should include toeboards, screens, guardrail systems, nets, canopies, catch platforms, or some type of barricade to prevent falling objects
Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE, Eye Protection
-wear protective glasses or goggles when risk of splashing, employers responsibility to provide and make sure it fits and is worn
General Industry Definition -A Confined space is:
1 Large enough for an employee to enter 2 Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit 3 ls not designed for continuous occupancy
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Glove removal:
1. Peel off one glove with the other gloved hand and hold it in the gloved hand, 2. With the exposed hand, peel the second glove from inside the wrist and wrap the first glove inside the second, 3. Dispose of the gloves in an approved container (never wear more than once), 4. Do not touch anything until you have washed hands
HBV Vaccine: A licensed professional must give the vaccine to workers within ______________________, if there is a risk of exposure
10 days of initial assignment
Travel distance in the protected area to nearest fire extinguisher shall not exceed __________.
100 ft
On bench and pedestal mounted grinding machines, work rests shall be used and shall be adjusted for a maximum opening of __________.
118°
Scaffold, Construction: Assembly requirements - Size and spacing, Front Edge of platform cannot be more than
14 in from the face of the work, unless guardrail systems or personal fall arrest systems are used, 2 exceptions: max distance from face for outrigger scaffolds is 3 inches, max distance from face for plastering and lathing operations is 18 inches
A ladder or stair shall be provided when there is a break in elevation of ______________________.
19 inches or more
Keep spoils at least _______back from the edge of a trench
2 ft
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Shackle used between
2 rigging components, such as a hook and a sling, minimizes the stress placed on slings when load is lifted, is a horseshoe-shaped device with a bolt (shackle pin) going through the open end, if load turns while lifting, shackle swivels the load and the sling does not become twisted, when shackles are used, load must be seated in the lowest inside point
Portable tanks for flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored at least ________________ from any building.
20 ft. away
When using a portable ladder to access a platform the side rails shall extend at least __________above the landing surface.
3 ft
HBV Vaccine: Given in a ____________ series
3 part
A fire extinguisher shall be provided for every _________of protected building area.
3,000 sq.ft
Compressed air shall not be used for cleaning except when reduced to less than ________.
30 spi
Load Capacity, Scaffold
4 times the maximum intended load plus the weight of the scaffolding
Always use a protective system for trenches
5 feet deep or greater.
Hearing Conservation Program, A plan implemented when workplace noise equals or exceeds _________________time weighted average
85 dB for an 8 hour time weighted average
Effects of noise on hearing, Permanent loss can occur after exposure to sounds of __________, even though they won't feel pain
85 db
live electrical parts shall be guarded against accidental contact -room, partition, platform, elevation ______
>8'
Asbestos Awareness:
A mineral with microscopic fibers that are extremely strong, flexible, and resistant to chemicals and heat
Classes of Fires,
A, B, C, and D Classified according to the fuel source
Asbestos, Work Practices
Administrative measures developed to regulate the clean-up and disposal of asbestos
HBV Vaccine: Who should receive the vaccine?
All workers who are likely to be exposed to infectious materials
Construction Definition -A confined space is:
Any space having a limited means of egress, which Is subject to the accumulation of toxic or flammable contaminants or has an oxygen deficient atmosphere.
Personal fall arrest systems
Assembled and tested equipment used to safely arrest the fall of a worker
Hazardous Materials; Labeling
Chemical manufacturers, importers or distributors must ensure proper labeling, including substance identity, hazard warnings, and responsible party info, additional info may include: o PPE Recommendations o Exposure Management Recommendations
Common types of Asbestos
Chrysotile: Amosite: Crocidolite:
Fall Control,
Controlled through fall arrest systems, equipment used to safely stop or arrest a worker that experiences a fall
Directional Signage, Reducing Risk
Directional signs serve to reduce risk of injury or illness
Directional Signage,
Directional signs that indicate aisles, passageways, exits, non-exits and the location of safety equipment are required in work areas
Encapsulated Asbestos
Does not have to be removed, if intact, can be sealed in place, but must be labeled and periodically inspected for deterioration. Any maintenance, repair or removal of materials that contain asbestos can release hazardous airborne fibers
Hearing Protection
Earplugs Canal Caps Earmuffs
Asbestos, Controls
Elimination Engineering Controls
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Responsibilities: employer is responsible for providing, employee responsible for wearing (unless he believes it would prevent proper delivery of care or jeopardize safety-must tell er)
Employer provides details on proper use, handling, and disposal of PPEs
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: What is rigging?
Equipment that attaches a load to the hoist
3 main hazards
Falls Electrocution from contacting energized power lines Hit by falling objects
Heat Monitoring Program
First step is to assess the environment, locate heat sources and work areas known for high heat, after the assessment, implement Work Practice Controls,
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls:
Gloves, Covers and shields, and Mouthpieces
Fall Protection, Guardrail system (2)
Guardrails with toeboards, screens, and canopies protect lower level workers from falling objects Proper storage of materials, equipment and tools also protects workers from falling objects
HBV Vaccine: HCV and HIV do not have a vaccine, only
HBV
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Hazard Communication Standard
HCS 29 CFR 1910:1200
Bloodborne Pathogens (BP): Common ones include
Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV
Slope Type C soil
I 1/2 to I (34° angle)
In multistory buildings, at least
I fire extinguisher adjacent to stairway
Slope Type B soil
I to I (45° angle)
First Aid
Informed and trained employees are the first link in successfully handling emergencies
Program/Certification Benefit: Reduces
Injury Frequency and Severity Insurance Premiums Regulatory (OSHA) Liabilities
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware: Verify load is stable and perform a pre-move test
Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function
IIE
Institute of Industrial Engineers
Providing the Proper Ladder Support,
Ladder-to-Structure tie-off Ladder-to-ground tie-off Holding the ladder Outrigger Stabilizers
Fall Protection, Fall protection plans-written plans used when workers are doing leading edge, concrete erection or residential construction work where conventional fall protection equipment is either not feasible or would create a greater hazard
May include controlled access zones or safety monitoring systems, and are only implemented by a competent person
First Aid kits
Must be approved by a physician and must include items needed in the specific workplace
Safety Signs
Must meet specific appearance standards and be easy to understand, must be able to understand meaning in any language
NFPA
National Fire Protection Association
NSC
National Safety Council
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Hoists and rigging:
Proof load tests confirm and certify load capacity, make sure certificate is still valid each time you use equipment
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 7:
Radioactive Materials
Once a supervisor reads the operating manuals for new equipment, what should the supervisor do with them?
Review the manual withy the employees who will be using the new equipment
STS Targeted Toward: Group Leaders
Safety Committee Members Departmental Safety Liaisons/Champions
Program/Certification Benefit: Improves
Safety Culture Productivity/Profits Work Quality Accountability
STS Targeted Toward: Leaders
Senior Executives Managers at all levels within the organization
SFPE
Society of Fire Protection Engineers
Hazardous Materials; MSDS, Definition
Standardized or non-standardized forms with detailed info on hazardous chemicals, cornerstone of HCS, created and made available to employer by manufacturer, employer must ensure current and available MSDSs
SSS
System Safety Society
Hazardous Materials; GHS
The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals
Hearing Conservation,
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Effects of Heat Stress: Factors
The individual's physical condition and the surrounding environment influence how an individual will be affected by heat,
What is the primary reason for conducting a safety inspection?
To identify unsafe conditions and practices
When working over or near water where danger of drowning exists employees shall be provided with a
US coast guard approved life jacket
Tag Requirements
When used, must be attached as close as possible to the designated hazard using string, wire or adhesive that prevents employees from losing or removing it, must have two communication ingredients:
Reduce Exposure, Work practice controls:
Work practice controls-modify schedule or location, or modify operating schedule of machinery
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Metal Mesh, (2)
a 15% reduction of the original cross-sectional area of any point around the hook opening of the end fitting, cracked end fittings or visible distortion of end fittings, locked spirals preventing movement, fittings that are pitted, corroded, cracked, bent, twisted, gouged, or broken, other conditions including visible damage
Scaffold, Work Procedures: Do not, Work on scaffolds during severe weather unless
a competent person has determined it is safe and you are protected by personal fall arrest systems or wind screens
Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Physical data refers to
a hazardous chemical's appearance and odor
Exposure Control Plan,
a set of guidelines established by a company to control exposure
Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Elevate wound
above the heart
Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Drugs:
alcohol and some drugs dehydrate the system
Remove wire rope chokers from service when ___________ ___________________over one lay or when _________________ in any one strand of one lay.
- 10 broken wires randomly distributed over - 5 broken wires
Remove running ropes on hoists/ cranes when___________ ___________ in one lay or ___ in any one strand of one lay
- 6 or more broken wires - 3
Quality & Recognition, National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA)
- Accrediting body of the National Organization for Competency Assurance (NOCA) - NCCA accredits certification programs/organizations that assess professional competency
What is STS?
- Certification process - Not safety practitioners - Safety responsibility - Establishes minimum general safety competency - Process for a culture change
STS Qualifications
- Education: 30 hours of safety-related training - Experience: Two years industry experience plus one year as supervisor OR Four years industry experience if not a supervisor - Competence: Demonstrated through examination
VALUE of Certification
- Exemplifies enhanced professional credibility because of standards of practice required to obtain and maintain certification. - Demonstrates that certificate holders have been reviewed and tested by an impartial commission and deemed to have met nationally accepted criteria. - Provides an examination basis to assess employee competency. - Recognizes the highest level of professionalism in certified safety, health, and environmental executives.
VALUE of Certification
- Identifies individual as a source of expertise by lengthy examination. - Associates organization name with globally recognized certification. - Enhances reputation of organization by having certified individuals in safety, health, and environmental positions. - Improves relations of organization within safety, health, and environmental community. - The mark of a PROFESSIONAL.
Supported scaffolds with a height to base width ratio of more than _________________shall be restrained from tipping by _________________________________.
- four to one (4:1) - guying, tying, or bracing.
Personal fall arrest systems shall limit the arresting force to _________ when used with a body harness.
1,800 Ibs.
Extension or job ladders must be used at an angle equal to
1/4 the working length of the ladder
Scaffolds must be at least _________ from electric power lines at all times.
10 ft
ladder rungs to be spaced not less than
10" or more than 14" apart
The minimum operating distance from power lines allowed is
10' (up to 50kV)
No splices or nicks allowed in welding cables for
10' from the stinger
Guardrails or full protection required when scaffolds are
10' in height
Material not to be stored within
10' of buildings.
A fire extinguisher required within
100' of travel
Repairs to electrical cords not allowed unless
12 gauge or lager
Ladderjack, roof bracket & pump jack scaffold platforms must be at least
12" inches wide
Scaffold planks must not extend more than
12" over end supports for platforms 10' or less in length
Where scaffold platforms are overlapped to create a long platform, the overlap must not be less than
12" unless nailed/ secured
Electrical cords in construction must be
14 gauge or larger (hard or extra-hard duty)
The front edge of the scaffold platforms must not be more than
14" from the surface of the work. except
Maximum acetylene gauge pressure
15 psi
Other than connectors, ironworkers must use fall protection at ______
15'
Guardrail system: The midrail must support
150 lbs. and be installed midway between top rail & working surface
Plastering and lathing scaffold platforms maximum distance from the lace is
18"
Scaffold planks must not extend more than
18" over end supports for platforms more than 10' in length
Scaffold platforms must be at least
18" wide
An oxygen deficient atrnosphere is less than ________
19.5%
Erection of horizontal steel beams requires
2 bolts per connection
At least I temporary toilet required per
20 employees
Separate gas cylinders in storage by
20' or5' high 1/2 fire wall
Guardrail system: The top rail on a system must support
200 lbs. and be 42" + or - 3" high
An oxygen enriched environment is more than __________
23.5%
A double cleated or 2 ladders needed when only means of access for
25 or more employees to an elevated area
No more than __ to ladder/egress in trenches/excavations
25' of travel
After securing scaffold at 4X the smallest base dimension, additional ties are required at
26' vertically and 30' horizontally (for frames wider than 3')
Remove standing ropes on hoists/ cranes when __________ ____________________ in one lay
3 or more broken wires
Maximum distance from the lace for outrigger scaffolds is
3"
Minimum working clearance around electrical equipment allowed is
3' deep X 30" wide
Slope Type A soil
3/4 to I (53° angle)
Connector fall protection required at over _____
30'
No more than ____________________ of unsecured decking
3000 square feet
A fire extinguisher required for every
3000 square feet of building
When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing, the side rail's must extend at least
36" above the landing or grabrail provided
Top edge of guardrails must not deflect to a height less than
39"
Column steel erection requires
4 bolts per connection
A ladder or other means of egress required from trenches/ excavations at
4' in depth
Top rail height shall be
42' +/-3' Midrail height shall be at least 21' high
No more than 4 floors of unfinished bolting or ____________whichever is less
48'
Scaffolds must be capable of supporting their own weight and at least
4X the maximum intended load
Excavations not in stable rock sloped or shored if
5' or deeper
Lanyards and vertical life lines shall have a minimum breaking strength of
5,000 Ibs.
Anchorages for fall protection shall be capable of supporting at least
5,000 Ibs. per an employee attached.
lifelines shall be secured above the point of operation to an anchorage capable of supporting a minimum of _______________________-
5,000 Ibs. per an employee attached.
Fall anchorages must support
5000 lbs. per person
Guardrail system: The toe board must support
50lbs. and be at least 3 1/ 2" (nominal) in height
Scaffold planks unless secured must extend at least
6" over end supports
Wire rope guardrails must be flagged not more than every
6'
Fall Protection is required for work more than
6' above a lower level.
Place warning lines for roofing controlled access zones not less than
6' back from edge
Controlled decking zone must be
6' from leading edge (90' maximum width and depth)
Materials not to be stored inside a building within
6' of hoist way nor within 10' of an exterion wall which does not extend above the top of the material
In general, fall protection required
6' or more
Scaffold suspension ropes must be capable of supporting at least
6X the intended load
Wood guardrails require an upright support no more than
8' apart
Bracing required for masonry walls
8' in height unless adequately supported
STS: Observed Benefits - URS
85% reduction in recordable injuries & illnesses 85% reduction in worker's compensation costs Increased competence in supervisory safety decisions Improved quality of safety inspections & audits Demonstrated commitment to employee professional development Enhanced technical confidence level Improved productivity and profitability on projects Continued professional development Demonstrated commitment to Zero Injuries vision
What best describes the job safety analysis (JSA)?
A JSA is a method where employees participate in the identification of hazards and unsafe work practices and implement measures to reduce the associated risk.
AIHA
American Industrial Hygiene Association
ASSE
American Society of Safety Engineers
STS Targeted Toward: Supervisors
Crew Chiefs Foremen Future Supervisory Candidates
Career Paths in Safety
Education Experience Certification
A masonry crew uses a mortar mixer that is powered by a gasoline engine. A V-belt drive runs between the motor sheaves attached to the gear mechanism for the drum. What hazard requiring guarding does the belt drive exhibit?
Pinch point or nip point
STS - Safety Trained Supervisor STS C
Safety certification for new safety professionals Four years experience in industry, if not a supervisor Or two years experience, one as a supervisor 30 hours of safety related training Two hour, 100 item examination
When one or more employees enter a permit-required confined space, what must be shown on the permit?
The measured level of oxygen and airborne flammable and toxic materials present in the confined space
What is Certification?
Third-Party Validation of: Education and Training, Experience, and Demonstrated competence with a body of knowledge by examination
A work environment where safe work practices and habits are part of the culture starts with a commitment by the organization's:
Top management
Guardrails -Fall Prevention system
Toprail 200 Ibs. force Midrail150 Ibs. force. Toe board 3.5 in.
Scaffold must be sound, rigid and sufficient to carry its own weight plus ___________________________________without settling or displacement. It must be erected on solid footing.
four times the maximum intended load
A change in elevation 19" or more requires a
ladder or stairs, for access
Stairs with 4 or more risers must have at least ___________ ________________________at each unprotected edge
one handrail and stair rail system at
Excavations over 20' in depth require a
professionally engineered design
When scaffold height reaches or exceeds 4X the smallest base dimension it must be
secured to the structure or outriggers used
limit employee access next to masonry walls
the height of the walls +4'
Scaffold, Work Procedures: - ensure a competent person
observes and monitors, use nonconductive tools or materials,
Asbestos, Hygiene Facilities
- Change rooms-employees must decontaminate contaminated clothing in specified change rooms away from clean work clothing and disposed of in designated containers, any person handling must be warned - Shower facilities-workers who work in areas that exceeded EL or TWA are required to shower at the end of each shift, they should not leave the workplace wearing any contaminated clothing - Lunchroom-no contaminated clothing should enter lunchroom, employees should wash hands prior to eating, drinking or smoking
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function
- Check for safe environment - Check your slings - Check your connective hardware - Perform a pre-move test
Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include:
- Chemical containers - Storage closets - Radiation and biohazard areas - Regulated areas - Hazard Communication
Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Heat Index
- Combination of relative humidity and temperature can cause the air to feel hotter or cooler than the temp on the thermometer - National Weather Service provides a Heat Index Table to help predict heat stress danger points
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Chemical Inventory, provides employees with:
- Complete list of hazardous materials on site - How much of each is stored - Type of container substance is store in
Safety Signs, Types
- Danger - Biological Hazard - Caution - Slow-moving Vehicle - Safety Instructions
Safety Signs, Locations: Other dangerous situations
- Danger signs - warn of fire, electrical, mechanical, chemical or other hazards
Tag Types:
- Danger tags - Caution tags - Warning tags - Biological tags
Personal fall arrest systems, Assembled and tested equipment used to safely arrest the fall of a worker: (2)
- Deceleration device-limits the force of impact during a fall arrest, includes a rope grab, rip-stitch, shock absorbing lanyard, or automatic self-retracting lifeline/lanyard - Lanyard-flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap that connects the body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline or anchor
Safety Signs and Color Codes: Requirements
- Directional Signage - Hazardous Substance Marking
Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Exits - marked with visible signs, each exit sign has:
- Distinctive color that contrasts with building (usually red with the word EXIT in white, or vice versa) - Easy to read letters, not less than 6 inches high and ¾ inch wide - Arrow indicating direction of travel when nearest exit is not apparent - Reliable, independent light source that remains in power outages
Best Practices:
- Documented policies and procedures - Proper Training must be given prior to a job task that includes hazardous materials and when a new material is added to the workplace - Proper Labeling on all containers with hazardous materials in an easily viewed location, in legible condition, proper personnel must be notified if proper labeling is not displayed - MSDS on each hazardous substance, up to date and available to all employees, kept in an easily accessible location that can be accessed in a timely manner, train employees on when to use, where to access and how to read MSDS
Safe work practices
- Elimination - Substitution - Engineering Controls - Work Practice Controls - PPE
Safety Signs, Locations: Safety equipment that can shut down other pieces of equipment in emergency situations
- Emergency stop bars and buttons
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure
- Evaluate conditions, - Select method and equipment, - Inspect equipment, - Proof load tests confirm and certify load capacity,
Hazardous Materials; Hazardous Chemical Exposure
- Exposure and effect can be acute or chronic, must be mindful of long-term effects
Falls, 4 main elements affect potential for injury
- Fall distance - Shock absorption capacity of surface below - Impact position & dangerous objects - Worker weight, the heavier the falling object, the greater the impact
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems include
- Fans - Shielding - Efficient Machinery
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Slings
- Fiber - Chain - Wire rope / metal mesh
Safety Signs, Color Red: Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard,
- Fire extinguishers - Fire signs - Fire safety cans
Safety Signs, Locations: • The color red indicates three different things:
- Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard - Safety equipment that can shut down other pieces of equipment in emergency situations - Other dangerous situations
Types of Ladders
- Fixed • Portable • Step • Single • Extension • Sectional • Trestle • Extension Trestle • Rail
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Labels
- HCS requires labeling of each hazardous materials container, but avoids endorsing a specific labeling system, purpose is to serve as immediate warning about the chemical hazard,
Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard
- Hazard classification - Labels - Safety Data Sheets - Information and Training
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Precautions to take
- Keep all body parts away from the area between sling and load and sling and hook - Never stand in line with or next to the legs of a sling under tension - Never stand or walk under a suspended load - Never allow employees to ride a sling - Never use synthetic rope slings as bridles on suspended personnel platforms
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Written Program - site specific, describes how HCS will be implemented in facility, considers the following elements:
- Labels and other forms of warning - MSDS - Employee training - Trade secrets - Additional topics to be reviewed
When the total length of a climb on a fixed ladder exceeds 24' one of the following is required: ____________,_________, or__________________.
- Ladder safety device, Retractable lanyard, or ladder cage.
Safety Signs, Design Features:
- Material - must be made of an opaque, glossy material - Corners - must have rounded or blunt corners without sharp edges - Fastening Devices - cannot produce a hazard - Easy-to-Read Lettering - Accurate, Positive Wording - make positive suggestion or direction, short, to-the-point statements that effectively direct an individual to perform a particular action, must be accurate in fact
Material Handling Equipment,
- Mobile cranes - Overhead cranes - Block and tackle
Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include:
- National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) - a series of numbered color coded sections, combined together to form a diamond, can be found on containers, transportation vehicles and storage tanks - American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - contains specific info about a chemical, may contain chemical name, signal work (i.e. CAUTION), hazard identification (health and physical), precautionary statement like "DO NOT INGEST", recommended first aid and/or fire responses procedures - Hazardous Material Identification System (HMIS) - created by the National Paint and Coatings Assoc., similar in appearance to NFPA, uses color coded shapes and numbers to identify type and severity of hazards, includes space at top of label for name and info on PPE requirements and handling recommendations - Company Specific-can make own, but must contain OSHA requirements, be clearly visible and legible, must train employees on how to identify and understand labeling system
Hazard Communication (HazCom): International Standards
- OSHA - Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) - The Globally Harmonized System for Hazard Communication (GHS)
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Employee "Right to Know"
- OSHA believes that every employee that is required to work with hazardous materials has a right to know about them, places the responsibility on the employer
Best Practices: Proper Training must be given prior to a job task that includes hazardous materials and when a new material is added to the workplace, commonly includes:
- OSHA guidelines on hazardous substances - Company specific Hazard Communications program - The company's hazardous materials identification system - MSDS - How to minimize exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace - PPE - The company's emergency procedures in the event of incident or exposure
Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling
- Old standard allowed manufacturers/importers to put info on labels in whatever format they prefer, this standardizes it, requires classifying chemicals according to their health and physical hazards and specifies hazard communication elements for labeling and safety data sheets
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 2: Gases-
- Oxygen - Non-flammable gas - Flammable gas - Gases that create an inhalation hazard
Heat Stress: Cooling Mechanisms, Sweating
- Phase 1: if the body cannot release enough heat through the skin, the brain senses the extra heat and signals the sweat glands to produce moisture - Phase 2: sweat glands begin to shed moisture through the skin - Phase 3: as sweat evaporates, skin is cooled
Heat Stress: Cooling Mechanisms, Blood Circulation
- Phase 1: when heat causes temps of the blood to exceed normal ranges, the brain and central nervous system send warning messages to the heart - Phase 2: the heart pumps blood faster - Phase 3: blood vessels expand to handle to increase volume causing the blood to flow closer to the skin's surface, skin appears flushed - Phase 4: blood releases excess heat through the skin
Effects of Heat Stress: Increased Risk for Accidents, Additional issues include:
- Poor hand control due to slippery, sweaty palms - Dizziness due to physical fatigue and dehydration - Poor visibility due to the fogging of safety glasses - Burns due to accidental contact with hot surfaces or steam
Personal fall arrest systems, Assembled and tested equipment used to safely arrest the fall of a worker:
- Positioning device-holds a worker in place on a walk with both hands free and do not allow a free fall of more than feet, secured to an anchor point capable of supporting at least 3,000 lbs - Anchorage-a secure point for the attachment of lanyards or lifelines - Lifeline-flexible line used to connect an anchorage with other fall arrest devices - Connectors or buckles-used to connect system parts
Safety Signs, Locations: Yellow indicates where employees should take extra precautions
- Potential hazards or to caution against unsafe practices, Ex. include chemical storage and authorized personnel only signs - Slip, trip or fall hazards - ex. include wet floor signs
Minimization of Risks: Prevention
- Prevention - Mitigation - Recovery - Preparedness - Response - Communicate
Hazard Communication (HazCom): MSDS, there are 16 possible categories of information, 8 of which are mandatory:
- Product identity by chemical or common name - Hazardous ingredients - Physical and chemical characteristics - Physical hazards, such as fire and explosion - Health hazards, including routes of exposure and symptoms - Precautions for safe handling and use - Control measures, such as ventilation and PPE - Information on how the hazardous substance reacts with other chemicals or substances
Safety Signs, Color Codes
- Red and yellow are used to mark physical hazards
Safety Signs and Color Codes, Types
- Safety Signs - Color Codes - Tags
Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Age:
older people and infants are more susceptible
Hazardous Materials; Purpose
- Section 1-chemical product name and company identification, including contact and emergency contact numbers of the manufacturer, date MSDS last revised - Section 2-hazardous ingredients, including concentration, CAS#= (reference number assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service, use this number to search their database) and Worker Exposure Limit (TLV-C or Threshold limit value - Ceiling) is the max amount a person can be safely exposed to
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches,
- Single vertical hitch - Bridle hitch - Single basket hitch - Double wrap basket hitch - Single choker hitch - Double chocker hitch - Adjusting hitch - Double slings spaced by a spreader bar
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function; Perform a pre-move test
- Slowly raise the hoist block to ease the slack out of slings and then check the load hook to make sure that the slings are fully seated in the saddle - Make sure the hoist is centered over the load's center of gravity - Slowly lift the load just a few inches to minimize swinging - Check to make sure load is balanced, that the hitch is holding the load, and that connective hardware and rigging maintain their integrity with the weight of load
Scene Assessment
- Survey the scene: - Assess injured person's situation - Call for help: - Report critical information: - Follow your company's emergency management plan
Hazard Communication (HazCom)
- Term to describe the labeling and information systems used around the world for working with hazardous materials - OSHA has provided guidelines and regulations called Hazard Communication Standard (HCS 29 CFR 1910:1200) - Employee "Right to Know" - International Standards
Hoists
- The components of cranes and other equipment used to lift or lower heavy loads
Hazardous Substances: Signs for hazardous substances must be marked with:
- The specific hazards of substances - Procedures for regulated areas - The structure of the HazCom labeling system
Hazard Communication (HazCom): OSHA has provided guidelines and regulations
- To ensure that the hazards of all chemicals produced by a company are evaluated - This info is provided to employer and employees - HCS provides info on hazardous chemicals in all of its physical forms - liquids, solids, gases, vapors, fumes and mists - Provides a glossary of terms to ensure that employees understand all aspects of the standard
Hazardous Materials; Adverse Health Effects
- To produce, exposure must exceed the min levels of toxicity, seek help immediately
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitch,
- Various rigging configurations designed to connect a load to a hoist - Type chosen depends on size, weight and shape of load, must maintain balanced center of gravity (the point at which the entire weight of a suspended load is concentrated and will balance)
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Double wrap basket hitch
- a pair of basket hitches wrapped completely around the load and attached to the hook, used for handling loose material, pipes, rods, or smooth cylindrical loads, to equalize load on each leg, ensure that sling legs are adjusted while taking up slack
Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include: National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)
- a series of numbered color coded sections, combined together to form a diamond, can be found on containers, transportation vehicles and storage tanks
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Single choker hitch
- a single sling is wrapped around a load, with the end of the sling or its hardware hooked back onto itself, causing the hitch to tighten against the load, shackle should be used between hook and sling, used for pipes, rods, or smooth cylindrical loads when they can be balanced safely, not for loose bundles from which material can fall or loads difficult to balance, do not force the eye at the end of the rope down towards the load once lifting, can cause extra stress on sling and break
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Single vertical hitch
- a single vertical "leg" of the sling supports the load, used whenever the load's center of gravity is in the middle of the object and there is very little potential shifting during movement, use only on items equipped with lifting eyebolts or shackles
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Chemical Inventory
- accurate inventory of every hazardous substance the employee may be exposed to,
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Turnbuckle used to
- adjust the length of individual slings to help balance a load without having to remove the entire sling, an adjustable threaded device, attached to slings by a combination of eyebolts or shackles at each end, generally not permanent fixtures on slings but are attached for long or awkward loads
Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Non-exits
- all doors, passageways, or stairways that are not exits must be clearly marked or a sign must indicate where they lead
Hazardous Materials; OSHA definition, Health hazard
- any chemical for which at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles shows that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees
Hazardous Materials ; OSHA definition, Physical hazard
- any chemical for which there is evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, an explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, oxidizer, pyrophoric or unstable/reactive or water-reactive
Hazardous Materials: OSHA definition
- any substance determined to be either a health hazard or a physical hazard
Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Hazard Communication
- areas that contain hazard substances must have signs posted providing key for HazCom labeling system (employees must receive training on labeling)
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Rigging hardware
- based on hoist used, hitch selected and sling chosen for conditions
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Fiber Slings, Disadvantages
- cannot be used with heavy loads, are less durable when exposed to extreme temps, moisture, extreme ultraviolet light, rust, and certain chemicals, can be easily cut and have less abrasion resistance than other types
Tag Requirements, Signal word
- captures attention immediately (i.e. Danger, Caution, Hazard...), all employees must be able to understand word and must be readable from 5 feet away
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 8: Corrosive Materials
- cause a breakdown of all layers of skin when exposed for sufficient amount of time
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 6: Poisonous (toxic) Materials
- cause adverse health effects, sometimes death, when ingested, inhaled or absorbed at amounts above minimum toxicity level
Heart Attack; First Aid, Myocardial Infarction
- conduct CPR if trained, or find someone who is trained
Burns: Types, Causes and First Aid, Chemical
- contact with chemicals incompatible with human body like acids or alkalines, typically first degree burn symptoms, flush chemicals from the skin with water for 20-30 min and remove any clothing and jewelry with chemicals on them, cover burns with dry, loose bandage, assume victim is in shock and seek medical attention
Burns: Types, Causes and First Aid, Heat
- contact with high temps, degree depends on temp of surface and length of contact, common on hands and arms, for first and second-degree with no open blisters, flush with lots of cool running water and apply a loose bandage, then seek medical attention, for second or third-degree burns with open blisters do not use water (increases risk of shock), apply loose bandage and seek medical attention
Burns: Types, Causes and First Aid, Electrical
- contact with uncontrolled, high-voltage, electrical energy sources, typically third degree symptoms, common on arms and hands, follow company's emergency procedures, call for help immediately, keep bystanders away, do not touch victim or electrical source, notify power company of any downed lines, if indoors, responsible party should turn off power source, only when area has been rendered safe can you approach the victims, then look for symptoms of heart attack and burns, cover all burns with dry, loose bandages, treat for shock
Tag Types: Biological tags
- contain a pictograph, used to identify actual or potential presence of bio hazard, or equipment, containers, room, animals or combo of these things that contain hazardous bio agents
Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
- contains specific info about a chemical, may contain chemical name, signal work (i.e. CAUTION), hazard identification (health and physical), precautionary statement like "DO NOT INGEST", recommended first aid and/or fire responses procedures
Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Rest and water breaks
- create a suitable work/rest schedule
Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include: Hazardous Material Identification System (HMIS)
- created by the National Paint and Coatings Assoc., similar in appearance to NFPA, uses color coded shapes and numbers to identify type and severity of hazards, includes space at top of label for name and info on PPE requirements and handling recommendations
Hazard Communication (HazCom): OSHA
- created in 1971, goal is to develop safety standards and educate employees in safe work practices
Burns: Types, Second-degree burns
- deeper than first-degree, red or blotchy and have blisters, may look wet from loss of fluid through damaged layers of skin
Burns: Types, Third-degree burns
- deepest burns, may look white or charred or like second-degree burns, extend through all layers of skin and sometimes to structures below
Safety Signs, Color Red: Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard, Fire safety cans
- designed to hold flammable liquids that have a flashpoint below 80 degrees, are red with yellow markings
Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -have a written plan, includes: Identification of Hazardous Materials
- discuss the company's policies on proper identification of hazardous materials, include a complete list of all hazardous substances and discuss the labeling system being used
Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: First aid and PPE
- easy access to areas with clear markings
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Select method and equipment, Slings
- employer's rigging plan should include pre-selected slings based on load and environmental conditions
Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE
- employers responsibility to provide and train on use
Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Regulated areas
- entrances and exits of regulated areas must have signs to inform employees of procedures that must be followed for area
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure, Evaluate conditions; hoist
- evaluate hoist load capacity, can locate this on the hoist, within the attached documentation, or on a load capacity chart
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure, Evaluate Conditions: Load
- examine load to determine center of gravity, hoist hook or point of suspension must be directly above this point, if a load shifts, stop lifting, consult your supervisor and adjust as needed, notice whether the load has loose pieces or is a solid mass, determine weight of load, combined with the weight of rigging must not exceed load capacity of hoist
Effects of Heat Stress: Heat exhaustion
- excess loss of fluids and electrolytes, may be pale, clammy skin, headaches, general weakness, irritable and confused, may vomit or faint
Types of Ladders, Rail
- fixed, fastened, in full length or in sections, to a structure
Safety Signs, Types: Biological Hazard
- fluorescent orange or orange-red, with letters in a contrasting color (e.g., black), used to indicate actual or potential presence of bio hazards, may also identify equipment, containers or other areas that contain infectious agents and pose a risk
Safety Signs, Types: Slow-moving Vehicle
- fluorescent yellow-orange triangle with a dark red reflective border, designed for optimal visibility in day and night, intended for vehicles that move at 25 mph or less on public roads
Stairways having ______________ risers or rising more than _________________must have at least one handrail.
- four or more - 30 inches
Minimization of Risks: Communicate
- good communication and info management is key
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Chain Slings, Advantages
- good for operating under high temps or rugged conditions, flexible, long lasting, easy to inspect, collapsible for convenient storage and will adherer securely to contours of a load, typically found in steel mills, foundries, heavy machining operations requiring repetitive lifting
Safe work practices, Engineering Controls
- have a system in place to minimize exposure risk, enclose the work area and/or have a vent system in place for materials that produce vapors or fumes
Minimization of Risks: Preparedness
- have a written emergency response plan and know your role, hold regularly scheduled emergency drills, take them seriously and participate every time
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 9: Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials
- hazards, but doesn't meet any other class
Safety Signs and Color Codes: Types, Color Codes
- help identify hazards and certain conditions
Safety Signs and Color Codes: Types, Safety Signs
- help prevent accidents by communicating hazards, have a color-coding system for particular hazard categories and must meet several requirements
Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Stop the bleeding
- hold sterile gauze with firm pressure over wound for slight bleeding, for more severe bleeding, locate vein or artery above the bleeding area and press it against the bone behind it, when pressure is properly applied bleeding should stop, do not remove an object if punctured, cover open chest wounds, keep victim still
Providing the Proper Ladder Support, Holding the ladder
- holding or bracing is practical when job requires a short amount of time or when tying off, person should have adequate footing and use both hands, must be focused and cannot let go until climber is back on ground
Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Medical screening and surveillance
- if a program is set up, trained first aid responders must be available, employer must develop specific procedures for rapid cool down and getting immediate medical attention for emergencies
Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Call for help
- immediately for arterial bleeding, venous and capillary can be managed on scene, but call for help if needed
Hazard Communication (HazCom): The Globally Harmonized System for Hazard Communication (GHS)
- in 2003, UN adopted GHS, includes criteria for classification of health, physical, and environmental hazards and specifies what info should be on labels of hazardous chemicals and MSDSs
Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Storage closets
- indicate the contents and potential danger
Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Chemical containers
- indicate the identification name and number of chemical stored, warning words must be displayed immediately under or adjacent to content ID
Safety Signs and Color Codes: Requirements, Directional Signage
- indicate the locations of exits, passageways and safety equipment, often required by federal safety regulations or municipal building codes
Tag Requirements, Major message
- indicates the specific hazard or instructions to be communicated (i.e. do not use), a picture can be a major message
Hazardous Materials; Labeling, Exposure Management Recommendations
- info such as basic first aid, fire response and clean up procedures in case of exposure or incident
Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -have a written plan, includes: MSDS
- inform employees where to find them, the method in which they are filed (electronic, paper, etc.), and the contact info of the person in charge in the event there is an issue with an MSDS
Scaffold, Work Procedures: insulated lines more than _________, min distance for insulated lines less than_______ is __ feet,
- insulated lines more than 300 volts, min distance for insulated lines less than 300 volts is 3 feet,
Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Prevent shock
- keep victims warm and comfortable and still
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 5: Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides
- known to react with other materials causing a release of oxygen and heat
Always provide a way to exit a trench such as a __________ ________________-¬no more than _____________________for employees in the trench.
- ladder, stairway or ramp - 25 feet of lateral travel
Safe work practices, PPE
- least effective method, last resort, forms a barrier between you and the substance, properly maintain and use PPE, use in conjunction with engineering and work practice controls
Bleeding: External bleeding: Venous
- loss of blood from a vein (blood vessel that carries blood without oxygen back to the heart), has a steady flow, which can be heavy and dark red, easier to control than arterial bleeding
Bleeding: External bleeding: Arterial
- loss of blood from an artery (a blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart throughout the body), blood spurts with each heartbeat, is bright red, usually severe and hard to control, needs immediate attention
Bleeding: External bleeding: Capillary
- loss of blood from capillaries (smallest blood vessels), usually slow flowing, infection risk is greater
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Slings, Fiber
- made of either man-made (synthetic) or natural fibers and come in various widths
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Wire rope/metal mesh Slings
- made of individual wire strands twisted around a core, made of high-carbon steel or other metals, like iron, stainless steel or bronze, metal mesh is wider and flatter and combine alloy steel fittings with high-carbon or stainless steel mesh
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Chain Slings,
- made of individually connected alloy steel links
Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Radiation and biohazard areas
- mark with appropriate symbol
Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Exits
- marked with visible signs
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Bridle hitch
- more than one vertical sling supports the load, can consist of several single hitches used together to form a bridle hitch for hoisting, use for loads that have a center of gravity off to one side or for larger loads that require several leg connections, hoist hook must be directly over the center of gravity of the load when raised, should be equal tension on each sling leg if the weight on each side is equal, if one side is heavier there should be more tension on that side to balance the center of gravity
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
- must have one for each material, should contain the date MSDS prepared, name, address and phone number of manufacturer, should be kept current by the employer and readily available to every employee,
Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Labels
- must include a signal word, pictogram, hazard statement, and precautionary statement for each hazard class and category
Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -have a written plan, includes: Identification of Responsible Parties
- names of key employees responsible for the maintenance, revision and training of the plan
Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: The way a chemical enters the body; Ingestion
- never eat or drink in work area, wash hands before leaving area
Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Fire extinguishers
- obvious and marked, consistent throughout facility typically by using commonly seen overhead signs that can be viewed from a distance, although other means may be used
Effects of Heat Stress: Heat cramps
- occur during or after heavy work that involves sweating, may still have heat cramps after drinking water if electrolytes are low, painful muscle spasms caused by loss of electrolytes
Effects of Heat Stress: Heat stroke
- occurs when cooling mechanisms fail and body rises to critical temps, life-threatening, skin may be red, dry and warm to touch, no longer producing sweat, irritable, confused, not make sense, experience seizures or collapse and lose consciousness
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Single basket hitch
- one end of a sling is attached to a hook, loose end is wrapped around the load and secured on the hook, use for loads that are very stable, such as solid loads with no loose pieces, or those that have the same dimensions on each side, confirm that the center of gravity is stable within the hitch to prevent load from sliding along the rope
Eye Injuries: Embedded object
- only a doctor should remove an embedded object, place an inverted paper cup over the injured eye, cover unharmed eye as well to minimize eye movements and to keep the eyeballs from drying out
Tag Types: Warning tags
- orange, represent hazard level between danger and caution
Providing the Proper Ladder Support, Outrigger Stabilizers
- pair of extendible arms that attach the outside of ladder rails to structure, provide added lateral support for extension ladders, attach according to manufacturer's specs
Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: The way a chemical enters the body; Absorption
- passes through the skin, eyes, or any mucous membrane
Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Aisles and passageways
- permanents are marked to indicate safe passage areas for employees, generally marked with yellow paint or black and yellow tape, usually in diagonal lines
Safety Signs, Locations: Other dangerous situations, - Red lights
- placed on barricades to prevent employees from entering areas with temporary obstructions
Types of Ladders, Single
- portable, not adjustable length, not self-supporting, has one section only
Types of Ladders, Extension
- portable, not self-supporting, adjustable in length, 2+ sections
Types of Ladders, Sectional
- portable, not self-supporting, not adjustable in length, 2+ sections that can be combined to function as a single ladder
Types of Ladders, Extension Trestle
- portable, self-supporting, adjustable, trestle ladder base with a vertically adjustable single ladder that locks the two trestles together with a scaffold
Types of Ladders, Trestle
- portable, self-supporting, not adjustable, 2 sections hinged at top to form equal angles with base
Types of Ladders, Step
- portable, self-supporting, using spreaders that lock in place when open, not adjustable length
Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -have a written plan, includes: Employee Training
- training requirements and the methods in which it will be delivered
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Chain Slings, Disadvantages
- potential deterioration of links, unplanned, sudden shifts in weight of load increase stress on the sling and can deform links, can fail from consistent exposure to extreme temps
Oxygen Cylinders
- pressurized containers used for welding and certain types of respirators, can explode when exposed to heat and fire
Fall Protection, Covers
- protective materials used for holes in floors, roofs, and other surfaces, must be able to support at least twice the weight of the workers, equipment and materials that may be on the cover at any one time, must be secured, color coded and marked with the word "HOLE" or "COVER"
Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Available liquids
- provide plenty of liquids, potable water or sports drinks
Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Hazard classification
- provides specific criteria to address health and physical hazards as well as classification of chemical mixes
Minimization of Risks: Response
- react and manage the short-term, direct effects, follow written emergency plans, personal safety is the most important thing to consider when involved in incident response
Safety Signs, Types: Danger
- red, black and white, indicate immediate danger is nearby, always look the same, making them easily recognizable
Tag Types: • Danger tags
- red, used in major hazard situations when immediate threat of death or serious injury exists
Minimization of Risks: - Mitigation
- reduce or prevent hazardous risks in the workplace, or lessen the effects or consequences of an incident, be compliant with policies and procedures, help employer improve policies and procedures and assist in creating new ones
Minimization of Risks: Preention
- replace a hazardous chemical with a safer alternative, if possible, use PPE and engineering controls if it cannot be removed
Safe work practices, Substitution
- replace hazardous material with a safer alternative
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Training and Safety Awareness
- required, explain to employees the hazards and how to use the info in the HazCom program, educate employees how to determine if a substance is dangerous and how to safely manage it
Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Safety Data Sheets
- requires 16 specific sections, ensuring consistency in presentation of important protection info
Heart Attack; First Aid, Angina Pectoris
- rest, sitting position is best, loosen tight clothing, call medical assistance, provide tablets if previously prescribed, do not give if unconscious
Ergonomics
- science of designing tools and work areas so that they are more efficient and safe, fit the job to the worker, rather than the worker to the job
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Shielding
- shield self from heat by surrounding yourself with absorbent surfaces below 95 degrees, your body will radiate heat toward the surface, cooling you faster, insulate heating pipes, use flat, black surfaces to absorb heat or polished surfaces as a reflective barrier
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Adjusting hitch
- similar to basket hitch, but instead of attaching both ends to the same hook, only one end of the sling is attached to the hook, the other end loops through the sling itself, implementation is easy, used for loads that are heavier on one side, hitch adjusts self to the required length, but will not slip after equalization, easily kinks the sling, so confirm sling in good condition first
Hazard Communication (HazCom): Written Program
- site specific, describes how HCS will be implemented in facility,
Minimization of Risks: Recovery
- site-restoration, operations restoration, and support for affected employees, an attempt to make things the way they were before the accident
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Double slings spaced by a spreader bar
- slings that attach to end of spreader bar and wrap around the load, used for hoisting long pieces of evenly weighted material in a horizontal position, such as structural beams, pipes, allows for adequate spread of the slings on the load for proper balance
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 4: Flammable Solids
- spontaneously combustible, dangerous when wet
Safety Signs, Color Red: Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard, - Fire extinguishers
- standard color is red, others with special extinguishing agents may be another color
Heat Stress: Sweat and Dehydration
- sweating causes loss of water, could become dehydrated, most serious effect of dehydration is the inability to sweat and cool off properly - To prevent, drink 8 8-oz. glasses of water each day - In hot conditions, a person can become dehydrated in less than half an hour, drink more often (15-20 min) to prevent
Safe work practices, Elimination
- take away the source of the risk
Sound, Amplitude
- the loudness or volume of a sound, strength of the vibration (or height of a sound wave), measured in decibels (dB); for every 1 dB increase, there is a ~20-30% increase in perceived loudness
Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: The way a chemical enters the body; Injection
- through a cut or puncture in the skin, needle sticks most common
Providing the Proper Ladder Support, Ladder-to-Structure tie-off
- tie-off ladder with ropes or straps connected to stakes or anchor points, have someone hold ladder or secure at base before climbing, secure the ladder from the top rails to the anchor points on the structure using ropes, straps or hooks to secure, anchor points must be capable of securing the ladder, climber, tools and workload forces
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Double chocker hitch
- two single chokers are attached to load, used when extra stability is needed for loose bundles, pipes and rods, used it to run loads, load automatically equalizes between the 2 supporting legs of the sling
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Select method and equipment, Hitches
- type chosen based on thorough evaluation of the load and environmental conditions
Safety Signs, Color Red: Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard, Fire signs
- typically red with white lettering, Ex. include location of fire extinguishers and signs that indicate fire hazards like No Smoking signs
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Efficient Machinery
- use special machinery/tools that reduce the effort required to operate them so the workers use less energy
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Fiber Slings, Advantages
- used for light loads and irregularly shaped materials
Safety Signs and Color Codes: Requirements, Hazardous Substance Marking
- used to meet stringent marking requirements of specific hazardous substances
Safety Signs and Color Codes: Types, Tags
- used to warn of temporary or unusual situations
Providing the Proper Ladder Support, Ladder-to-ground tie-off
- used when ladder cannot be tied to structure or when working alone, set ladder against building and proper angle, drive stakes into soil 6-10 ft from ladder and 18 inches deep angled away from ladder, increase distance for taller, extended ladder setups, tie stake lines securely to the ladder at about 1/3 height of ladder, ensure lines are drawn tight enough so ladder will not move, add chocks against ladder feet for more stability
Burns: Types, First-degree burns
- usually not deep, least severe, redness or discoloration of skin, mild swelling and pain
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Block and tackle
- verify no excessive wear of parts, excessive wear or damage of rope or chain, blockage, such as rope or chain that cannot move through opening
Fall Protection, Guardrail system
- vertical barriers erected to prevent employees from falling off a surface to a lower level that is 6+ ft below, must have both top and middle rails strong enough to stop an outward or downward force of at least 200 lbs
Eye Injuries: Chemical splashes
- wash eye with lots of running water, flushing from the nose outward for 15-30 min, wrap a bandage loosely around both eyes and reassure victim until help arrives
Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Prevent infection
- wash minor wounds that are not bleeding severely with soap and water prior to applying a clean dressing, do not try to clean severely bleeding wounds
Safety Signs, Types: Safety Instructions
- white and have either black letters or green panels with white letters, used where there is a need for general instructions or suggestions related to safety procedures
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure Evaluate Conditions; Environmental conditions
- wind, strong wind can adversely affect stability, presence of strong wind requires use of strongest and most stable rigging, presence of chemicals, heat, or abrasive material near the rigging affects the types of slings and connectors you need, electrical hazards, do not hoist load near overhead power lines, do not move material near high-voltage energy sources unless you have received proper training, check with supervisor if special procedures are required
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Wire rope/metal mesh Slings, Disadvantages
- wire rope is less resistant than metal mesh slings to sharp edges and heat, both can be damaged when subjected to mechanical damage, corrosive chemicals, moisture, extreme temps or kinking
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Wire rope/metal mesh Slings, Advantages
- wire rope slings are very durable and used widely in construction and other industries where heavy loads and rugged conditions exist, metal mesh slings contour well to loads and are often used to lift objects with hot or sharp edges, like bar stock or plate steel in machine shops and steel warehouses, flat, flexible metal mesh weave resists kinking, tangling, and twisting, the wide load-bearing surface of mesh slings enhances load balancing and helps prevent slippage
Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Information and Training
- workers must be trained by 12/1/13 on new label elements and safety data sheet format
Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Buddy system
- workers observe each other for signs of heat stress, or increase the number of workers or provide relief workers for hot environments
Safe work practices, Work Practice Controls
- written safety program and job specific training should be provided, also may allow for longer or more frequent breaks or change of schedule for employees working with hazardous substances
Safety Signs, Types: Caution
- yellow background and either black lettering or black panels with yellow letters, warn that hazards may be present and precautions should be taken
Tag Types: Caution tags
- yellow, used in minor hazard situations when a potential or non-immediate hazard or unsafe practice presents a lesser threat of injury
Scaffold, Construction: Assembly requirements - Size and spacing, width
-18 in wide with no more than 1 in between planks must prove any need for exception
Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Positioning, Direction changes
-any platform that rests on a bearer (horizontal part of scaffold assembly that joins scaffold uprights, posts, poles and similar members to increase stability) at an angle other than a right angle, must be laid first, platforms that rest at right angles over the same bearer must rest on top of the first platform, all platform planks should rest securely on bearer
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Gases; Flammable gas
-at ambient temps and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13% volume or less; or a gas at ambient temp and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 12% by volume, regardless of the lower limit
Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include: Company Specific
-can make own, but must contain OSHA requirements, be clearly visible and legible, must train employees on how to identify and understand labeling system
Competent person
-capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the work environment, in charge of supervising assembly, pre-shift and periodic inspections and the dismantling of scaffolds, has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate hazards
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 1: Explosives
-chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden shock, pressure or high temp
Classes of fires, Classified according to the fuel source: • Class B
-combustible and flammable liquids and gases, including diesel fuel, gasoline, motor oil, varnish, grease, propane, acetylene
Classes of fires, Classified according to the fuel source: Class A
-combustible materials, including paper, wood, clothing, plastic, rubber
Classes of fires, Classified according to the fuel source: Class D
-combustible metals, including sodium, sodium-potassium, alloy, magnesium, titanium
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Plate clamps
-confirm clamps tighten load securely, do not have damaged locking grips
Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Fall Protection, Personal Fall Arrest Systems
-consists of a body harness, a lanyard, a D-ring connector, and an anchorage, lanyard is connected between a supporting anchorage structure (not the scaffold) at a point above head, to the D-ring connector in the middle of your back attached to your body harness, shouldn't allow for more than 6 foot free fall, inspect prior to use
Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Material
-do not cover wood platforms with opaque paint finishes because it covers up defects in the wood, may be coated with wood preservatives, fire-retardant finishes and slip-resistant finishes, only use compatible components that fit together without force and do not change the integrity, only a competent person can approve components made by different manufacturers or of dissimilar metals to be used together or modified
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Move
-do not depend on limit switches to stop load, limit switch is an electric mechanism on hoist that is set to stop the movement of the hook and hoist at predetermined points, but it could fail; move the load to a prepared area, never leave a hoist holding a load in place until the load is safely lowered to the floor
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Hooks
-do not have wear cracks, nicks or gouges, a visible distortion, such as bending, twisting or visible increase in the normal throat opening, a missing, damaged or malfunctioning latch, a missing or damaged hook attachment
Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Positioning, Adjoining Planks
-each end must rest on a separate support, touch end to end, do not rest on each other
Types of Ladders, Portable
-easily moved from one place to another
Classes of fires, Classified according to the fuel source: Class C
-energized electrical equipment, including circuitry, switches, wiring, appliances
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Wire rope fastenings
-fabricated components of wire rope that attach it to connective hardware, connection is formed using a variety of wire rope fastenings, commercially available and designed for certain load types and conditions, always consult supervisor and follow the rigging plan for each job to make sure connections are appropriate
Hearing conservation program, Test: Baseline Test
-first hearing test, done within 6 months of first exposure to at or above action level, or within one year if work uses a mobile test van, if after 6 mos, will be required to wear hearing protection until baseline test is done, no exposure to high levels of noise for 14 hours prior to testing (or use hearing protectors if not possible)
Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE, Respirators
-for employees who work around hazardous fumes, dust, vapors or gases, make sure in good condition and fit properly
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Gases; Gases that create an inhalation hazard
-gases or volatile liquids that have met or exceeded minimum toxic threshold limits
Head PPE: Heads
-general industrials hard hats for overhead hazards, hard hats for work with electricity, and bump caps which protect from low positioned, fixed objects
Electrical PPEs, • Electrical protection
-gloves, blankets, and sleeves designed for electrical protection are marked with voltage protection number, higher the number=greater protection
Qualified person
-has a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing or by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has demonstrated the ability to solve problems related to scaffolding work, responsible for designing and planning, does NOT have to be present to supervice
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Lifting beam
-has no cracks, broken welds, or wear at attachment points, is not bent or twisted, has a clear rating that identifies the beam's lifting capacity
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function; Check for safe environment
-route you will use to move load must be clear, place warning devices to mark your path of travel, notify personnel to prevent unauthorized people from entering the area, no one is allowed between the load and other objects where load could swing and crush/pinch them
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function; Check your connective hardware
-hooks must be closed and safety latches functional, recheck hook after stabilizing load, make sure shackle is placed with the pin resting in the hook, confirm rope eyes are placed smoothly in base of shackle, pack shackle pin with washers to centralize the movement on the hook and stabilize load
Hearing conservation program, Test: Annual Monitoring
-if tests show there has been a decrease in hearing, written notice is issued within 21 days, unless a physician decides it is non-work related, you will be referred for further testing, refitted for PPE, and retrained on how to use equipment
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Lift
-if you notice slippage, stop the lift and lower to floor and consult supervisor to make adjustments; if it remains balanced, lift load straight up in one smooth motion, high enough to clear all obstructions; note the angle of sling to the load and make sure it matches predetermined safe angle for your setup
Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE, Specialized Protective Clothing
-inspect before each use, must fit properly, must function for purpose intended, typically includes chemical resistant jackets, aprons or chaps to avoid absorption
Scaffold, Work Procedures: Protect suspension ropes
-keep away from heat, acids and other corrosive substances
Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Carcinogen
-known to cause cancer
Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Corrosive
-known to eat away, or corrode, anything it comes into contact with
Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Toxic
-known to produce poisonous effects
Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Highly toxic
-known to produce poisonous effects when exposed to human body in small amounts
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function; Check your slings
-make sure slings are placed securely in the saddle of the hook or shackles (lowest point), make sure slings are long enough to ensure proper angle of loading
Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Sensitizer
-may cause the development of an allergic reaction
Hearing conservation program, Test: Audiometric Testing
-measure your hearing ability, different sounds are played for each ear and you indicate which sounds you hear, graph, called an audiogram, is created, receive a baseline and retest annually
Asbestos, Ventilation
-mechanical system that reduces the concentration of asbestos , HEPA filter dust collection systems can filter out 99.97% of particles 0.3 microns or greater in size
Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Positioning, Overlapped planks
-must overlap at least 12 inches over supports, unless platforms are nailed together or otherwise restrained
Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Fall Protection, Falling
-must use protection if working on a scaffold more than 10 feet above a lower level
Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE, Gloves
-nature of hazard determines which type of glove, helps prevent absorption and injection
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Gases; Non-flammable gas
-neither poisonous nor flammable, may present limited hazard during transportation due to form, quantity and packaging
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Eyebolts
-no bent shank (the threaded portion), cracks in end fitting, thread damage, eye deformation
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Turnbuckles
-no damage to end fittings, deformed or bent rods and bodies (threaded portion of end fittings), cracks or bends around the internally threaded portions
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Shackles
-no wear, spreading, or cracking of the body, missing or damaged pins, wear or damage to threads
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Wire rope connections
-not improperly spliced or clamped on any rope that is used for material handling, lengthened or shortened by knotting or using wire rope clips, overstressed beyond weight capacity, allowed to have broken wires or excessive wear of connective hardware
Types of Ladders, Fixed
-permanently attached to a structure
Scaffold, Construction: Assembly requirements - Size and spacing, length
-platforms 10 ft or less, must extend at least 6 in, but no more than 12 in beyond its support, unless excess length is guarded or can support workers without tipping, for platforms 10+ ft in length, must extend at least 6 in but no more than 18 inches beyond support
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Gases; Oxygen
-potential fire and explosive hazard while in use
Heart Attack: Signs and Symptoms, Myocardial Infarction
-quick and sudden chest pain, sweating, gray facial color, a rapid and weak pulse, and short and fast breathing, heartbeat and breathing may stop, if a person stops breathing brain damage or death may occur in 4-6 minutes
Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Fall Protection, Guardrails
-required for fall protection, must have top rail capable of sustaining 200 lbs of side force, a midrail and toe board are also required to prevent tools/objects from falling - Both are required for single-point and two-point adjustable scaffolds
Heart Attack: Signs and Symptoms, Angina Pectoris
-severe pain or pressure in the chest often mistaken for heart burn, starts in middle of chest and can move to shoulders and upper arms (typically left arm), to the abdomen and to the neck or jaw, may also have sweating, nausea, or shortness of breath
Material Handling Equipment, Block and tackle is
an apparatus of pulley blocks and ropes or cables often used in remote or hard to reach locations for hauling/hoisting materials, the more pulleys used, the greater the weight that can be raised by the same force on the rope or cable
Exposure Control Plan, Universal precautions:
an approach for BP control requiring all human blood and bodily fluids to be treated as infectious, they apply regardless of the perceived risk
Fall Arrest, The most important link in your fall arrest system is planning and connecting to a suitable __________ _______________.
anchorage point
Exposure Incident
any contact with potentially infectious materials
Scene Assessment; Survey the scene:
ask yourself: is the scene safe for me to approach? What happened? How many people are injured and to what extent? Are there bystanders who can help? Are there trained first aid responders who I can call for support?
o Crocidolite asbestos:
blue asbestos, least-commonly used, used in specialized, high-temp applications such as gaskets and valve insulations
Transfer of flammable liquids from one container to another shall be done only when the containers are ____.
bonded
Material Handling Equipment, Mobile cranes have a
boom mounted on a moveable platform, which may be rail, wheeled, or caterpillar track, often used outside to hoist items such as manufactured products, parts of structures or equipment
o Amosite asbestos:
brown asbestos, used in high-friction or heat resistant applications, such as automotive brake shoes and clutches
Hazardous Materials; GHS, Adopted
by the UN in 2003
Heart Attack, Typically chest pain,
call 911 immediately
Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Irritant-
causes an inflammatory response when exposed to human body
Experienced workers with a
certain level of expertise who are trained to make sure that the work environment is safe
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Hoists: Operational test prior to using to verify the hoist's components are working properly,
check the moving mechanism and braking mechanism (do they run smoothly and stop where you want?) and hoist limit switches (does the hoist or rigging stop before it hits the hoisting mechanism or the ground?), for overhead hoists, check the trolley end stops (are they in place to prevent the hoist from falling off the trolley?) and controls (are the controls safely positioned away from the load to protect you during operation?)
Oxidizers
chemicals that can generate enough oxygen to feed a fire, not usually combustibles but can speed up burning of other materials
Scaffold, Work Procedures: Don't Erect, move or dismantle unless you are trained as a
competent worker
Cold Temperature Emergencies: Hypothermia, Signs and symptoms:
confused behavior, poor coordination and trouble holding objects, decrease in pulse and breathing rate, numbness in hands or feet, shivering, which may stop in later stages
Scaffold, Work Procedures: - competent person should
consider distance from overhead power lines, vertical clearance between the ground and any sagging power lines, unusual ground or floor conditions or changes in elevation, scaffold height and weight, scaffold wheel condition, obstacles
Bloodborne Pathogens (BP): Enter the body through contact with
contaminated blood and bodily fluids, contact with contaminated items, through wounds, or breaks in the skin
Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms:
cool, pale, and moist skin with heavy sweating, dilated pupils and/or headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, near normal body temperature
Scene Assessment; Assess injured person's situation:
determine type and extent of injuries, tell the victim and bystanders who you are and that you are trained in first aid, keep them still and reassure them
Exposure Control Plan, Exposure determination:
determine which jobs and tasks are most at risk of exposure
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems include, Ventilation Systems
dilute hot air with cooler air, can be permanent or portable, can have chillers integrated which circulate cool water through enclosed tubes
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Using too many start and stop actions when hoisting=
early failure of controls
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Responsibilities:
employer is responsible for providing, employee responsible for wearing (unless he believes it would prevent proper delivery of care or jeopardize safety-must tell er)
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems include, Cool Rooms-air conditioned,
enclosed rooms or recovery areas located near hot jobs
Exposure Control Plan, o Risk reduction: there are 3 proactive methods to reduce/prevent risk of exposure including
engineering controls, work practice controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE), section includes procedures for mitigating risk
Scaffold, Construction: Made of
fabricated planks or decking, competent person responsible for ensuring they are properly erected and assembled
Exposure Incident steps:
first aid, disposal, reporting, testing (medical exam and blood testing) and follow-up (describe incident, employer identifies, tests and documents, discuss vaccination status with employer, receive post incident counseling on how to protect yourself)
Material Handling Equipment, Overhead cranes are
fixed material handling systems that have a railed support structure, called a bridge, and a wheeled trolley that travels horizontally across the bridge, most often used within warehouses, machine shops, and manufacturing facilities, or at loading docks and shipping terminals
Cold Temperature Emergencies: Frostbite, First Aid:
get into warm place, put the frozen parts into warm (100-105 F), but not hot water, handle gently, never rub a frostbitten part, can cause extensive tissue damage, if toes or fingers affected put dry, sterile gauze between them after warming, loosely bandage injured parts
Heat Exhaustion: First Aid:
get person out of heat to cooler place, lay on back with feet up to treat for shock, remove or loosen clothing, cool by fanning and applying cool packs, give sips of water every 15 min
Cold Temperature Emergencies: Hypothermia, First Aid:
get victim out of gold and in dry clothing, warm up body slowly, give nothing to eat or drink unless fully conscious, monitor vital signs
Effects of Heat Stress: Heat cramps, First Aid:
give sports drinks or bananas or tomatoes, consult a doctor if heart conditions or on a low sodium diet
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Covers and shields:
gowns, lab coats, aprons, face shields, masks and eye protection shields
Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Heat adjustment programs
gradually increase the amount of time a worker spends in heat in order to allow them to adapt to the new environment, NIOSH recommends new workers only spend 20% of their first day in the heat and gradually build up, when an employee returns to work from an absence, they should start at 50% and build up
Electrical PPEs, Seamless PPE
has a seamless material that prevents electricity from reaching wearer through seams or breaks in material
Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -
have a written plan,
Bloodborne Pathogens (BP): At risk jobs include
healthcare workers, janitorial and maintenance staff, civil servants
Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Heat sources:
heat from the sun, a furnace or another heat source can increase the body's heat load, hot pieces of equipment can transfer heat to individuals, if the environment is hot, it limits the amount of heat the body can release into it
High frequency=high pitch sound, lower frequency=low pitch; middle frequency sounds seem louder than
higher or lower pitches to the human ear
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure, Evaluate conditions,
hoist and load and the environmental conditions in which you will be moving the load
Scaffold, Work Procedures: Do not, Use ladders to increase working height unless
on a large area scaffold and approved by competent person
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Hook attaches a
hoist to rigging or other connective hardware, usually made of steel, come in a variety of sizes, have a safety latch to keep loads securely connected, must be properly seated in the base of the hook to be safe, typically the lowest part of the hook)
Cold Temperature Emergencies: Frostbite happens when
ice crystals form in body tissues, usually the nose, ears, chin, cheeks, fingers or toes, it restricts blood flow to injured part, worse if parts are thawed and refrozen
Nosebleeds: With other injuries:
if suspect a head, neck or back injury, do not try to control a nosebleed, stopping blood flow would increase pressure on injured soft tissues, leave victim as you found him, stabilize head and neck and keep still until help arrives
Scene Assessment; Call for help:
if you designate someone to call, send 2 people, stay on the phone
Best Practices: Proper Labeling on all containers with hazardous materials in an easily viewed location,
in legible condition, proper personnel must be notified if proper labeling is not displayed
Within 8 hours after the death of any employee from a work related ___________________________________________ ____________________________ you must orally report to the Area Office of OSHA.
incident or the in-patient hospitalization of three or more employees
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems include, Fans
increase air movement, which increases the rate of sweat evaporation, they do not cool the air, they are more effective when positioned toward you, work best under 95 degrees and when not wearing heavy clothing
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspect equipment,
inspect hoist and rigging to ensure functionality and in good condition
Scaffold, Work Procedures: Do not, Move a scaffold horizontally when a worker is on it unless
it has been designed by a PE specifically for such movement
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Limitations:
least preferred method, should be used in conjunction with the other 2 controls
Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Medical conditions:
less physically fit bodies are less efficient under heat stress, conditions like hypertension can lessen cooling efficiency because the heart is already working harder than normal
Hoist: Types of hoist, Chain hoists
lift objects as the chain is pulled through sprockets and then collected in a container, easier to maintain and cheaper to purchase, but lift less weight
Hoist: Types of hoist, Wire rope hoists
lift objects as the wire rope is pulled through sheaves within the block above the hook and is then wrapped around a drum within the hoisting mechanism, provides a wider range of applications, lifts, hoisting speeds, and control options
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Plate clamps used to
lift steel plates, gripping devices with an eye opening for connection to other lifting hardware, when using, grip only one steel plate for each hoist
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move,
lift, move and lower load safely, make sure to avoid any sudden shifts and top at first sign of trouble and consult supervisor
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Suspended load is left unattended=
load could be disturbed and fall
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Worker operates a radio-controlled transmitter without seeing the load or surrounding areas=
load is uncontrolled and may strike someone or something
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems
lower the air temp by removing heat, and sometimes humidity
Hoists: - Operate
manually, electrically or pneumatically (i.e. through pressurized air)
Scaffold, Work Procedures: Follow safe electrical rules; Stay clear of power lines and conductive material,
min distance is 10 ft for all uninsulated lines
Effects of Heat Stress: Heat exhaustion, First Aid:
move to a shaded area and loosen clothing, fan or spray with water, relax in a comfortable position, if nauseous lay on side unless difficulty breathing, if conscious and not nauseous, have them drink cool water every 15 min, call for medical help if symptoms do not improve
Scaffold, Work Procedures: Use tag lines when
moving a load in the vicinity of scaffold, lines connected to control the movement of a load
All employees required to enter into confined spaces shall be instructed as to the
nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the use of protective and emergency equipment required.
Hazardous Materials; GHS, Since 2008, international movement to create GHS,
not a regulation or a standard but the recommended format is becoming a standard
Hazardous Materials; GHS, New changes to OSHA's hazard communication standard are bringing the U.S. into alignment with GHS, previously gave workers the right to know,
now gives them the right to understand
Fall Protection, o Controlled access zones-designated areas where conventional fall protection systems are not feasible because of the type of work
o Access to area is controlled by the use of markings or signage o Only certain types of work may be performed, such as leading edge and bricklaying operations
When is PPE used?
o After the hazards assessment has been completed o After other ways of reducing hazards have been tried or are in the process of being implemented (engineering and work practice controls) o Employer trains on proper use
Asbestos, Classifying Materials
o Asbestos-containing material (ACM)-material is known to contain asbestos o Presumed asbestos-containing material (PACM)-inspected but not known, the most cautious and protective approach is taken when working with that material
Bleeding: Internal bleeding, follow these procedures when an accident involving an impact occurs:
o Assume internal bleeding may be occurring o Call for medical assistance o Do not move the victim o Do not give the victim any food or drink
Hearing conservation program, Test:
o Audiometric Testing o Baseline Test o Annual Monitoring o Training o Hearing Protection
Fall control, Designed, constructed and placed to catch a falling worker, they must:
o Be positioned as close as possible to workers, but never further than 30 feet below the walking/working surface o Be drop tested at the site with a 400 lb bag of sand to ensure sufficient clearance and impact absorption o Be emptied of any materials, equipment or tools that fall into them as soon as possible o Inspected at least weekly for wear, damage, and deterioration
Asbestos, Effects: Specific health risks
o Can enter the body through eating, breathing or drinking o Health effects may not appear for 20-30 years o Asbestosis - non-cancerous scarring of the lungs, results in reduced breathing capacity o Cancer - 1. Lung-increased dramatically if a smoker and exposed to asbestos, asbestos weakens the lungs making them more susceptible to the cancer causing agents in smoke, 2. Gastrointestinal-digestive system, involves the stomach or intestines, 3. Mesothelioma-cancerous tumor that spreads rapidly in the membranes that cover the lungs and can spread to other body organs
Where is asbestos found?
o Ceiling and piping insulation o Sprayed-on surfacing on ceilings and walls o Vinyl flooring, ceiling tles, adhesives and drywall o Roofing shingles and siding o Sprayed on fireproofing on metal beams and columns o High temperature gaskets and valve insulation o Brake shoes in automobiles
Hoists: Types of hoists:
o Chain hoists lift objects as the chain is pulled through sprockets and then collected in a container, easier to maintain and cheaper to purchase, but lift less weight o Wire rope hoists lift objects as the wire rope is pulled through sheaves within the block above the hook and is then wrapped around a drum within the hoisting mechanism, provides a wider range of applications, lifts, hoisting speeds, and control options
Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes
o Class 1: Explosives o Class 2: Gases o Class 3: Flammable and Combustible Liquids o Class 4: Flammable Solids o Class 5: Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides o Class 6: Poisonous (toxic) Materials o Class 7: Radioactive Materials o Class 8: Corrosive Materials o Class 9: Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials
Head PPE: Eyes and faces-safety glasses, goggles and face shields
o Common hazards-flying particles, molten metals, chemicals, dusts, fumes, gases, mists, liquids, vapors and intense light o Work situations-welding and working with power tools, liquids and chemicals
Head PPE: Heads-general industrials hard hats for overhead hazards, hard hats for work with electricity, and bump caps which protect from low positioned, fixed objects
o Common hazards-overhead hazards of falling or flying objects, objects that are carried or positioned low, or working with electricity o Work situations-construction, mining, lumbering, manufacturing, warehousing, electrical work and low level piping maintenance
Shock, Signs and Symptoms
o Confused behavior o Irregular pulse rate and breathing o Nausea or vomiting o Trembling and weakness in the arms or legs o Cool and moist skin, often accompanied by shivering o Dilated pupils
Exposure Control Plan, Used to isolate employees from risk of exposure, include special containers and safely designed needles
o Containers: allow employees to dispose of contaminated materials safely o Needles: have an attached shielding devices to prevent accidental injection
Asbestos Friability:
o Definition: ability to be crushed easily o Asbestos is classified as either friable or non-friable, the more friable the more hazardous o Friable: can be crushed easily with your hands and is found most often in sprayed-on applications such as insulation o Non-friable: more difficult to breakdown or crush, usually bonded with other materials like vinyl in tiles or siding, can still be released through cutting, grinding or sanding
Fall Control. Safety Net Systems
o Designed, constructed and placed to catch a falling worker
Asbestos, Elimination
o Eliminating hazardous material or substituting with less hazardous is best control, otherwise engineering controls, work practice controls and PPE are used
Fall Protection, Competent Persons
o Employees who have received advanced training, trained to recognize, minimize, communicate and monitor fall hazards at work sites
Asbestos, Regulations: Hazard communication plan
o Employer should have a plan and a copy of the regulatory requirements o Participate in training on hazard communication, respiratory, protection and PPE and asbestos o Locate the MSDS for asbestos and where asbestos is used at your workplace o Know your company policy and the controls o Read all information you are given
Fall Protection, Warning lines consist of ropes, wires or chains and supports that are made with high-visibility material.
o Erected to form a barrier, at least 6 ft away from the elevation edge to warn employees that they should not work beyond the line o Must be strong enough to stop an employee who accidently backs into it o Only rope, wire or chain with a min strength of 500 lbs should be used o Plastic caution tape cannot be used
Fall Protection, Fall Protection Requirements
o Fall protection is required if a worker is exposed to a potential fall to a lower level of six feet or more o Workers are not required to use or wear protection when employer permits them to inspect, investigate or assess workplace conditions before construction begins or after the entire job has been completed. However, if it is provided it must be worn. o Required near holes, skylights, and wall openings, on low-slope or steep roofs, near unprotected sides and leading edges, at hoist areas and above dangerous equipment, near excavation edges, where formwork and bricklaying are being performed at heights of 6+ feet, on ramps, runways and walkways
Asbestos health hazards: history
o First used in Finland in 2500 B.C. o Romans used tablecloths woven from it o Adverse health effects noted 2,000 years ago from slaves in asbestos mines o Cancer was suspected as a risk in the 1930s, link to mesothelioma made in 1965 o Since 1971, OSHA has reduced allowable exposure significantly o Use of asbestos reduced significantly since 1960s
Asbestos, Air Monitoring
o Frequency-depends on the results of initial monitoring performed, the more asbestos the more frequent air monitoring should be done o Additional air monitoring-performed when a change in production, process, control equipment, personnel, or work practices occurs that may result in new/add'l exposures, or if there is a reason to suspect a change in EL o Notification-employer will notify employees of monitoring results, written results may be provided individually or posted, whenever EL is exceeded, employer will provide a written notice outlining what is being done to correct
Fall Protection, Fall restraint systems
o Guardrail system o Covers
Asbestos, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • When engineering and work practice controls don't reduce exposure to below TWA and EL, PPE must be used, specifically respiratory protection, in addition PPE includes:
o Head coverings o Face shields and ventilated goggles o Coveralls or similar full-body clothing o Gloves o Foot covering Least preferred method because it protects against, rather than eliminating or controlling risks
Asbestos, Engineering Controls: Physical and mechanical systems used to reduce exposure to asbestos, safest and most reliable control technique for asbestos exposure
o Isolation o Ventilation o Hygiene Facilities
Match the ladder to working conditions, 4 things to consider
o Ladder type o Load rating o Height o Material
Fall Protection, Control falls
o Last resort, includes the use of safety nets or fall arrest equipment such as harnesses and lifelines (a flexible line that connects a personal fall arrest system to an anchorage system) o Assumes elimination and prevention have already been considered
Exposure Control Plan, Applicable occupational changes include
o New or modified tasks or procedures o New or revised employee positions o Technological developments that eliminate, control or reduce exposure
Asbestos, Engineering Controls
o Physical and mechanical systems used to reduce exposure to asbestos, safest and most reliable control technique for asbestos exposure
Asbestos, Medical Monitoring: Initial Medical Monitoring
o Receive initial medical monitoring whenever you may be exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers at or above permissible exposure limits o Initial exam includes complete physical exam with emphasis on respiratory system, cardiovascular system and digestive tract and includes a chest x-ray, a pulmonary fitness test, a respiratory questionnaire, and any add'l tests deemed necessary o Physician will issue a written opinion and employee receives a copy within 30 days of employer receiving it o Receive annual exams as long as exposed to asbestos
Exposure Control Plan, Work Practice Controls procedures used to reduce the risk of exposure (2)
o Regulated waste-dispose of in accordance with federal and state law o Contact with contaminants-controls storage and activities in areas with contaminants o Needles: never bend or recap, never share, only use from reliable source, safely dispose of o Vaccines are a work practice control
Nosebleed: With NO other injuries, first aid:
o Sit down o Lean forward, chin toward chest (do not lean back, may cause blood to collect in stomach, which could lead to nausea and vomiting) o Gently pinch the nose shut with a clean towel o Rest quietly
Fall Protection,
o The use of alternative work techniques, protective equipment, and fall arrest systems to help employees that work at elevations stay safe o Goal-eliminate fall hazards, prevent falls, and control falls that do occur
Asbestos, Permissible Exposure Limits: Employers must use engineering controls, work practices and PPE to keep exposure below limits
o Time-weighted average (TWA)-average amount of exposure to hazardous substance over an 8-hour period, samples of workers' breathing air are taken over time to determine, the max is 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air o Excursion limit (EL)-max allowable exposure to a substance over a 30-min period, monitoring performed in ops that are most likely to produce exposure above EL for each shift in each work area, EL for asbestos is 1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air
Why must certain types of PPE be certified?
o To meet certain levels of quality to protect workers (i.e. eye protection, hardhats, boots) o Certified by a third-party org that verify the different brands meet requirements
Exposure Control Plan, Work Practice Controls procedures used to reduce the risk of exposure
o Training-ensure employees know how to handle the situation appropriately o Disposal-put contaminated sharps in appropriate bins, place contaminated linens in leak proof bags, keep containers in close proximity to need, replace when ¾ full, seal leaking containers in another container, use containers that don't require reaching into them
Exposure Control Plan, Topics typically included, include:
o Universal precautions: o Exposure determination: o Jobs and task examples o Risk reduction:
Fall Protection, Prevent falls
o Use protective equipment, such as guardrails (barriers erected to prevent employees from falling to lower levels)
Where is PPE used?
o Where hazards or potential hazards exist o Company required to conduct a hazard assessment to make sure the equipment protects you against hazards
Scaffold Safety, Supported scaffolds-consists of
one or more platforms supported by scaffold components, such as outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, up-rights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support (Ex. Bricklayers' Square, Carpenters' Bracket, Mobile, Outrigger, Trestle Ladder, Window Jack, Roof Bracket, Stilts, Crawling Board)
Scaffold Safety, Suspension scaffolds-consists of
one or more platforms suspended from an overhead structure, ropes and other flexible scaffold components are used to suspend the platforms (Ex. Catenary, float, interior hung, multi-level, multi-point, needle beam, repair bracket, single-point adjustable, two-point adjustable)
Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Weight:
overweight people are more susceptible
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering controls are
physical or mechanical systems used to reduce exposure to heat stress, they are the safest, most thorough, and most reliable control techniques, they include: o Cooling Systems lower the air temp by removing heat, and sometimes humidity Fans increase air movement, which increases the rate of sweat evaporation, they do not cool the air, they are more effective when positioned toward you, work best under 95 degrees and when not wearing heavy clothing Ventilation Systems dilute hot air with cooler air, can be permanent or portable, can have chillers integrated which circulate cool water through enclosed tubes Cool Rooms-air conditioned, enclosed rooms or recovery areas located near hot jobs o Shielding - shield self from heat by surrounding yourself with absorbent surfaces below 95 degrees, your body will radiate heat toward the surface, cooling you faster, insulate heating pipes, use flat, black surfaces to absorb heat or polished surfaces as a reflective barrier o Efficient Machinery - use special machinery/tools that reduce the effort required to operate them so the workers use less energy
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; When inspection failed,
place a "Remove from Service" tag on equipment until repaired or replaced by a competent person
Exposure Control Plan, Work Practice Controls
procedures used to reduce the risk of exposure
Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Protect yourself
protect self from HIV, AIDS, HBV, HCV, use vinyl, rubber gloves or latex gloves, if you can't find gloves, use what you can, create as much of a barrier as possible, thoroughly wash hands after contact
Reduce Exposure, Engineering controls
reduce or control sound level of noise source by modifying or replacing equipment and making any physical changes at the noise source or along transmission path of noise
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Lifting beam used to
reduce the angle of sling connections on wide loads, maintains the load's center of gravity and prevents it from leaning to one side, is a length of steel with eyebolts at engineer-designated locations on the beam, eyebolts connect to lifting hardware and slings
Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Humidity:
reduces the rate of sweat evaporation
Bleeding: Internal bleeding
result from blows or substantial impact to the body, difficult to diagnose by untrained person,
Bleeding: External bleeding:
result from skin penetration, types
Scaffold, Work Procedures: - check work environment before a
scaffold is erected or moved,
Scaffold, Work Procedures: Remove damaged
scaffolds and components until repaired or replaced, cannot repair wire rope, tag out replaceable items, make sure a competent person inspects the scaffold and components before each workday and after any incident that could weaken them
Effects of Heat Stress: Heat Stroke, First Aid:
seek medical help immediately, place victim in shady area, soak clothing with cool water, increase air movement, place ice packs around neck, under armpits and groin area, stay with the victim until help arrives
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure, Select method and equipment
select appropriate lifting method and rigging for the size, weight and shape of load, verify it matches company's rigging plan
Cold Temperature Emergencies: Frostbite, Signs and symptoms:
skin slightly flushed and changes to white or grayish yellow and finally grayish blue, pain is sometimes felt early but goes away, part feels cold and numb, may not be aware of injury
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Types of Rigging:
slings and connective hardware
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Unused slings, ropes or attachment devices are left on the hook=
snag other objects when moved
Hearing Loss, Temporary Loss
sound cannot be transferred properly to inner ear,
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls
special clothing or equipment used to reduce the risk of direct exposure
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Eyebolts provide
stable connective points on lifting beams, depending on method, either slings or other connective hardware may be attached at eyebolt, piece of hardware with threading on one end and a steel eye or a loop on the other, the threaded end screws into the lifting beam and rope or chain is fed through the steel loop, available in a variety of sizes to accommodate different widths of rope/chain
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Lower-lower slowly,
stopping the hoist when it is low enough to unhook; place load on its designated surface or blocks before unhooking; raise the hoist hook and block above head level and place in designated location
Scene Assessment: Report critical information:
tell the dispatcher who (your name), what happened and the victims' condition, the location of the emergency, the telephone you are calling from, how many victims
Scaffold Safety, A scaffold is a
temporary, elevated platform that supports workers and materials
Fire Components, Heat is
the ignition source, includes open flames, lightening, sparks, hot surfaces and radiant heat, removing it extinguishes a fire
Fire Components, Fuel is
the material that burns, includes wood, flammable liquids, electrical equipment, metals, etc., removing it starves a fire
Scaffold, Work Procedures: Do not, Work on slippery scaffolds unless
the slip hazard can be removed
Hearing Loss, Permanent Loss-
tiny, delicate hairs of the inner ear are damaged, preventing transmission of electrical impulses to the brain's hearing center, hairs cannot be replaced. Most common hearing loss is the aging process, which affects 30% of ppl ages 65-70
Exposure Incident: Sharps injury log, at a minimum, includes:
type and brand of device involved, department or area where the incident occurred, explanation of how the injury occurred
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Worker passes a load over other co-workers=
unacceptable risk, could fall
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Workers get distracted=
uncontrolled load may strike something and fall
Best Practices: MSDS on each hazardous substance,
up to date and available to all employees, kept in an easily accessible location that can be accessed in a timely manner, train employees on when to use, where to access and how to read MSDS
Asbestos, Isolation-
use of regulated areas (areas where the TWA or EL is exceeded) to control exposure, only authorized employees can work in these areas
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Gloves:
used during contact with contaminated material or if cut or scratched skin
Scaffold, Work Procedures: - verify the
utility companies have de-energized or covered power lines with insulating hoses or blankets before work is initiated,
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability,
verify load is stable and perform a pre-move test
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Wire rope
verify that it is not twisted, is properly seated in the sheaves within the block above the hook and on the drum and has no slack or overlap, has not visible distortion or damage to fastenings
Bloodborne Pathogens (BP)
virus or infectious agents carried by human blood and bodily fluids, can cause disease and immune deficiencies, which can lead to death
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Mouthpieces:
wear during first aid procedures
o Chrysotile asbestos:
white asbestos, used in building applications, such as insulation around pipes, fireproofing in ducts and furnaces, and soundproofing in floor and ceiling tiles
Effects of Heat Stress: Heat rash, First Aid
will usually disappear when individual returns to a cool environment
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Place a sudden weight strain on rigging system=
wire rope can have early wear and tear
Ladders Constructed of
wood, metal or fiberglass, and always have two side rails joined by several evenly spaced steps, called rungs or cleats
Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Hoist hook and block are left too low=
worker may run into them
Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI)
• A disorder caused by performing the same physical task over and over again • Also called Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD), Soft Tissue Injury (STI), and Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD)
Asbestos Awareness: Overview
• A naturally occurring fibrous mineral that has been used for many years in many building applications • Hazardous material causing specific types of lung diseases and certain types of cancer • 1.3 million workers are exposed each day, including building maintenance workers, housekeepers and trade contractors
Electrical PPEs
• Any work that involves electricity requires PPE to be seamless and contain voltage and ozone protection
Nosebleeds
• Can be severe enough to induce shock, keep victim calm
Cold Temperature Emergencies
• Days with low temps, high winds, and humidity can lead to extreme cold, ranging from frost bite to hypothermia, if either is suspected, bring the victim in from the cold
Exposure Control Plan, Engineering Controls
• Definition: physical and mechanical systems used to prevent contact with potentially contaminated materials • Used to isolate employees from risk of exposure, include special containers and safely designed needles • About 590,000-800,000 injuries are associated with BP annually in the U.S. • Needles on disposable syringes cause 75% of all incidents
Exposure Control Plan, Guidelines
• ECPs are reviewed and updated at least every 12 months • In addition, must be reviewed and updated when changes occur that affect occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens (BP) • Applicable occupational changes • Topics typically included
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress
• Employer should provide engineering controls to reduce risk in the workplace
Head PPE
• Eyes and faces-safety glasses, goggles and face shields
Fire Prevention
• Fire caused by oxygen + heat + fuel combined under the right conditions • It is extinguished by removing one of the components
Burns: Types
• First-degree burns • Second-degree burns • Third-degree burns
Exposure Control Plan, Evaluation teams
• Formed to identify areas where there is a potential exposure to BP and to identify effective methods to control exposure • Consists of a leader/coordinator and reps from many departments, including non-management • Must seek input from other employees regarding their individual work areas
Burns: Types, Causes and First Aid
• Heat • Chemical • Electrical
Effects of Heat Stress: Effects of Heat Stress
• Heat stress refers to any illness or disorder associated with excessive exposure to heat • Effects of heat stress are not typically cumulative, so you don't experience one before others,
Body PPE:
• Legs and feet-safety toed boots/shoes, rubber boots, electrical hazard shoes, foundry shoes with metatarsal guard, leggings for lower legs • Hands and arms-gloves, hand pads, sleeves • Torso-lab coats, coveralls, aprons, torso armor, full body suits
Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, PPE
• May have to wear PPE to protect against other hazards which can make you hotter - Chemical protection - Respiratory protection - Wear cotton clothing, it breathes and is loose fitting
Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Hoists:
• Operational test prior to using to verify the hoist's components are working properly, • Wire rope
Exceptions to receiving HBV Vaccine
• Previously received it • An antibody test reveals you are immune • Other medical reasons (e.g. pregnancy, liver damage) • Can choose to decline in writing, can change mind
Heat Exhaustion
• Signs range from moist skin to vomiting, take victim to a cool place • Typically occurs when people exercise heavily or work in a warm, humid place due to excessive sweating and fluid loss, fluid loss causes blood flow to decrease in vital organs resulting in shock, with heat exhaustion sweat does not evaporate as it should, typically due to high humidity or too many layers of clothing
Exposure Control Plan, Evaluation teams (2)
• Team reviews and updates the ECP • Review incidents that may have involved possible exposure • Analyze the use of PPE to make sure equipment is safe and effective • Makes recommendations on replacement of equipment and safer procedures
Heat Stress: Cooling Mechanisms
• The body cools itself by increased blood circulation and sweating
HBV Vaccine, Antibody Development
• To confirm, blood can be tested for antibodies one to two months after completing the series • If antibodies are present, vaccine worked, if not, must repeat series, if 2 series do not result in antibodies, must undergo medical evaluation
Scaffold, Maximum Intended Load
• Total load of all persons, equipment, tools, materials, transmitted loads and other loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to scaffold or components at any one time • Suspension ropes, used to suspend a scaffold • Hoists, used to raise, lower and generally adjust scaffolds • Direct connections, used as support devices to connect to roofs and floors to stabilize suspension scaffolds and their loads (Ex. Cornice hooks, parapet clamps and outrigger beams)
Heart Attack
• Typically chest pain, • Angina Pectoris: • Myocardial infarction:
Asbestos, Work Practice Controls
• Vacuum cleaners with HEPA filters are used for ACM and PACM • Wet methods-ACM and PACM are dampened with water before they are cleaned up with vacuum, decreases the amount of dry asbestos fibers in the air, only used when safe and proper certification is obtained from regulatory agencies • Waste disposal-sealed and labeled containers used • Machinery use-never use compressed air around ACM, abrasive machinery may only be used with proper ventilation and/or enclosure
Reducing Exposure
• Work practice controls • Engineering controls
Effects of Heat Stress: Increased Risk for Accidents
• Working in hot environments lowers mental alertness and physical performance • Increased body temp can cause irritability and confusion, leading to accidents
Heart Attach, Myocardial infarction:
• coronary artery becomes completely blocked, causes longer and greater chest pain and permanent damage to heart, life-threatening
Heart Attach, Angina Pectoris:
• partial obstruction of the coronary artery, does not cause permanent damage to heart, is a serious medical condition and deserves immediate attention
Shock, First Aid
•Place victim in a safe, comfortable position until help arrives •Elevate: if you do not suspect head or neck injuries or leg fractures, place victims on their backs and elevate legs 8-12 inches using a comfortable support •Difficulty breathing: place in a semi-reclining position, use boxes, pillows or blankets to raise their head and back
Shock, First Aid (2)
•Place victims on their backs: if you do suspect head or neck injuries or leg fractures, do not move the victim, unless he is in danger of further injury. If must move, place on back, do not twist the body, keep victim still •Vomiting: place victim on side to prevent airway blockage if they are vomiting
