STS-C Exam

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Fire Components, Oxygen-

speeds up burning, sources include oxygen in the air, in cylinders, oxidizing chemicals and forced air from ventilations systems, removing it smothers a fire

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment,

- Inspections required before use, as well as daily or when conditions change - Competent person should inspect and approve all hoist and rigging equipment prior to initial use, daily and regularly thereafter

Effects of Heat Stress:Effects of Heat Stress, Heat rash

- "prickly heat", red skin rashes appear in areas where clothing is tight and wet from increased sweating

Sound, Frequency: number of sound waves in a given time, measured in hertz (Hz), 1 Hz equals ____ sound wave per second; human ear is best at

- 1 - middle-frequency (20-20,000 Hz)

Crane use -Watch for overhead electrical distribution and transmission lines and maintain a safe working clearance of at least __________from energized electrical lines up to __________ Add __________ clearance for each additional __________above 50 kV.

- 10 ft - 50 kV. - 0.4 inches - 1kV

Oxygen cylinders in storage shall be separated from fuel-gas cylinders or combustible materials _______or by a non-combustible carrier at least _________high with a fire rating of at least ____________.

- 2- ft - 5 ft - 1/2 hr

Oxygen Cylinders, Storage - store __________ from gas cylinders and other flammable material, if not possible separate with approve fire-resistive partition of at least ____ high, securely strap/chain cylinders to a wall or bench

- 20 ft. - 5 ft high

The human ear can detect a human voice at around _____, pain starts at ______, hearing protection is recommended for sounds __________

- 5 dB, - 135 dB, - 85+ dB

A fire extinguisher shall be provided within _______ of any location where more than __________ of flammable or combustible liquids or ___________of flammable gas are being used at the job site.

- 50 ft. - 5 gals. - 5 pounds

Not more than _______ of flammable or ___________ of combustible liquids shall be stored in anyone storage cabinet.

- 60 gals - 120 gal

Shock

- A reduced flow of blood throughout the body, occurs when important bodily organs do not get enough blood, oxygen and essential nutrients - Can be caused by bleeding, poisoning, insect bites and stings, snakebites, electrical shock, burns, severe injuries, psychological trauma, heart attacks or other medical conditions

Tags

- Accident prevention tags are used to warn employees of temporary situations that are out of the ordinary, unexpected or not readily apparent - Not needed when signs, guarding, or other positive means of protection are in place

Directional Signage, Workplace requirements

- Aisles and passageways - Exits - Non-exits - Fire extinguishers - First aid and PPE

Bleeding: External bleeding: include

- Arterial - Venous - Capillary

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware

- Block and tackle - Lifting beam - Hooks-do not have wear cracks, - Eyebolts-no bent shank (the threaded portion), - Shackles-no wear, - Turnbuckles - Plate clamps - Wire rope connections

Heat Stress: Cooling Mechanisms

- Blood Circulation - Sweating o Phase 1: if the body cannot release enough heat through the skin, the brain senses the extra heat and signals the sweat glands to produce moisture o Phase 2: sweat glands begin to shed moisture through the skin o Phase 3: as sweat evaporates, skin is cooled Sweat and Dehydration • In addition to cooling, sweating causes loss of water, could become dehydrated, most serious effect of dehydration is the inability to sweat and cool off properly • To prevent, drink 8 8-oz. glasses of water each day • In hot conditions, a person can become dehydrated in less than half an hour, drink more often (15-20 min) to prevent

Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid

- Call for help - Protect yourself - Stop the bleeding - Elevate wound - Prevent shock - Prevent infection

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)

- Canada's version of Employee Right to Know, major components of this system are proper labeling of WHMIS controlled products, the provisions of MSDSs, and worker education and development programs specific to the employee's worksite

Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system:

- Carcinogen - Corrosive - Highly toxic - Irritant - Sensitizer - Toxic

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Types of Slings

- Chain - Fiber - Wire Rope - Metal Mesh

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 3: Flammable and Combustible Liquids

- flammable defined as any liquid having a flashpoint below 100 degrees F

Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: including:

- Heat adjustment programs - Buddy system - Medical screening and surveillance - Available liquids - Rest and water breaks

Effects of Heat Stress: in order of most common issues:

- Heat rash - Heat cramps - Heat exhaustion - Heat stroke

Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include:

- Heat sources: - Humidity: - Age: - Weight: - Medical conditions: - Drugs:

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Types

- Hook - Shackle - Lifting beam - Eyebolts - Turnbuckle - Plate clamps

Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures - have a written plan, which should include:

- Identification of Responsible Parties - Identification of Hazardous Materials - MSDS - Employee Training

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Labels- - HCS requires labeling of each hazardous materials container, must include

- Identify: name of hazardous substance - Responsible party information: name and address of manufacturer, importer or other responsible party - Hazard warnings: including target organ effects of the hazardous substance

Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: The way a chemical enters the body

- Ingestion - Inhalation - Injection - Absorption

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware,

-the part of a rigging mechanism used to attach a sling securely to a hoist, reduces the stress on slings, enabling a safer lifting of loads

Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Accessing Scaffolds

-use a ladder for platforms that are 2 feet above or below access points, position the bottom step/rung no more than 24 inches above or below the scaffold supporting level, use rest platforms (areas that can be used for resting while climbing), required every 12 feet for stairway-type ladders, every 35 feet for supported scaffolds more than 35 feet high, never use a cross brace as a means of access

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Chain

-verify chains have legible sling identification and are free from excessive wear, nicks, gouges, and are not bent, twisted, stretched, deformed or altered in any way, make sure there is no evidence of heat damage, weld splatter, excessive pitting or corrosion, and note if it cannot hinge freely

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Metal Mesh

-verify legible sling identification and are free from broken weld or a broken brazed joint along sling edge, broken wire in mesh, reduction in wire diameter of 25% due to abrasion or 15% due to corrosion, lack of flexibility due to distortion of mesh, distortion of choker fitting so the depth of slot is increased by more than 10%, distortion of either end fitting so the width of the eye opening is decreased by more than 10%,

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Fiber

-verify legible sling identification and are free from discoloration, brittle fibers, and hard or stiff areas that may indicate chemical, UV, or heat damage, uniform fiber breakage along the major part of the length of the rope such as the entire rope appears covered with fuzz or whiskers, holes, tears, cuts, gouges, kinks, snags, or worn stitching, excessive dirt and grit or foreign matter, knots that can't be untied without damage, poor condition of thimbles or other components, corrosion, cracks, distortion, sharp edges, or localized wear, melted, hard, or charred areas that affect more than 10% of the diameter, other visible damage

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Wire Rope

-verify legible sling identification and are free from wear or scraping of one third of original diameter of the outside individual wire, broken, kinked, crushed, or distorted strands, severe localized abrasion, scraping or corrosion, evidence of heat damage, distortion, corrosion, or damage to fastenings, other conditions including visible damage, depending on the type of wiring, you must examine and remove from use if a certain number of wires are broken

Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Fall Protection, Falling Objects

-wear hardhats, scaffold should include toeboards, screens, guardrail systems, nets, canopies, catch platforms, or some type of barricade to prevent falling objects

Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE, Eye Protection

-wear protective glasses or goggles when risk of splashing, employers responsibility to provide and make sure it fits and is worn

General Industry Definition -A Confined space is:

1 Large enough for an employee to enter 2 Has limited or restricted means of entry or exit 3 ls not designed for continuous occupancy

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Glove removal:

1. Peel off one glove with the other gloved hand and hold it in the gloved hand, 2. With the exposed hand, peel the second glove from inside the wrist and wrap the first glove inside the second, 3. Dispose of the gloves in an approved container (never wear more than once), 4. Do not touch anything until you have washed hands

HBV Vaccine: A licensed professional must give the vaccine to workers within ______________________, if there is a risk of exposure

10 days of initial assignment

Travel distance in the protected area to nearest fire extinguisher shall not exceed __________.

100 ft

On bench and pedestal mounted grinding machines, work rests shall be used and shall be adjusted for a maximum opening of __________.

118°

Scaffold, Construction: Assembly requirements - Size and spacing, Front Edge of platform cannot be more than

14 in from the face of the work, unless guardrail systems or personal fall arrest systems are used, 2 exceptions: max distance from face for outrigger scaffolds is 3 inches, max distance from face for plastering and lathing operations is 18 inches

A ladder or stair shall be provided when there is a break in elevation of ______________________.

19 inches or more

Keep spoils at least _______back from the edge of a trench

2 ft

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Shackle used between

2 rigging components, such as a hook and a sling, minimizes the stress placed on slings when load is lifted, is a horseshoe-shaped device with a bolt (shackle pin) going through the open end, if load turns while lifting, shackle swivels the load and the sling does not become twisted, when shackles are used, load must be seated in the lowest inside point

Portable tanks for flammable or combustible liquids shall be stored at least ________________ from any building.

20 ft. away

When using a portable ladder to access a platform the side rails shall extend at least __________above the landing surface.

3 ft

HBV Vaccine: Given in a ____________ series

3 part

A fire extinguisher shall be provided for every _________of protected building area.

3,000 sq.ft

Compressed air shall not be used for cleaning except when reduced to less than ________.

30 spi

Load Capacity, Scaffold

4 times the maximum intended load plus the weight of the scaffolding

Always use a protective system for trenches

5 feet deep or greater.

Hearing Conservation Program, A plan implemented when workplace noise equals or exceeds _________________time weighted average

85 dB for an 8 hour time weighted average

Effects of noise on hearing, Permanent loss can occur after exposure to sounds of __________, even though they won't feel pain

85 db

live electrical parts shall be guarded against accidental contact -room, partition, platform, elevation ______

>8'

Asbestos Awareness:

A mineral with microscopic fibers that are extremely strong, flexible, and resistant to chemicals and heat

Classes of Fires,

A, B, C, and D Classified according to the fuel source

Asbestos, Work Practices

Administrative measures developed to regulate the clean-up and disposal of asbestos

HBV Vaccine: Who should receive the vaccine?

All workers who are likely to be exposed to infectious materials

Construction Definition -A confined space is:

Any space having a limited means of egress, which Is subject to the accumulation of toxic or flammable contaminants or has an oxygen deficient atmosphere.

Personal fall arrest systems

Assembled and tested equipment used to safely arrest the fall of a worker

Hazardous Materials; Labeling

Chemical manufacturers, importers or distributors must ensure proper labeling, including substance identity, hazard warnings, and responsible party info, additional info may include: o PPE Recommendations o Exposure Management Recommendations

Common types of Asbestos

Chrysotile: Amosite: Crocidolite:

Fall Control,

Controlled through fall arrest systems, equipment used to safely stop or arrest a worker that experiences a fall

Directional Signage, Reducing Risk

Directional signs serve to reduce risk of injury or illness

Directional Signage,

Directional signs that indicate aisles, passageways, exits, non-exits and the location of safety equipment are required in work areas

Encapsulated Asbestos

Does not have to be removed, if intact, can be sealed in place, but must be labeled and periodically inspected for deterioration. Any maintenance, repair or removal of materials that contain asbestos can release hazardous airborne fibers

Hearing Protection

Earplugs Canal Caps Earmuffs

Asbestos, Controls

Elimination Engineering Controls

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Responsibilities: employer is responsible for providing, employee responsible for wearing (unless he believes it would prevent proper delivery of care or jeopardize safety-must tell er)

Employer provides details on proper use, handling, and disposal of PPEs

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: What is rigging?

Equipment that attaches a load to the hoist

3 main hazards

Falls Electrocution from contacting energized power lines Hit by falling objects

Heat Monitoring Program

First step is to assess the environment, locate heat sources and work areas known for high heat, after the assessment, implement Work Practice Controls,

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls:

Gloves, Covers and shields, and Mouthpieces

Fall Protection, Guardrail system (2)

Guardrails with toeboards, screens, and canopies protect lower level workers from falling objects Proper storage of materials, equipment and tools also protects workers from falling objects

HBV Vaccine: HCV and HIV do not have a vaccine, only

HBV

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Hazard Communication Standard

HCS 29 CFR 1910:1200

Bloodborne Pathogens (BP): Common ones include

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV

Slope Type C soil

I 1/2 to I (34° angle)

In multistory buildings, at least

I fire extinguisher adjacent to stairway

Slope Type B soil

I to I (45° angle)

First Aid

Informed and trained employees are the first link in successfully handling emergencies

Program/Certification Benefit: Reduces

Injury Frequency and Severity Insurance Premiums Regulatory (OSHA) Liabilities

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware: Verify load is stable and perform a pre-move test

Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function

IIE

Institute of Industrial Engineers

Providing the Proper Ladder Support,

Ladder-to-Structure tie-off Ladder-to-ground tie-off Holding the ladder Outrigger Stabilizers

Fall Protection, Fall protection plans-written plans used when workers are doing leading edge, concrete erection or residential construction work where conventional fall protection equipment is either not feasible or would create a greater hazard

May include controlled access zones or safety monitoring systems, and are only implemented by a competent person

First Aid kits

Must be approved by a physician and must include items needed in the specific workplace

Safety Signs

Must meet specific appearance standards and be easy to understand, must be able to understand meaning in any language

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

NSC

National Safety Council

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Hoists and rigging:

Proof load tests confirm and certify load capacity, make sure certificate is still valid each time you use equipment

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 7:

Radioactive Materials

Once a supervisor reads the operating manuals for new equipment, what should the supervisor do with them?

Review the manual withy the employees who will be using the new equipment

STS Targeted Toward: Group Leaders

Safety Committee Members Departmental Safety Liaisons/Champions

Program/Certification Benefit: Improves

Safety Culture Productivity/Profits Work Quality Accountability

STS Targeted Toward: Leaders

Senior Executives Managers at all levels within the organization

SFPE

Society of Fire Protection Engineers

Hazardous Materials; MSDS, Definition

Standardized or non-standardized forms with detailed info on hazardous chemicals, cornerstone of HCS, created and made available to employer by manufacturer, employer must ensure current and available MSDSs

SSS

System Safety Society

Hazardous Materials; GHS

The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals

Hearing Conservation,

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)

Effects of Heat Stress: Factors

The individual's physical condition and the surrounding environment influence how an individual will be affected by heat,

What is the primary reason for conducting a safety inspection?

To identify unsafe conditions and practices

When working over or near water where danger of drowning exists employees shall be provided with a

US coast guard approved life jacket

Tag Requirements

When used, must be attached as close as possible to the designated hazard using string, wire or adhesive that prevents employees from losing or removing it, must have two communication ingredients:

Reduce Exposure, Work practice controls:

Work practice controls-modify schedule or location, or modify operating schedule of machinery

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections, Slings: Metal Mesh, (2)

a 15% reduction of the original cross-sectional area of any point around the hook opening of the end fitting, cracked end fittings or visible distortion of end fittings, locked spirals preventing movement, fittings that are pitted, corroded, cracked, bent, twisted, gouged, or broken, other conditions including visible damage

Scaffold, Work Procedures: Do not, Work on scaffolds during severe weather unless

a competent person has determined it is safe and you are protected by personal fall arrest systems or wind screens

Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Physical data refers to

a hazardous chemical's appearance and odor

Exposure Control Plan,

a set of guidelines established by a company to control exposure

Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Elevate wound

above the heart

Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Drugs:

alcohol and some drugs dehydrate the system

Remove wire rope chokers from service when ___________ ___________________over one lay or when _________________ in any one strand of one lay.

- 10 broken wires randomly distributed over - 5 broken wires

Remove running ropes on hoists/ cranes when___________ ___________ in one lay or ___ in any one strand of one lay

- 6 or more broken wires - 3

Quality & Recognition, National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA)

- Accrediting body of the National Organization for Competency Assurance (NOCA) - NCCA accredits certification programs/organizations that assess professional competency

What is STS?

- Certification process - Not safety practitioners - Safety responsibility - Establishes minimum general safety competency - Process for a culture change

STS Qualifications

- Education: 30 hours of safety-related training - Experience: Two years industry experience plus one year as supervisor OR Four years industry experience if not a supervisor - Competence: Demonstrated through examination

VALUE of Certification

- Exemplifies enhanced professional credibility because of standards of practice required to obtain and maintain certification. - Demonstrates that certificate holders have been reviewed and tested by an impartial commission and deemed to have met nationally accepted criteria. - Provides an examination basis to assess employee competency. - Recognizes the highest level of professionalism in certified safety, health, and environmental executives.

VALUE of Certification

- Identifies individual as a source of expertise by lengthy examination. - Associates organization name with globally recognized certification. - Enhances reputation of organization by having certified individuals in safety, health, and environmental positions. - Improves relations of organization within safety, health, and environmental community. - The mark of a PROFESSIONAL.

Supported scaffolds with a height to base width ratio of more than _________________shall be restrained from tipping by _________________________________.

- four to one (4:1) - guying, tying, or bracing.

Personal fall arrest systems shall limit the arresting force to _________ when used with a body harness.

1,800 Ibs.

Extension or job ladders must be used at an angle equal to

1/4 the working length of the ladder

Scaffolds must be at least _________ from electric power lines at all times.

10 ft

ladder rungs to be spaced not less than

10" or more than 14" apart

The minimum operating distance from power lines allowed is

10' (up to 50kV)

No splices or nicks allowed in welding cables for

10' from the stinger

Guardrails or full protection required when scaffolds are

10' in height

Material not to be stored within

10' of buildings.

A fire extinguisher required within

100' of travel

Repairs to electrical cords not allowed unless

12 gauge or lager

Ladderjack, roof bracket & pump jack scaffold platforms must be at least

12" inches wide

Scaffold planks must not extend more than

12" over end supports for platforms 10' or less in length

Where scaffold platforms are overlapped to create a long platform, the overlap must not be less than

12" unless nailed/ secured

Electrical cords in construction must be

14 gauge or larger (hard or extra-hard duty)

The front edge of the scaffold platforms must not be more than

14" from the surface of the work. except

Maximum acetylene gauge pressure

15 psi

Other than connectors, ironworkers must use fall protection at ______

15'

Guardrail system: The midrail must support

150 lbs. and be installed midway between top rail & working surface

Plastering and lathing scaffold platforms maximum distance from the lace is

18"

Scaffold planks must not extend more than

18" over end supports for platforms more than 10' in length

Scaffold platforms must be at least

18" wide

An oxygen deficient atrnosphere is less than ________

19.5%

Erection of horizontal steel beams requires

2 bolts per connection

At least I temporary toilet required per

20 employees

Separate gas cylinders in storage by

20' or5' high 1/2 fire wall

Guardrail system: The top rail on a system must support

200 lbs. and be 42" + or - 3" high

An oxygen enriched environment is more than __________

23.5%

A double cleated or 2 ladders needed when only means of access for

25 or more employees to an elevated area

No more than __ to ladder/egress in trenches/excavations

25' of travel

After securing scaffold at 4X the smallest base dimension, additional ties are required at

26' vertically and 30' horizontally (for frames wider than 3')

Remove standing ropes on hoists/ cranes when __________ ____________________ in one lay

3 or more broken wires

Maximum distance from the lace for outrigger scaffolds is

3"

Minimum working clearance around electrical equipment allowed is

3' deep X 30" wide

Slope Type A soil

3/4 to I (53° angle)

Connector fall protection required at over _____

30'

No more than ____________________ of unsecured decking

3000 square feet

A fire extinguisher required for every

3000 square feet of building

When portable ladders are used for access to an upper landing, the side rail's must extend at least

36" above the landing or grabrail provided

Top edge of guardrails must not deflect to a height less than

39"

Column steel erection requires

4 bolts per connection

A ladder or other means of egress required from trenches/ excavations at

4' in depth

Top rail height shall be

42' +/-3' Midrail height shall be at least 21' high

No more than 4 floors of unfinished bolting or ____________whichever is less

48'

Scaffolds must be capable of supporting their own weight and at least

4X the maximum intended load

Excavations not in stable rock sloped or shored if

5' or deeper

Lanyards and vertical life lines shall have a minimum breaking strength of

5,000 Ibs.

Anchorages for fall protection shall be capable of supporting at least

5,000 Ibs. per an employee attached.

lifelines shall be secured above the point of operation to an anchorage capable of supporting a minimum of _______________________-

5,000 Ibs. per an employee attached.

Fall anchorages must support

5000 lbs. per person

Guardrail system: The toe board must support

50lbs. and be at least 3 1/ 2" (nominal) in height

Scaffold planks unless secured must extend at least

6" over end supports

Wire rope guardrails must be flagged not more than every

6'

Fall Protection is required for work more than

6' above a lower level.

Place warning lines for roofing controlled access zones not less than

6' back from edge

Controlled decking zone must be

6' from leading edge (90' maximum width and depth)

Materials not to be stored inside a building within

6' of hoist way nor within 10' of an exterion wall which does not extend above the top of the material

In general, fall protection required

6' or more

Scaffold suspension ropes must be capable of supporting at least

6X the intended load

Wood guardrails require an upright support no more than

8' apart

Bracing required for masonry walls

8' in height unless adequately supported

STS: Observed Benefits - URS

85% reduction in recordable injuries & illnesses 85% reduction in worker's compensation costs Increased competence in supervisory safety decisions Improved quality of safety inspections & audits Demonstrated commitment to employee professional development Enhanced technical confidence level Improved productivity and profitability on projects Continued professional development Demonstrated commitment to Zero Injuries vision

What best describes the job safety analysis (JSA)?

A JSA is a method where employees participate in the identification of hazards and unsafe work practices and implement measures to reduce the associated risk.

AIHA

American Industrial Hygiene Association

ASSE

American Society of Safety Engineers

STS Targeted Toward: Supervisors

Crew Chiefs Foremen Future Supervisory Candidates

Career Paths in Safety

Education Experience Certification

A masonry crew uses a mortar mixer that is powered by a gasoline engine. A V-belt drive runs between the motor sheaves attached to the gear mechanism for the drum. What hazard requiring guarding does the belt drive exhibit?

Pinch point or nip point

STS - Safety Trained Supervisor STS C

Safety certification for new safety professionals Four years experience in industry, if not a supervisor Or two years experience, one as a supervisor 30 hours of safety related training Two hour, 100 item examination

When one or more employees enter a permit-required confined space, what must be shown on the permit?

The measured level of oxygen and airborne flammable and toxic materials present in the confined space

What is Certification?

Third-Party Validation of: Education and Training, Experience, and Demonstrated competence with a body of knowledge by examination

A work environment where safe work practices and habits are part of the culture starts with a commitment by the organization's:

Top management

Guardrails -Fall Prevention system

Toprail 200 Ibs. force Midrail150 Ibs. force. Toe board 3.5 in.

Scaffold must be sound, rigid and sufficient to carry its own weight plus ___________________________________without settling or displacement. It must be erected on solid footing.

four times the maximum intended load

A change in elevation 19" or more requires a

ladder or stairs, for access

Stairs with 4 or more risers must have at least ___________ ________________________at each unprotected edge

one handrail and stair rail system at

Excavations over 20' in depth require a

professionally engineered design

When scaffold height reaches or exceeds 4X the smallest base dimension it must be

secured to the structure or outriggers used

limit employee access next to masonry walls

the height of the walls +4'

Scaffold, Work Procedures: - ensure a competent person

observes and monitors, use nonconductive tools or materials,

Asbestos, Hygiene Facilities

- Change rooms-employees must decontaminate contaminated clothing in specified change rooms away from clean work clothing and disposed of in designated containers, any person handling must be warned - Shower facilities-workers who work in areas that exceeded EL or TWA are required to shower at the end of each shift, they should not leave the workplace wearing any contaminated clothing - Lunchroom-no contaminated clothing should enter lunchroom, employees should wash hands prior to eating, drinking or smoking

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function

- Check for safe environment - Check your slings - Check your connective hardware - Perform a pre-move test

Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include:

- Chemical containers - Storage closets - Radiation and biohazard areas - Regulated areas - Hazard Communication

Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Heat Index

- Combination of relative humidity and temperature can cause the air to feel hotter or cooler than the temp on the thermometer - National Weather Service provides a Heat Index Table to help predict heat stress danger points

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Chemical Inventory, provides employees with:

- Complete list of hazardous materials on site - How much of each is stored - Type of container substance is store in

Safety Signs, Types

- Danger - Biological Hazard - Caution - Slow-moving Vehicle - Safety Instructions

Safety Signs, Locations: Other dangerous situations

- Danger signs - warn of fire, electrical, mechanical, chemical or other hazards

Tag Types:

- Danger tags - Caution tags - Warning tags - Biological tags

Personal fall arrest systems, Assembled and tested equipment used to safely arrest the fall of a worker: (2)

- Deceleration device-limits the force of impact during a fall arrest, includes a rope grab, rip-stitch, shock absorbing lanyard, or automatic self-retracting lifeline/lanyard - Lanyard-flexible line of rope, wire rope, or strap that connects the body harness to a deceleration device, lifeline or anchor

Safety Signs and Color Codes: Requirements

- Directional Signage - Hazardous Substance Marking

Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Exits - marked with visible signs, each exit sign has:

- Distinctive color that contrasts with building (usually red with the word EXIT in white, or vice versa) - Easy to read letters, not less than 6 inches high and ¾ inch wide - Arrow indicating direction of travel when nearest exit is not apparent - Reliable, independent light source that remains in power outages

Best Practices:

- Documented policies and procedures - Proper Training must be given prior to a job task that includes hazardous materials and when a new material is added to the workplace - Proper Labeling on all containers with hazardous materials in an easily viewed location, in legible condition, proper personnel must be notified if proper labeling is not displayed - MSDS on each hazardous substance, up to date and available to all employees, kept in an easily accessible location that can be accessed in a timely manner, train employees on when to use, where to access and how to read MSDS

Safe work practices

- Elimination - Substitution - Engineering Controls - Work Practice Controls - PPE

Safety Signs, Locations: Safety equipment that can shut down other pieces of equipment in emergency situations

- Emergency stop bars and buttons

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure

- Evaluate conditions, - Select method and equipment, - Inspect equipment, - Proof load tests confirm and certify load capacity,

Hazardous Materials; Hazardous Chemical Exposure

- Exposure and effect can be acute or chronic, must be mindful of long-term effects

Falls, 4 main elements affect potential for injury

- Fall distance - Shock absorption capacity of surface below - Impact position & dangerous objects - Worker weight, the heavier the falling object, the greater the impact

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems include

- Fans - Shielding - Efficient Machinery

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Slings

- Fiber - Chain - Wire rope / metal mesh

Safety Signs, Color Red: Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard,

- Fire extinguishers - Fire signs - Fire safety cans

Safety Signs, Locations: • The color red indicates three different things:

- Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard - Safety equipment that can shut down other pieces of equipment in emergency situations - Other dangerous situations

Types of Ladders

- Fixed • Portable • Step • Single • Extension • Sectional • Trestle • Extension Trestle • Rail

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Labels

- HCS requires labeling of each hazardous materials container, but avoids endorsing a specific labeling system, purpose is to serve as immediate warning about the chemical hazard,

Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard

- Hazard classification - Labels - Safety Data Sheets - Information and Training

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Precautions to take

- Keep all body parts away from the area between sling and load and sling and hook - Never stand in line with or next to the legs of a sling under tension - Never stand or walk under a suspended load - Never allow employees to ride a sling - Never use synthetic rope slings as bridles on suspended personnel platforms

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Written Program - site specific, describes how HCS will be implemented in facility, considers the following elements:

- Labels and other forms of warning - MSDS - Employee training - Trade secrets - Additional topics to be reviewed

When the total length of a climb on a fixed ladder exceeds 24' one of the following is required: ____________,_________, or__________________.

- Ladder safety device, Retractable lanyard, or ladder cage.

Safety Signs, Design Features:

- Material - must be made of an opaque, glossy material - Corners - must have rounded or blunt corners without sharp edges - Fastening Devices - cannot produce a hazard - Easy-to-Read Lettering - Accurate, Positive Wording - make positive suggestion or direction, short, to-the-point statements that effectively direct an individual to perform a particular action, must be accurate in fact

Material Handling Equipment,

- Mobile cranes - Overhead cranes - Block and tackle

Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include:

- National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) - a series of numbered color coded sections, combined together to form a diamond, can be found on containers, transportation vehicles and storage tanks - American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - contains specific info about a chemical, may contain chemical name, signal work (i.e. CAUTION), hazard identification (health and physical), precautionary statement like "DO NOT INGEST", recommended first aid and/or fire responses procedures - Hazardous Material Identification System (HMIS) - created by the National Paint and Coatings Assoc., similar in appearance to NFPA, uses color coded shapes and numbers to identify type and severity of hazards, includes space at top of label for name and info on PPE requirements and handling recommendations - Company Specific-can make own, but must contain OSHA requirements, be clearly visible and legible, must train employees on how to identify and understand labeling system

Hazard Communication (HazCom): International Standards

- OSHA - Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS) - The Globally Harmonized System for Hazard Communication (GHS)

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Employee "Right to Know"

- OSHA believes that every employee that is required to work with hazardous materials has a right to know about them, places the responsibility on the employer

Best Practices: Proper Training must be given prior to a job task that includes hazardous materials and when a new material is added to the workplace, commonly includes:

- OSHA guidelines on hazardous substances - Company specific Hazard Communications program - The company's hazardous materials identification system - MSDS - How to minimize exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace - PPE - The company's emergency procedures in the event of incident or exposure

Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling

- Old standard allowed manufacturers/importers to put info on labels in whatever format they prefer, this standardizes it, requires classifying chemicals according to their health and physical hazards and specifies hazard communication elements for labeling and safety data sheets

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 2: Gases-

- Oxygen - Non-flammable gas - Flammable gas - Gases that create an inhalation hazard

Heat Stress: Cooling Mechanisms, Sweating

- Phase 1: if the body cannot release enough heat through the skin, the brain senses the extra heat and signals the sweat glands to produce moisture - Phase 2: sweat glands begin to shed moisture through the skin - Phase 3: as sweat evaporates, skin is cooled

Heat Stress: Cooling Mechanisms, Blood Circulation

- Phase 1: when heat causes temps of the blood to exceed normal ranges, the brain and central nervous system send warning messages to the heart - Phase 2: the heart pumps blood faster - Phase 3: blood vessels expand to handle to increase volume causing the blood to flow closer to the skin's surface, skin appears flushed - Phase 4: blood releases excess heat through the skin

Effects of Heat Stress: Increased Risk for Accidents, Additional issues include:

- Poor hand control due to slippery, sweaty palms - Dizziness due to physical fatigue and dehydration - Poor visibility due to the fogging of safety glasses - Burns due to accidental contact with hot surfaces or steam

Personal fall arrest systems, Assembled and tested equipment used to safely arrest the fall of a worker:

- Positioning device-holds a worker in place on a walk with both hands free and do not allow a free fall of more than feet, secured to an anchor point capable of supporting at least 3,000 lbs - Anchorage-a secure point for the attachment of lanyards or lifelines - Lifeline-flexible line used to connect an anchorage with other fall arrest devices - Connectors or buckles-used to connect system parts

Safety Signs, Locations: Yellow indicates where employees should take extra precautions

- Potential hazards or to caution against unsafe practices, Ex. include chemical storage and authorized personnel only signs - Slip, trip or fall hazards - ex. include wet floor signs

Minimization of Risks: Prevention

- Prevention - Mitigation - Recovery - Preparedness - Response - Communicate

Hazard Communication (HazCom): MSDS, there are 16 possible categories of information, 8 of which are mandatory:

- Product identity by chemical or common name - Hazardous ingredients - Physical and chemical characteristics - Physical hazards, such as fire and explosion - Health hazards, including routes of exposure and symptoms - Precautions for safe handling and use - Control measures, such as ventilation and PPE - Information on how the hazardous substance reacts with other chemicals or substances

Safety Signs, Color Codes

- Red and yellow are used to mark physical hazards

Safety Signs and Color Codes, Types

- Safety Signs - Color Codes - Tags

Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Age:

older people and infants are more susceptible

Hazardous Materials; Purpose

- Section 1-chemical product name and company identification, including contact and emergency contact numbers of the manufacturer, date MSDS last revised - Section 2-hazardous ingredients, including concentration, CAS#= (reference number assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service, use this number to search their database) and Worker Exposure Limit (TLV-C or Threshold limit value - Ceiling) is the max amount a person can be safely exposed to

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches,

- Single vertical hitch - Bridle hitch - Single basket hitch - Double wrap basket hitch - Single choker hitch - Double chocker hitch - Adjusting hitch - Double slings spaced by a spreader bar

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function; Perform a pre-move test

- Slowly raise the hoist block to ease the slack out of slings and then check the load hook to make sure that the slings are fully seated in the saddle - Make sure the hoist is centered over the load's center of gravity - Slowly lift the load just a few inches to minimize swinging - Check to make sure load is balanced, that the hitch is holding the load, and that connective hardware and rigging maintain their integrity with the weight of load

Scene Assessment

- Survey the scene: - Assess injured person's situation - Call for help: - Report critical information: - Follow your company's emergency management plan

Hazard Communication (HazCom)

- Term to describe the labeling and information systems used around the world for working with hazardous materials - OSHA has provided guidelines and regulations called Hazard Communication Standard (HCS 29 CFR 1910:1200) - Employee "Right to Know" - International Standards

Hoists

- The components of cranes and other equipment used to lift or lower heavy loads

Hazardous Substances: Signs for hazardous substances must be marked with:

- The specific hazards of substances - Procedures for regulated areas - The structure of the HazCom labeling system

Hazard Communication (HazCom): OSHA has provided guidelines and regulations

- To ensure that the hazards of all chemicals produced by a company are evaluated - This info is provided to employer and employees - HCS provides info on hazardous chemicals in all of its physical forms - liquids, solids, gases, vapors, fumes and mists - Provides a glossary of terms to ensure that employees understand all aspects of the standard

Hazardous Materials; Adverse Health Effects

- To produce, exposure must exceed the min levels of toxicity, seek help immediately

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitch,

- Various rigging configurations designed to connect a load to a hoist - Type chosen depends on size, weight and shape of load, must maintain balanced center of gravity (the point at which the entire weight of a suspended load is concentrated and will balance)

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Double wrap basket hitch

- a pair of basket hitches wrapped completely around the load and attached to the hook, used for handling loose material, pipes, rods, or smooth cylindrical loads, to equalize load on each leg, ensure that sling legs are adjusted while taking up slack

Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include: National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA)

- a series of numbered color coded sections, combined together to form a diamond, can be found on containers, transportation vehicles and storage tanks

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Single choker hitch

- a single sling is wrapped around a load, with the end of the sling or its hardware hooked back onto itself, causing the hitch to tighten against the load, shackle should be used between hook and sling, used for pipes, rods, or smooth cylindrical loads when they can be balanced safely, not for loose bundles from which material can fall or loads difficult to balance, do not force the eye at the end of the rope down towards the load once lifting, can cause extra stress on sling and break

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Single vertical hitch

- a single vertical "leg" of the sling supports the load, used whenever the load's center of gravity is in the middle of the object and there is very little potential shifting during movement, use only on items equipped with lifting eyebolts or shackles

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Chemical Inventory

- accurate inventory of every hazardous substance the employee may be exposed to,

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Turnbuckle used to

- adjust the length of individual slings to help balance a load without having to remove the entire sling, an adjustable threaded device, attached to slings by a combination of eyebolts or shackles at each end, generally not permanent fixtures on slings but are attached for long or awkward loads

Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Non-exits

- all doors, passageways, or stairways that are not exits must be clearly marked or a sign must indicate where they lead

Hazardous Materials; OSHA definition, Health hazard

- any chemical for which at least one study conducted in accordance with established scientific principles shows that acute or chronic health effects may occur in exposed employees

Hazardous Materials ; OSHA definition, Physical hazard

- any chemical for which there is evidence that it is a combustible liquid, a compressed gas, an explosive, flammable, an organic peroxide, oxidizer, pyrophoric or unstable/reactive or water-reactive

Hazardous Materials: OSHA definition

- any substance determined to be either a health hazard or a physical hazard

Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Hazard Communication

- areas that contain hazard substances must have signs posted providing key for HazCom labeling system (employees must receive training on labeling)

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Rigging hardware

- based on hoist used, hitch selected and sling chosen for conditions

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Fiber Slings, Disadvantages

- cannot be used with heavy loads, are less durable when exposed to extreme temps, moisture, extreme ultraviolet light, rust, and certain chemicals, can be easily cut and have less abrasion resistance than other types

Tag Requirements, Signal word

- captures attention immediately (i.e. Danger, Caution, Hazard...), all employees must be able to understand word and must be readable from 5 feet away

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 8: Corrosive Materials

- cause a breakdown of all layers of skin when exposed for sufficient amount of time

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 6: Poisonous (toxic) Materials

- cause adverse health effects, sometimes death, when ingested, inhaled or absorbed at amounts above minimum toxicity level

Heart Attack; First Aid, Myocardial Infarction

- conduct CPR if trained, or find someone who is trained

Burns: Types, Causes and First Aid, Chemical

- contact with chemicals incompatible with human body like acids or alkalines, typically first degree burn symptoms, flush chemicals from the skin with water for 20-30 min and remove any clothing and jewelry with chemicals on them, cover burns with dry, loose bandage, assume victim is in shock and seek medical attention

Burns: Types, Causes and First Aid, Heat

- contact with high temps, degree depends on temp of surface and length of contact, common on hands and arms, for first and second-degree with no open blisters, flush with lots of cool running water and apply a loose bandage, then seek medical attention, for second or third-degree burns with open blisters do not use water (increases risk of shock), apply loose bandage and seek medical attention

Burns: Types, Causes and First Aid, Electrical

- contact with uncontrolled, high-voltage, electrical energy sources, typically third degree symptoms, common on arms and hands, follow company's emergency procedures, call for help immediately, keep bystanders away, do not touch victim or electrical source, notify power company of any downed lines, if indoors, responsible party should turn off power source, only when area has been rendered safe can you approach the victims, then look for symptoms of heart attack and burns, cover all burns with dry, loose bandages, treat for shock

Tag Types: Biological tags

- contain a pictograph, used to identify actual or potential presence of bio hazard, or equipment, containers, room, animals or combo of these things that contain hazardous bio agents

Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include: American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

- contains specific info about a chemical, may contain chemical name, signal work (i.e. CAUTION), hazard identification (health and physical), precautionary statement like "DO NOT INGEST", recommended first aid and/or fire responses procedures

Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Rest and water breaks

- create a suitable work/rest schedule

Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include: Hazardous Material Identification System (HMIS)

- created by the National Paint and Coatings Assoc., similar in appearance to NFPA, uses color coded shapes and numbers to identify type and severity of hazards, includes space at top of label for name and info on PPE requirements and handling recommendations

Hazard Communication (HazCom): OSHA

- created in 1971, goal is to develop safety standards and educate employees in safe work practices

Burns: Types, Second-degree burns

- deeper than first-degree, red or blotchy and have blisters, may look wet from loss of fluid through damaged layers of skin

Burns: Types, Third-degree burns

- deepest burns, may look white or charred or like second-degree burns, extend through all layers of skin and sometimes to structures below

Safety Signs, Color Red: Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard, Fire safety cans

- designed to hold flammable liquids that have a flashpoint below 80 degrees, are red with yellow markings

Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -have a written plan, includes: Identification of Hazardous Materials

- discuss the company's policies on proper identification of hazardous materials, include a complete list of all hazardous substances and discuss the labeling system being used

Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: First aid and PPE

- easy access to areas with clear markings

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Select method and equipment, Slings

- employer's rigging plan should include pre-selected slings based on load and environmental conditions

Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE

- employers responsibility to provide and train on use

Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Regulated areas

- entrances and exits of regulated areas must have signs to inform employees of procedures that must be followed for area

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure, Evaluate conditions; hoist

- evaluate hoist load capacity, can locate this on the hoist, within the attached documentation, or on a load capacity chart

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure, Evaluate Conditions: Load

- examine load to determine center of gravity, hoist hook or point of suspension must be directly above this point, if a load shifts, stop lifting, consult your supervisor and adjust as needed, notice whether the load has loose pieces or is a solid mass, determine weight of load, combined with the weight of rigging must not exceed load capacity of hoist

Effects of Heat Stress: Heat exhaustion

- excess loss of fluids and electrolytes, may be pale, clammy skin, headaches, general weakness, irritable and confused, may vomit or faint

Types of Ladders, Rail

- fixed, fastened, in full length or in sections, to a structure

Safety Signs, Types: Biological Hazard

- fluorescent orange or orange-red, with letters in a contrasting color (e.g., black), used to indicate actual or potential presence of bio hazards, may also identify equipment, containers or other areas that contain infectious agents and pose a risk

Safety Signs, Types: Slow-moving Vehicle

- fluorescent yellow-orange triangle with a dark red reflective border, designed for optimal visibility in day and night, intended for vehicles that move at 25 mph or less on public roads

Stairways having ______________ risers or rising more than _________________must have at least one handrail.

- four or more - 30 inches

Minimization of Risks: Communicate

- good communication and info management is key

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Chain Slings, Advantages

- good for operating under high temps or rugged conditions, flexible, long lasting, easy to inspect, collapsible for convenient storage and will adherer securely to contours of a load, typically found in steel mills, foundries, heavy machining operations requiring repetitive lifting

Safe work practices, Engineering Controls

- have a system in place to minimize exposure risk, enclose the work area and/or have a vent system in place for materials that produce vapors or fumes

Minimization of Risks: Preparedness

- have a written emergency response plan and know your role, hold regularly scheduled emergency drills, take them seriously and participate every time

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 9: Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials

- hazards, but doesn't meet any other class

Safety Signs and Color Codes: Types, Color Codes

- help identify hazards and certain conditions

Safety Signs and Color Codes: Types, Safety Signs

- help prevent accidents by communicating hazards, have a color-coding system for particular hazard categories and must meet several requirements

Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Stop the bleeding

- hold sterile gauze with firm pressure over wound for slight bleeding, for more severe bleeding, locate vein or artery above the bleeding area and press it against the bone behind it, when pressure is properly applied bleeding should stop, do not remove an object if punctured, cover open chest wounds, keep victim still

Providing the Proper Ladder Support, Holding the ladder

- holding or bracing is practical when job requires a short amount of time or when tying off, person should have adequate footing and use both hands, must be focused and cannot let go until climber is back on ground

Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Medical screening and surveillance

- if a program is set up, trained first aid responders must be available, employer must develop specific procedures for rapid cool down and getting immediate medical attention for emergencies

Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Call for help

- immediately for arterial bleeding, venous and capillary can be managed on scene, but call for help if needed

Hazard Communication (HazCom): The Globally Harmonized System for Hazard Communication (GHS)

- in 2003, UN adopted GHS, includes criteria for classification of health, physical, and environmental hazards and specifies what info should be on labels of hazardous chemicals and MSDSs

Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Storage closets

- indicate the contents and potential danger

Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Chemical containers

- indicate the identification name and number of chemical stored, warning words must be displayed immediately under or adjacent to content ID

Safety Signs and Color Codes: Requirements, Directional Signage

- indicate the locations of exits, passageways and safety equipment, often required by federal safety regulations or municipal building codes

Tag Requirements, Major message

- indicates the specific hazard or instructions to be communicated (i.e. do not use), a picture can be a major message

Hazardous Materials; Labeling, Exposure Management Recommendations

- info such as basic first aid, fire response and clean up procedures in case of exposure or incident

Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -have a written plan, includes: MSDS

- inform employees where to find them, the method in which they are filed (electronic, paper, etc.), and the contact info of the person in charge in the event there is an issue with an MSDS

Scaffold, Work Procedures: insulated lines more than _________, min distance for insulated lines less than_______ is __ feet,

- insulated lines more than 300 volts, min distance for insulated lines less than 300 volts is 3 feet,

Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Prevent shock

- keep victims warm and comfortable and still

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 5: Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides

- known to react with other materials causing a release of oxygen and heat

Always provide a way to exit a trench such as a __________ ________________-¬no more than _____________________for employees in the trench.

- ladder, stairway or ramp - 25 feet of lateral travel

Safe work practices, PPE

- least effective method, last resort, forms a barrier between you and the substance, properly maintain and use PPE, use in conjunction with engineering and work practice controls

Bleeding: External bleeding: Venous

- loss of blood from a vein (blood vessel that carries blood without oxygen back to the heart), has a steady flow, which can be heavy and dark red, easier to control than arterial bleeding

Bleeding: External bleeding: Arterial

- loss of blood from an artery (a blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart throughout the body), blood spurts with each heartbeat, is bright red, usually severe and hard to control, needs immediate attention

Bleeding: External bleeding: Capillary

- loss of blood from capillaries (smallest blood vessels), usually slow flowing, infection risk is greater

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Slings, Fiber

- made of either man-made (synthetic) or natural fibers and come in various widths

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Wire rope/metal mesh Slings

- made of individual wire strands twisted around a core, made of high-carbon steel or other metals, like iron, stainless steel or bronze, metal mesh is wider and flatter and combine alloy steel fittings with high-carbon or stainless steel mesh

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Chain Slings,

- made of individually connected alloy steel links

Hazardous Substances: General signs used for Hazardous Substances include: Radiation and biohazard areas

- mark with appropriate symbol

Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Exits

- marked with visible signs

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Bridle hitch

- more than one vertical sling supports the load, can consist of several single hitches used together to form a bridle hitch for hoisting, use for loads that have a center of gravity off to one side or for larger loads that require several leg connections, hoist hook must be directly over the center of gravity of the load when raised, should be equal tension on each sling leg if the weight on each side is equal, if one side is heavier there should be more tension on that side to balance the center of gravity

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

- must have one for each material, should contain the date MSDS prepared, name, address and phone number of manufacturer, should be kept current by the employer and readily available to every employee,

Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Labels

- must include a signal word, pictogram, hazard statement, and precautionary statement for each hazard class and category

Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -have a written plan, includes: Identification of Responsible Parties

- names of key employees responsible for the maintenance, revision and training of the plan

Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: The way a chemical enters the body; Ingestion

- never eat or drink in work area, wash hands before leaving area

Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Fire extinguishers

- obvious and marked, consistent throughout facility typically by using commonly seen overhead signs that can be viewed from a distance, although other means may be used

Effects of Heat Stress: Heat cramps

- occur during or after heavy work that involves sweating, may still have heat cramps after drinking water if electrolytes are low, painful muscle spasms caused by loss of electrolytes

Effects of Heat Stress: Heat stroke

- occurs when cooling mechanisms fail and body rises to critical temps, life-threatening, skin may be red, dry and warm to touch, no longer producing sweat, irritable, confused, not make sense, experience seizures or collapse and lose consciousness

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Single basket hitch

- one end of a sling is attached to a hook, loose end is wrapped around the load and secured on the hook, use for loads that are very stable, such as solid loads with no loose pieces, or those that have the same dimensions on each side, confirm that the center of gravity is stable within the hitch to prevent load from sliding along the rope

Eye Injuries: Embedded object

- only a doctor should remove an embedded object, place an inverted paper cup over the injured eye, cover unharmed eye as well to minimize eye movements and to keep the eyeballs from drying out

Tag Types: Warning tags

- orange, represent hazard level between danger and caution

Providing the Proper Ladder Support, Outrigger Stabilizers

- pair of extendible arms that attach the outside of ladder rails to structure, provide added lateral support for extension ladders, attach according to manufacturer's specs

Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: The way a chemical enters the body; Absorption

- passes through the skin, eyes, or any mucous membrane

Directional Signage, Workplace requirements: Aisles and passageways

- permanents are marked to indicate safe passage areas for employees, generally marked with yellow paint or black and yellow tape, usually in diagonal lines

Safety Signs, Locations: Other dangerous situations, - Red lights

- placed on barricades to prevent employees from entering areas with temporary obstructions

Types of Ladders, Single

- portable, not adjustable length, not self-supporting, has one section only

Types of Ladders, Extension

- portable, not self-supporting, adjustable in length, 2+ sections

Types of Ladders, Sectional

- portable, not self-supporting, not adjustable in length, 2+ sections that can be combined to function as a single ladder

Types of Ladders, Extension Trestle

- portable, self-supporting, adjustable, trestle ladder base with a vertically adjustable single ladder that locks the two trestles together with a scaffold

Types of Ladders, Trestle

- portable, self-supporting, not adjustable, 2 sections hinged at top to form equal angles with base

Types of Ladders, Step

- portable, self-supporting, using spreaders that lock in place when open, not adjustable length

Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -have a written plan, includes: Employee Training

- training requirements and the methods in which it will be delivered

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Chain Slings, Disadvantages

- potential deterioration of links, unplanned, sudden shifts in weight of load increase stress on the sling and can deform links, can fail from consistent exposure to extreme temps

Oxygen Cylinders

- pressurized containers used for welding and certain types of respirators, can explode when exposed to heat and fire

Fall Protection, Covers

- protective materials used for holes in floors, roofs, and other surfaces, must be able to support at least twice the weight of the workers, equipment and materials that may be on the cover at any one time, must be secured, color coded and marked with the word "HOLE" or "COVER"

Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Available liquids

- provide plenty of liquids, potable water or sports drinks

Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Hazard classification

- provides specific criteria to address health and physical hazards as well as classification of chemical mixes

Minimization of Risks: Response

- react and manage the short-term, direct effects, follow written emergency plans, personal safety is the most important thing to consider when involved in incident response

Safety Signs, Types: Danger

- red, black and white, indicate immediate danger is nearby, always look the same, making them easily recognizable

Tag Types: • Danger tags

- red, used in major hazard situations when immediate threat of death or serious injury exists

Minimization of Risks: - Mitigation

- reduce or prevent hazardous risks in the workplace, or lessen the effects or consequences of an incident, be compliant with policies and procedures, help employer improve policies and procedures and assist in creating new ones

Minimization of Risks: Preention

- replace a hazardous chemical with a safer alternative, if possible, use PPE and engineering controls if it cannot be removed

Safe work practices, Substitution

- replace hazardous material with a safer alternative

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Training and Safety Awareness

- required, explain to employees the hazards and how to use the info in the HazCom program, educate employees how to determine if a substance is dangerous and how to safely manage it

Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Safety Data Sheets

- requires 16 specific sections, ensuring consistency in presentation of important protection info

Heart Attack; First Aid, Angina Pectoris

- rest, sitting position is best, loosen tight clothing, call medical assistance, provide tablets if previously prescribed, do not give if unconscious

Ergonomics

- science of designing tools and work areas so that they are more efficient and safe, fit the job to the worker, rather than the worker to the job

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Shielding

- shield self from heat by surrounding yourself with absorbent surfaces below 95 degrees, your body will radiate heat toward the surface, cooling you faster, insulate heating pipes, use flat, black surfaces to absorb heat or polished surfaces as a reflective barrier

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Adjusting hitch

- similar to basket hitch, but instead of attaching both ends to the same hook, only one end of the sling is attached to the hook, the other end loops through the sling itself, implementation is easy, used for loads that are heavier on one side, hitch adjusts self to the required length, but will not slip after equalization, easily kinks the sling, so confirm sling in good condition first

Hazard Communication (HazCom): Written Program

- site specific, describes how HCS will be implemented in facility,

Minimization of Risks: Recovery

- site-restoration, operations restoration, and support for affected employees, an attempt to make things the way they were before the accident

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Double slings spaced by a spreader bar

- slings that attach to end of spreader bar and wrap around the load, used for hoisting long pieces of evenly weighted material in a horizontal position, such as structural beams, pipes, allows for adequate spread of the slings on the load for proper balance

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 4: Flammable Solids

- spontaneously combustible, dangerous when wet

Safety Signs, Color Red: Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard, - Fire extinguishers

- standard color is red, others with special extinguishing agents may be another color

Heat Stress: Sweat and Dehydration

- sweating causes loss of water, could become dehydrated, most serious effect of dehydration is the inability to sweat and cool off properly - To prevent, drink 8 8-oz. glasses of water each day - In hot conditions, a person can become dehydrated in less than half an hour, drink more often (15-20 min) to prevent

Safe work practices, Elimination

- take away the source of the risk

Sound, Amplitude

- the loudness or volume of a sound, strength of the vibration (or height of a sound wave), measured in decibels (dB); for every 1 dB increase, there is a ~20-30% increase in perceived loudness

Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: The way a chemical enters the body; Injection

- through a cut or puncture in the skin, needle sticks most common

Providing the Proper Ladder Support, Ladder-to-Structure tie-off

- tie-off ladder with ropes or straps connected to stakes or anchor points, have someone hold ladder or secure at base before climbing, secure the ladder from the top rails to the anchor points on the structure using ropes, straps or hooks to secure, anchor points must be capable of securing the ladder, climber, tools and workload forces

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Types of Hitches, Double chocker hitch

- two single chokers are attached to load, used when extra stability is needed for loose bundles, pipes and rods, used it to run loads, load automatically equalizes between the 2 supporting legs of the sling

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Select method and equipment, Hitches

- type chosen based on thorough evaluation of the load and environmental conditions

Safety Signs, Color Red: Fire safety equipment or signs indicating fire hazard, Fire signs

- typically red with white lettering, Ex. include location of fire extinguishers and signs that indicate fire hazards like No Smoking signs

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Efficient Machinery

- use special machinery/tools that reduce the effort required to operate them so the workers use less energy

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Fiber Slings, Advantages

- used for light loads and irregularly shaped materials

Safety Signs and Color Codes: Requirements, Hazardous Substance Marking

- used to meet stringent marking requirements of specific hazardous substances

Safety Signs and Color Codes: Types, Tags

- used to warn of temporary or unusual situations

Providing the Proper Ladder Support, Ladder-to-ground tie-off

- used when ladder cannot be tied to structure or when working alone, set ladder against building and proper angle, drive stakes into soil 6-10 ft from ladder and 18 inches deep angled away from ladder, increase distance for taller, extended ladder setups, tie stake lines securely to the ladder at about 1/3 height of ladder, ensure lines are drawn tight enough so ladder will not move, add chocks against ladder feet for more stability

Burns: Types, First-degree burns

- usually not deep, least severe, redness or discoloration of skin, mild swelling and pain

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Block and tackle

- verify no excessive wear of parts, excessive wear or damage of rope or chain, blockage, such as rope or chain that cannot move through opening

Fall Protection, Guardrail system

- vertical barriers erected to prevent employees from falling off a surface to a lower level that is 6+ ft below, must have both top and middle rails strong enough to stop an outward or downward force of at least 200 lbs

Eye Injuries: Chemical splashes

- wash eye with lots of running water, flushing from the nose outward for 15-30 min, wrap a bandage loosely around both eyes and reassure victim until help arrives

Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Prevent infection

- wash minor wounds that are not bleeding severely with soap and water prior to applying a clean dressing, do not try to clean severely bleeding wounds

Safety Signs, Types: Safety Instructions

- white and have either black letters or green panels with white letters, used where there is a need for general instructions or suggestions related to safety procedures

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure Evaluate Conditions; Environmental conditions

- wind, strong wind can adversely affect stability, presence of strong wind requires use of strongest and most stable rigging, presence of chemicals, heat, or abrasive material near the rigging affects the types of slings and connectors you need, electrical hazards, do not hoist load near overhead power lines, do not move material near high-voltage energy sources unless you have received proper training, check with supervisor if special procedures are required

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Wire rope/metal mesh Slings, Disadvantages

- wire rope is less resistant than metal mesh slings to sharp edges and heat, both can be damaged when subjected to mechanical damage, corrosive chemicals, moisture, extreme temps or kinking

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Wire rope/metal mesh Slings, Advantages

- wire rope slings are very durable and used widely in construction and other industries where heavy loads and rugged conditions exist, metal mesh slings contour well to loads and are often used to lift objects with hot or sharp edges, like bar stock or plate steel in machine shops and steel warehouses, flat, flexible metal mesh weave resists kinking, tangling, and twisting, the wide load-bearing surface of mesh slings enhances load balancing and helps prevent slippage

Hazardous Materials; GHS Labeling, Major changes to Hazard Communication Standard; Information and Training

- workers must be trained by 12/1/13 on new label elements and safety data sheet format

Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Buddy system

- workers observe each other for signs of heat stress, or increase the number of workers or provide relief workers for hot environments

Safe work practices, Work Practice Controls

- written safety program and job specific training should be provided, also may allow for longer or more frequent breaks or change of schedule for employees working with hazardous substances

Safety Signs, Types: Caution

- yellow background and either black lettering or black panels with yellow letters, warn that hazards may be present and precautions should be taken

Tag Types: Caution tags

- yellow, used in minor hazard situations when a potential or non-immediate hazard or unsafe practice presents a lesser threat of injury

Scaffold, Construction: Assembly requirements - Size and spacing, width

-18 in wide with no more than 1 in between planks must prove any need for exception

Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Positioning, Direction changes

-any platform that rests on a bearer (horizontal part of scaffold assembly that joins scaffold uprights, posts, poles and similar members to increase stability) at an angle other than a right angle, must be laid first, platforms that rest at right angles over the same bearer must rest on top of the first platform, all platform planks should rest securely on bearer

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Gases; Flammable gas

-at ambient temps and pressure, forms a flammable mixture with air at a concentration of 13% volume or less; or a gas at ambient temp and pressure, forms a range of flammable mixtures with air wider than 12% by volume, regardless of the lower limit

Hazardous Materials; Common labeling systems include: Company Specific

-can make own, but must contain OSHA requirements, be clearly visible and legible, must train employees on how to identify and understand labeling system

Competent person

-capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the work environment, in charge of supervising assembly, pre-shift and periodic inspections and the dismantling of scaffolds, has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate hazards

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Class 1: Explosives

-chemical that causes a sudden, almost instantaneous release of pressure, gas, and heat when subjected to sudden shock, pressure or high temp

Classes of fires, Classified according to the fuel source: • Class B

-combustible and flammable liquids and gases, including diesel fuel, gasoline, motor oil, varnish, grease, propane, acetylene

Classes of fires, Classified according to the fuel source: Class A

-combustible materials, including paper, wood, clothing, plastic, rubber

Classes of fires, Classified according to the fuel source: Class D

-combustible metals, including sodium, sodium-potassium, alloy, magnesium, titanium

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Plate clamps

-confirm clamps tighten load securely, do not have damaged locking grips

Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Fall Protection, Personal Fall Arrest Systems

-consists of a body harness, a lanyard, a D-ring connector, and an anchorage, lanyard is connected between a supporting anchorage structure (not the scaffold) at a point above head, to the D-ring connector in the middle of your back attached to your body harness, shouldn't allow for more than 6 foot free fall, inspect prior to use

Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Material

-do not cover wood platforms with opaque paint finishes because it covers up defects in the wood, may be coated with wood preservatives, fire-retardant finishes and slip-resistant finishes, only use compatible components that fit together without force and do not change the integrity, only a competent person can approve components made by different manufacturers or of dissimilar metals to be used together or modified

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Move

-do not depend on limit switches to stop load, limit switch is an electric mechanism on hoist that is set to stop the movement of the hook and hoist at predetermined points, but it could fail; move the load to a prepared area, never leave a hoist holding a load in place until the load is safely lowered to the floor

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Hooks

-do not have wear cracks, nicks or gouges, a visible distortion, such as bending, twisting or visible increase in the normal throat opening, a missing, damaged or malfunctioning latch, a missing or damaged hook attachment

Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Positioning, Adjoining Planks

-each end must rest on a separate support, touch end to end, do not rest on each other

Types of Ladders, Portable

-easily moved from one place to another

Classes of fires, Classified according to the fuel source: Class C

-energized electrical equipment, including circuitry, switches, wiring, appliances

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Wire rope fastenings

-fabricated components of wire rope that attach it to connective hardware, connection is formed using a variety of wire rope fastenings, commercially available and designed for certain load types and conditions, always consult supervisor and follow the rigging plan for each job to make sure connections are appropriate

Hearing conservation program, Test: Baseline Test

-first hearing test, done within 6 months of first exposure to at or above action level, or within one year if work uses a mobile test van, if after 6 mos, will be required to wear hearing protection until baseline test is done, no exposure to high levels of noise for 14 hours prior to testing (or use hearing protectors if not possible)

Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE, Respirators

-for employees who work around hazardous fumes, dust, vapors or gases, make sure in good condition and fit properly

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Gases; Gases that create an inhalation hazard

-gases or volatile liquids that have met or exceeded minimum toxic threshold limits

Head PPE: Heads

-general industrials hard hats for overhead hazards, hard hats for work with electricity, and bump caps which protect from low positioned, fixed objects

Electrical PPEs, • Electrical protection

-gloves, blankets, and sleeves designed for electrical protection are marked with voltage protection number, higher the number=greater protection

Qualified person

-has a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing or by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has demonstrated the ability to solve problems related to scaffolding work, responsible for designing and planning, does NOT have to be present to supervice

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Lifting beam

-has no cracks, broken welds, or wear at attachment points, is not bent or twisted, has a clear rating that identifies the beam's lifting capacity

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function; Check for safe environment

-route you will use to move load must be clear, place warning devices to mark your path of travel, notify personnel to prevent unauthorized people from entering the area, no one is allowed between the load and other objects where load could swing and crush/pinch them

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function; Check your connective hardware

-hooks must be closed and safety latches functional, recheck hook after stabilizing load, make sure shackle is placed with the pin resting in the hook, confirm rope eyes are placed smoothly in base of shackle, pack shackle pin with washers to centralize the movement on the hook and stabilize load

Hearing conservation program, Test: Annual Monitoring

-if tests show there has been a decrease in hearing, written notice is issued within 21 days, unless a physician decides it is non-work related, you will be referred for further testing, refitted for PPE, and retrained on how to use equipment

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Lift

-if you notice slippage, stop the lift and lower to floor and consult supervisor to make adjustments; if it remains balanced, lift load straight up in one smooth motion, high enough to clear all obstructions; note the angle of sling to the load and make sure it matches predetermined safe angle for your setup

Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE, Specialized Protective Clothing

-inspect before each use, must fit properly, must function for purpose intended, typically includes chemical resistant jackets, aprons or chaps to avoid absorption

Scaffold, Work Procedures: Protect suspension ropes

-keep away from heat, acids and other corrosive substances

Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Carcinogen

-known to cause cancer

Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Corrosive

-known to eat away, or corrode, anything it comes into contact with

Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Toxic

-known to produce poisonous effects

Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Highly toxic

-known to produce poisonous effects when exposed to human body in small amounts

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability, Inspect the setup of the hoist and rigging to ensure proper function; Check your slings

-make sure slings are placed securely in the saddle of the hook or shackles (lowest point), make sure slings are long enough to ensure proper angle of loading

Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Sensitizer

-may cause the development of an allergic reaction

Hearing conservation program, Test: Audiometric Testing

-measure your hearing ability, different sounds are played for each ear and you indicate which sounds you hear, graph, called an audiogram, is created, receive a baseline and retest annually

Asbestos, Ventilation

-mechanical system that reduces the concentration of asbestos , HEPA filter dust collection systems can filter out 99.97% of particles 0.3 microns or greater in size

Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Size and spacing, - Positioning, Overlapped planks

-must overlap at least 12 inches over supports, unless platforms are nailed together or otherwise restrained

Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Fall Protection, Falling

-must use protection if working on a scaffold more than 10 feet above a lower level

Hazardous Materials; Routes of Exposure: PPE, Gloves

-nature of hazard determines which type of glove, helps prevent absorption and injection

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Gases; Non-flammable gas

-neither poisonous nor flammable, may present limited hazard during transportation due to form, quantity and packaging

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Eyebolts

-no bent shank (the threaded portion), cracks in end fitting, thread damage, eye deformation

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Turnbuckles

-no damage to end fittings, deformed or bent rods and bodies (threaded portion of end fittings), cracks or bends around the internally threaded portions

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Shackles

-no wear, spreading, or cracking of the body, missing or damaged pins, wear or damage to threads

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware, Wire rope connections

-not improperly spliced or clamped on any rope that is used for material handling, lengthened or shortened by knotting or using wire rope clips, overstressed beyond weight capacity, allowed to have broken wires or excessive wear of connective hardware

Types of Ladders, Fixed

-permanently attached to a structure

Scaffold, Construction: Assembly requirements - Size and spacing, length

-platforms 10 ft or less, must extend at least 6 in, but no more than 12 in beyond its support, unless excess length is guarded or can support workers without tipping, for platforms 10+ ft in length, must extend at least 6 in but no more than 18 inches beyond support

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes, Gases; Oxygen

-potential fire and explosive hazard while in use

Heart Attack: Signs and Symptoms, Myocardial Infarction

-quick and sudden chest pain, sweating, gray facial color, a rapid and weak pulse, and short and fast breathing, heartbeat and breathing may stop, if a person stops breathing brain damage or death may occur in 4-6 minutes

Scaffold, Assembly requirements: Fall Protection, Guardrails

-required for fall protection, must have top rail capable of sustaining 200 lbs of side force, a midrail and toe board are also required to prevent tools/objects from falling - Both are required for single-point and two-point adjustable scaffolds

Heart Attack: Signs and Symptoms, Angina Pectoris

-severe pain or pressure in the chest often mistaken for heart burn, starts in middle of chest and can move to shoulders and upper arms (typically left arm), to the abdomen and to the neck or jaw, may also have sweating, nausea, or shortness of breath

Material Handling Equipment, Block and tackle is

an apparatus of pulley blocks and ropes or cables often used in remote or hard to reach locations for hauling/hoisting materials, the more pulleys used, the greater the weight that can be raised by the same force on the rope or cable

Exposure Control Plan, Universal precautions:

an approach for BP control requiring all human blood and bodily fluids to be treated as infectious, they apply regardless of the perceived risk

Fall Arrest, The most important link in your fall arrest system is planning and connecting to a suitable __________ _______________.

anchorage point

Exposure Incident

any contact with potentially infectious materials

Scene Assessment; Survey the scene:

ask yourself: is the scene safe for me to approach? What happened? How many people are injured and to what extent? Are there bystanders who can help? Are there trained first aid responders who I can call for support?

o Crocidolite asbestos:

blue asbestos, least-commonly used, used in specialized, high-temp applications such as gaskets and valve insulations

Transfer of flammable liquids from one container to another shall be done only when the containers are ____.

bonded

Material Handling Equipment, Mobile cranes have a

boom mounted on a moveable platform, which may be rail, wheeled, or caterpillar track, often used outside to hoist items such as manufactured products, parts of structures or equipment

o Amosite asbestos:

brown asbestos, used in high-friction or heat resistant applications, such as automotive brake shoes and clutches

Hazardous Materials; GHS, Adopted

by the UN in 2003

Heart Attack, Typically chest pain,

call 911 immediately

Hazardous Materials; OSHA Classification system: Irritant-

causes an inflammatory response when exposed to human body

Experienced workers with a

certain level of expertise who are trained to make sure that the work environment is safe

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Hoists: Operational test prior to using to verify the hoist's components are working properly,

check the moving mechanism and braking mechanism (do they run smoothly and stop where you want?) and hoist limit switches (does the hoist or rigging stop before it hits the hoisting mechanism or the ground?), for overhead hoists, check the trolley end stops (are they in place to prevent the hoist from falling off the trolley?) and controls (are the controls safely positioned away from the load to protect you during operation?)

Oxidizers

chemicals that can generate enough oxygen to feed a fire, not usually combustibles but can speed up burning of other materials

Scaffold, Work Procedures: Don't Erect, move or dismantle unless you are trained as a

competent worker

Cold Temperature Emergencies: Hypothermia, Signs and symptoms:

confused behavior, poor coordination and trouble holding objects, decrease in pulse and breathing rate, numbness in hands or feet, shivering, which may stop in later stages

Scaffold, Work Procedures: - competent person should

consider distance from overhead power lines, vertical clearance between the ground and any sagging power lines, unusual ground or floor conditions or changes in elevation, scaffold height and weight, scaffold wheel condition, obstacles

Bloodborne Pathogens (BP): Enter the body through contact with

contaminated blood and bodily fluids, contact with contaminated items, through wounds, or breaks in the skin

Heat Exhaustion: Symptoms:

cool, pale, and moist skin with heavy sweating, dilated pupils and/or headache, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, near normal body temperature

Scene Assessment; Assess injured person's situation:

determine type and extent of injuries, tell the victim and bystanders who you are and that you are trained in first aid, keep them still and reassure them

Exposure Control Plan, Exposure determination:

determine which jobs and tasks are most at risk of exposure

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems include, Ventilation Systems

dilute hot air with cooler air, can be permanent or portable, can have chillers integrated which circulate cool water through enclosed tubes

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Using too many start and stop actions when hoisting=

early failure of controls

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Responsibilities:

employer is responsible for providing, employee responsible for wearing (unless he believes it would prevent proper delivery of care or jeopardize safety-must tell er)

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems include, Cool Rooms-air conditioned,

enclosed rooms or recovery areas located near hot jobs

Exposure Control Plan, o Risk reduction: there are 3 proactive methods to reduce/prevent risk of exposure including

engineering controls, work practice controls, and personal protective equipment (PPE), section includes procedures for mitigating risk

Scaffold, Construction: Made of

fabricated planks or decking, competent person responsible for ensuring they are properly erected and assembled

Exposure Incident steps:

first aid, disposal, reporting, testing (medical exam and blood testing) and follow-up (describe incident, employer identifies, tests and documents, discuss vaccination status with employer, receive post incident counseling on how to protect yourself)

Material Handling Equipment, Overhead cranes are

fixed material handling systems that have a railed support structure, called a bridge, and a wheeled trolley that travels horizontally across the bridge, most often used within warehouses, machine shops, and manufacturing facilities, or at loading docks and shipping terminals

Cold Temperature Emergencies: Frostbite, First Aid:

get into warm place, put the frozen parts into warm (100-105 F), but not hot water, handle gently, never rub a frostbitten part, can cause extensive tissue damage, if toes or fingers affected put dry, sterile gauze between them after warming, loosely bandage injured parts

Heat Exhaustion: First Aid:

get person out of heat to cooler place, lay on back with feet up to treat for shock, remove or loosen clothing, cool by fanning and applying cool packs, give sips of water every 15 min

Cold Temperature Emergencies: Hypothermia, First Aid:

get victim out of gold and in dry clothing, warm up body slowly, give nothing to eat or drink unless fully conscious, monitor vital signs

Effects of Heat Stress: Heat cramps, First Aid:

give sports drinks or bananas or tomatoes, consult a doctor if heart conditions or on a low sodium diet

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Covers and shields:

gowns, lab coats, aprons, face shields, masks and eye protection shields

Heat Monitoring Program: implement Work Practice Controls, including: Heat adjustment programs

gradually increase the amount of time a worker spends in heat in order to allow them to adapt to the new environment, NIOSH recommends new workers only spend 20% of their first day in the heat and gradually build up, when an employee returns to work from an absence, they should start at 50% and build up

Electrical PPEs, Seamless PPE

has a seamless material that prevents electricity from reaching wearer through seams or breaks in material

Best Practices; Documented policies and procedures -

have a written plan,

Bloodborne Pathogens (BP): At risk jobs include

healthcare workers, janitorial and maintenance staff, civil servants

Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Heat sources:

heat from the sun, a furnace or another heat source can increase the body's heat load, hot pieces of equipment can transfer heat to individuals, if the environment is hot, it limits the amount of heat the body can release into it

High frequency=high pitch sound, lower frequency=low pitch; middle frequency sounds seem louder than

higher or lower pitches to the human ear

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure, Evaluate conditions,

hoist and load and the environmental conditions in which you will be moving the load

Scaffold, Work Procedures: Do not, Use ladders to increase working height unless

on a large area scaffold and approved by competent person

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Hook attaches a

hoist to rigging or other connective hardware, usually made of steel, come in a variety of sizes, have a safety latch to keep loads securely connected, must be properly seated in the base of the hook to be safe, typically the lowest part of the hook)

Cold Temperature Emergencies: Frostbite happens when

ice crystals form in body tissues, usually the nose, ears, chin, cheeks, fingers or toes, it restricts blood flow to injured part, worse if parts are thawed and refrozen

Nosebleeds: With other injuries:

if suspect a head, neck or back injury, do not try to control a nosebleed, stopping blood flow would increase pressure on injured soft tissues, leave victim as you found him, stabilize head and neck and keep still until help arrives

Scene Assessment; Call for help:

if you designate someone to call, send 2 people, stay on the phone

Best Practices: Proper Labeling on all containers with hazardous materials in an easily viewed location,

in legible condition, proper personnel must be notified if proper labeling is not displayed

Within 8 hours after the death of any employee from a work related ___________________________________________ ____________________________ you must orally report to the Area Office of OSHA.

incident or the in-patient hospitalization of three or more employees

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems include, Fans

increase air movement, which increases the rate of sweat evaporation, they do not cool the air, they are more effective when positioned toward you, work best under 95 degrees and when not wearing heavy clothing

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspect equipment,

inspect hoist and rigging to ensure functionality and in good condition

Scaffold, Work Procedures: Do not, Move a scaffold horizontally when a worker is on it unless

it has been designed by a PE specifically for such movement

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Limitations:

least preferred method, should be used in conjunction with the other 2 controls

Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Medical conditions:

less physically fit bodies are less efficient under heat stress, conditions like hypertension can lessen cooling efficiency because the heart is already working harder than normal

Hoist: Types of hoist, Chain hoists

lift objects as the chain is pulled through sprockets and then collected in a container, easier to maintain and cheaper to purchase, but lift less weight

Hoist: Types of hoist, Wire rope hoists

lift objects as the wire rope is pulled through sheaves within the block above the hook and is then wrapped around a drum within the hoisting mechanism, provides a wider range of applications, lifts, hoisting speeds, and control options

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Plate clamps used to

lift steel plates, gripping devices with an eye opening for connection to other lifting hardware, when using, grip only one steel plate for each hoist

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move,

lift, move and lower load safely, make sure to avoid any sudden shifts and top at first sign of trouble and consult supervisor

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Suspended load is left unattended=

load could be disturbed and fall

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Worker operates a radio-controlled transmitter without seeing the load or surrounding areas=

load is uncontrolled and may strike someone or something

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering Controls: physical or mechanical systems include: Cooling Systems

lower the air temp by removing heat, and sometimes humidity

Hoists: - Operate

manually, electrically or pneumatically (i.e. through pressurized air)

Scaffold, Work Procedures: Follow safe electrical rules; Stay clear of power lines and conductive material,

min distance is 10 ft for all uninsulated lines

Effects of Heat Stress: Heat exhaustion, First Aid:

move to a shaded area and loosen clothing, fan or spray with water, relax in a comfortable position, if nauseous lay on side unless difficulty breathing, if conscious and not nauseous, have them drink cool water every 15 min, call for medical help if symptoms do not improve

Scaffold, Work Procedures: Use tag lines when

moving a load in the vicinity of scaffold, lines connected to control the movement of a load

All employees required to enter into confined spaces shall be instructed as to the

nature of the hazards involved, the necessary precautions to be taken, and in the use of protective and emergency equipment required.

Hazardous Materials; GHS, Since 2008, international movement to create GHS,

not a regulation or a standard but the recommended format is becoming a standard

Hazardous Materials; GHS, New changes to OSHA's hazard communication standard are bringing the U.S. into alignment with GHS, previously gave workers the right to know,

now gives them the right to understand

Fall Protection, o Controlled access zones-designated areas where conventional fall protection systems are not feasible because of the type of work

o Access to area is controlled by the use of markings or signage o Only certain types of work may be performed, such as leading edge and bricklaying operations

When is PPE used?

o After the hazards assessment has been completed o After other ways of reducing hazards have been tried or are in the process of being implemented (engineering and work practice controls) o Employer trains on proper use

Asbestos, Classifying Materials

o Asbestos-containing material (ACM)-material is known to contain asbestos o Presumed asbestos-containing material (PACM)-inspected but not known, the most cautious and protective approach is taken when working with that material

Bleeding: Internal bleeding, follow these procedures when an accident involving an impact occurs:

o Assume internal bleeding may be occurring o Call for medical assistance o Do not move the victim o Do not give the victim any food or drink

Hearing conservation program, Test:

o Audiometric Testing o Baseline Test o Annual Monitoring o Training o Hearing Protection

Fall control, Designed, constructed and placed to catch a falling worker, they must:

o Be positioned as close as possible to workers, but never further than 30 feet below the walking/working surface o Be drop tested at the site with a 400 lb bag of sand to ensure sufficient clearance and impact absorption o Be emptied of any materials, equipment or tools that fall into them as soon as possible o Inspected at least weekly for wear, damage, and deterioration

Asbestos, Effects: Specific health risks

o Can enter the body through eating, breathing or drinking o Health effects may not appear for 20-30 years o Asbestosis - non-cancerous scarring of the lungs, results in reduced breathing capacity o Cancer - 1. Lung-increased dramatically if a smoker and exposed to asbestos, asbestos weakens the lungs making them more susceptible to the cancer causing agents in smoke, 2. Gastrointestinal-digestive system, involves the stomach or intestines, 3. Mesothelioma-cancerous tumor that spreads rapidly in the membranes that cover the lungs and can spread to other body organs

Where is asbestos found?

o Ceiling and piping insulation o Sprayed-on surfacing on ceilings and walls o Vinyl flooring, ceiling tles, adhesives and drywall o Roofing shingles and siding o Sprayed on fireproofing on metal beams and columns o High temperature gaskets and valve insulation o Brake shoes in automobiles

Hoists: Types of hoists:

o Chain hoists lift objects as the chain is pulled through sprockets and then collected in a container, easier to maintain and cheaper to purchase, but lift less weight o Wire rope hoists lift objects as the wire rope is pulled through sheaves within the block above the hook and is then wrapped around a drum within the hoisting mechanism, provides a wider range of applications, lifts, hoisting speeds, and control options

Hazardous Materials; DOT 9 Hazard Classes

o Class 1: Explosives o Class 2: Gases o Class 3: Flammable and Combustible Liquids o Class 4: Flammable Solids o Class 5: Oxidizers and Organic Peroxides o Class 6: Poisonous (toxic) Materials o Class 7: Radioactive Materials o Class 8: Corrosive Materials o Class 9: Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials

Head PPE: Eyes and faces-safety glasses, goggles and face shields

o Common hazards-flying particles, molten metals, chemicals, dusts, fumes, gases, mists, liquids, vapors and intense light o Work situations-welding and working with power tools, liquids and chemicals

Head PPE: Heads-general industrials hard hats for overhead hazards, hard hats for work with electricity, and bump caps which protect from low positioned, fixed objects

o Common hazards-overhead hazards of falling or flying objects, objects that are carried or positioned low, or working with electricity o Work situations-construction, mining, lumbering, manufacturing, warehousing, electrical work and low level piping maintenance

Shock, Signs and Symptoms

o Confused behavior o Irregular pulse rate and breathing o Nausea or vomiting o Trembling and weakness in the arms or legs o Cool and moist skin, often accompanied by shivering o Dilated pupils

Exposure Control Plan, Used to isolate employees from risk of exposure, include special containers and safely designed needles

o Containers: allow employees to dispose of contaminated materials safely o Needles: have an attached shielding devices to prevent accidental injection

Asbestos Friability:

o Definition: ability to be crushed easily o Asbestos is classified as either friable or non-friable, the more friable the more hazardous o Friable: can be crushed easily with your hands and is found most often in sprayed-on applications such as insulation o Non-friable: more difficult to breakdown or crush, usually bonded with other materials like vinyl in tiles or siding, can still be released through cutting, grinding or sanding

Fall Control. Safety Net Systems

o Designed, constructed and placed to catch a falling worker

Asbestos, Elimination

o Eliminating hazardous material or substituting with less hazardous is best control, otherwise engineering controls, work practice controls and PPE are used

Fall Protection, Competent Persons

o Employees who have received advanced training, trained to recognize, minimize, communicate and monitor fall hazards at work sites

Asbestos, Regulations: Hazard communication plan

o Employer should have a plan and a copy of the regulatory requirements o Participate in training on hazard communication, respiratory, protection and PPE and asbestos o Locate the MSDS for asbestos and where asbestos is used at your workplace o Know your company policy and the controls o Read all information you are given

Fall Protection, Warning lines consist of ropes, wires or chains and supports that are made with high-visibility material.

o Erected to form a barrier, at least 6 ft away from the elevation edge to warn employees that they should not work beyond the line o Must be strong enough to stop an employee who accidently backs into it o Only rope, wire or chain with a min strength of 500 lbs should be used o Plastic caution tape cannot be used

Fall Protection, Fall Protection Requirements

o Fall protection is required if a worker is exposed to a potential fall to a lower level of six feet or more o Workers are not required to use or wear protection when employer permits them to inspect, investigate or assess workplace conditions before construction begins or after the entire job has been completed. However, if it is provided it must be worn. o Required near holes, skylights, and wall openings, on low-slope or steep roofs, near unprotected sides and leading edges, at hoist areas and above dangerous equipment, near excavation edges, where formwork and bricklaying are being performed at heights of 6+ feet, on ramps, runways and walkways

Asbestos health hazards: history

o First used in Finland in 2500 B.C. o Romans used tablecloths woven from it o Adverse health effects noted 2,000 years ago from slaves in asbestos mines o Cancer was suspected as a risk in the 1930s, link to mesothelioma made in 1965 o Since 1971, OSHA has reduced allowable exposure significantly o Use of asbestos reduced significantly since 1960s

Asbestos, Air Monitoring

o Frequency-depends on the results of initial monitoring performed, the more asbestos the more frequent air monitoring should be done o Additional air monitoring-performed when a change in production, process, control equipment, personnel, or work practices occurs that may result in new/add'l exposures, or if there is a reason to suspect a change in EL o Notification-employer will notify employees of monitoring results, written results may be provided individually or posted, whenever EL is exceeded, employer will provide a written notice outlining what is being done to correct

Fall Protection, Fall restraint systems

o Guardrail system o Covers

Asbestos, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) • When engineering and work practice controls don't reduce exposure to below TWA and EL, PPE must be used, specifically respiratory protection, in addition PPE includes:

o Head coverings o Face shields and ventilated goggles o Coveralls or similar full-body clothing o Gloves o Foot covering Least preferred method because it protects against, rather than eliminating or controlling risks

Asbestos, Engineering Controls: Physical and mechanical systems used to reduce exposure to asbestos, safest and most reliable control technique for asbestos exposure

o Isolation o Ventilation o Hygiene Facilities

Match the ladder to working conditions, 4 things to consider

o Ladder type o Load rating o Height o Material

Fall Protection, Control falls

o Last resort, includes the use of safety nets or fall arrest equipment such as harnesses and lifelines (a flexible line that connects a personal fall arrest system to an anchorage system) o Assumes elimination and prevention have already been considered

Exposure Control Plan, Applicable occupational changes include

o New or modified tasks or procedures o New or revised employee positions o Technological developments that eliminate, control or reduce exposure

Asbestos, Engineering Controls

o Physical and mechanical systems used to reduce exposure to asbestos, safest and most reliable control technique for asbestos exposure

Asbestos, Medical Monitoring: Initial Medical Monitoring

o Receive initial medical monitoring whenever you may be exposed to airborne concentrations of asbestos fibers at or above permissible exposure limits o Initial exam includes complete physical exam with emphasis on respiratory system, cardiovascular system and digestive tract and includes a chest x-ray, a pulmonary fitness test, a respiratory questionnaire, and any add'l tests deemed necessary o Physician will issue a written opinion and employee receives a copy within 30 days of employer receiving it o Receive annual exams as long as exposed to asbestos

Exposure Control Plan, Work Practice Controls procedures used to reduce the risk of exposure (2)

o Regulated waste-dispose of in accordance with federal and state law o Contact with contaminants-controls storage and activities in areas with contaminants o Needles: never bend or recap, never share, only use from reliable source, safely dispose of o Vaccines are a work practice control

Nosebleed: With NO other injuries, first aid:

o Sit down o Lean forward, chin toward chest (do not lean back, may cause blood to collect in stomach, which could lead to nausea and vomiting) o Gently pinch the nose shut with a clean towel o Rest quietly

Fall Protection,

o The use of alternative work techniques, protective equipment, and fall arrest systems to help employees that work at elevations stay safe o Goal-eliminate fall hazards, prevent falls, and control falls that do occur

Asbestos, Permissible Exposure Limits: Employers must use engineering controls, work practices and PPE to keep exposure below limits

o Time-weighted average (TWA)-average amount of exposure to hazardous substance over an 8-hour period, samples of workers' breathing air are taken over time to determine, the max is 0.1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air o Excursion limit (EL)-max allowable exposure to a substance over a 30-min period, monitoring performed in ops that are most likely to produce exposure above EL for each shift in each work area, EL for asbestos is 1 fiber per cubic centimeter of air

Why must certain types of PPE be certified?

o To meet certain levels of quality to protect workers (i.e. eye protection, hardhats, boots) o Certified by a third-party org that verify the different brands meet requirements

Exposure Control Plan, Work Practice Controls procedures used to reduce the risk of exposure

o Training-ensure employees know how to handle the situation appropriately o Disposal-put contaminated sharps in appropriate bins, place contaminated linens in leak proof bags, keep containers in close proximity to need, replace when ¾ full, seal leaking containers in another container, use containers that don't require reaching into them

Exposure Control Plan, Topics typically included, include:

o Universal precautions: o Exposure determination: o Jobs and task examples o Risk reduction:

Fall Protection, Prevent falls

o Use protective equipment, such as guardrails (barriers erected to prevent employees from falling to lower levels)

Where is PPE used?

o Where hazards or potential hazards exist o Company required to conduct a hazard assessment to make sure the equipment protects you against hazards

Scaffold Safety, Supported scaffolds-consists of

one or more platforms supported by scaffold components, such as outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, up-rights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support (Ex. Bricklayers' Square, Carpenters' Bracket, Mobile, Outrigger, Trestle Ladder, Window Jack, Roof Bracket, Stilts, Crawling Board)

Scaffold Safety, Suspension scaffolds-consists of

one or more platforms suspended from an overhead structure, ropes and other flexible scaffold components are used to suspend the platforms (Ex. Catenary, float, interior hung, multi-level, multi-point, needle beam, repair bracket, single-point adjustable, two-point adjustable)

Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Weight:

overweight people are more susceptible

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, Engineering controls are

physical or mechanical systems used to reduce exposure to heat stress, they are the safest, most thorough, and most reliable control techniques, they include: o Cooling Systems lower the air temp by removing heat, and sometimes humidity Fans increase air movement, which increases the rate of sweat evaporation, they do not cool the air, they are more effective when positioned toward you, work best under 95 degrees and when not wearing heavy clothing Ventilation Systems dilute hot air with cooler air, can be permanent or portable, can have chillers integrated which circulate cool water through enclosed tubes Cool Rooms-air conditioned, enclosed rooms or recovery areas located near hot jobs o Shielding - shield self from heat by surrounding yourself with absorbent surfaces below 95 degrees, your body will radiate heat toward the surface, cooling you faster, insulate heating pipes, use flat, black surfaces to absorb heat or polished surfaces as a reflective barrier o Efficient Machinery - use special machinery/tools that reduce the effort required to operate them so the workers use less energy

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; When inspection failed,

place a "Remove from Service" tag on equipment until repaired or replaced by a competent person

Exposure Control Plan, Work Practice Controls

procedures used to reduce the risk of exposure

Bleeding: External bleeding: First Aid, Protect yourself

protect self from HIV, AIDS, HBV, HCV, use vinyl, rubber gloves or latex gloves, if you can't find gloves, use what you can, create as much of a barrier as possible, thoroughly wash hands after contact

Reduce Exposure, Engineering controls

reduce or control sound level of noise source by modifying or replacing equipment and making any physical changes at the noise source or along transmission path of noise

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Lifting beam used to

reduce the angle of sling connections on wide loads, maintains the load's center of gravity and prevents it from leaning to one side, is a length of steel with eyebolts at engineer-designated locations on the beam, eyebolts connect to lifting hardware and slings

Effects of Heat Stress: Factors include, Humidity:

reduces the rate of sweat evaporation

Bleeding: Internal bleeding

result from blows or substantial impact to the body, difficult to diagnose by untrained person,

Bleeding: External bleeding:

result from skin penetration, types

Scaffold, Work Procedures: - check work environment before a

scaffold is erected or moved,

Scaffold, Work Procedures: Remove damaged

scaffolds and components until repaired or replaced, cannot repair wire rope, tag out replaceable items, make sure a competent person inspects the scaffold and components before each workday and after any incident that could weaken them

Effects of Heat Stress: Heat Stroke, First Aid:

seek medical help immediately, place victim in shady area, soak clothing with cool water, increase air movement, place ice packs around neck, under armpits and groin area, stay with the victim until help arrives

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Proper Procedure, Select method and equipment

select appropriate lifting method and rigging for the size, weight and shape of load, verify it matches company's rigging plan

Cold Temperature Emergencies: Frostbite, Signs and symptoms:

skin slightly flushed and changes to white or grayish yellow and finally grayish blue, pain is sometimes felt early but goes away, part feels cold and numb, may not be aware of injury

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging: Types of Rigging:

slings and connective hardware

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Unused slings, ropes or attachment devices are left on the hook=

snag other objects when moved

Hearing Loss, Temporary Loss

sound cannot be transferred properly to inner ear,

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls

special clothing or equipment used to reduce the risk of direct exposure

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Connective hardware, Type; Eyebolts provide

stable connective points on lifting beams, depending on method, either slings or other connective hardware may be attached at eyebolt, piece of hardware with threading on one end and a steel eye or a loop on the other, the threaded end screws into the lifting beam and rope or chain is fed through the steel loop, available in a variety of sizes to accommodate different widths of rope/chain

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Lower-lower slowly,

stopping the hoist when it is low enough to unhook; place load on its designated surface or blocks before unhooking; raise the hoist hook and block above head level and place in designated location

Scene Assessment: Report critical information:

tell the dispatcher who (your name), what happened and the victims' condition, the location of the emergency, the telephone you are calling from, how many victims

Scaffold Safety, A scaffold is a

temporary, elevated platform that supports workers and materials

Fire Components, Heat is

the ignition source, includes open flames, lightening, sparks, hot surfaces and radiant heat, removing it extinguishes a fire

Fire Components, Fuel is

the material that burns, includes wood, flammable liquids, electrical equipment, metals, etc., removing it starves a fire

Scaffold, Work Procedures: Do not, Work on slippery scaffolds unless

the slip hazard can be removed

Hearing Loss, Permanent Loss-

tiny, delicate hairs of the inner ear are damaged, preventing transmission of electrical impulses to the brain's hearing center, hairs cannot be replaced. Most common hearing loss is the aging process, which affects 30% of ppl ages 65-70

Exposure Incident: Sharps injury log, at a minimum, includes:

type and brand of device involved, department or area where the incident occurred, explanation of how the injury occurred

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Worker passes a load over other co-workers=

unacceptable risk, could fall

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Workers get distracted=

uncontrolled load may strike something and fall

Best Practices: MSDS on each hazardous substance,

up to date and available to all employees, kept in an easily accessible location that can be accessed in a timely manner, train employees on when to use, where to access and how to read MSDS

Asbestos, Isolation-

use of regulated areas (areas where the TWA or EL is exceeded) to control exposure, only authorized employees can work in these areas

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Gloves:

used during contact with contaminated material or if cut or scratched skin

Scaffold, Work Procedures: - verify the

utility companies have de-energized or covered power lines with insulating hoses or blankets before work is initiated,

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Daily inspections, Connective hardware; Verify stability,

verify load is stable and perform a pre-move test

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Wire rope

verify that it is not twisted, is properly seated in the sheaves within the block above the hook and on the drum and has no slack or overlap, has not visible distortion or damage to fastenings

Bloodborne Pathogens (BP)

virus or infectious agents carried by human blood and bodily fluids, can cause disease and immune deficiencies, which can lead to death

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Controls: Mouthpieces:

wear during first aid procedures

o Chrysotile asbestos:

white asbestos, used in building applications, such as insulation around pipes, fireproofing in ducts and furnaces, and soundproofing in floor and ceiling tiles

Effects of Heat Stress: Heat rash, First Aid

will usually disappear when individual returns to a cool environment

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Place a sudden weight strain on rigging system=

wire rope can have early wear and tear

Ladders Constructed of

wood, metal or fiberglass, and always have two side rails joined by several evenly spaced steps, called rungs or cleats

Material Handling Equipment: Execute the move, Mistakes and Consequences; Hoist hook and block are left too low=

worker may run into them

Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI)

• A disorder caused by performing the same physical task over and over again • Also called Cumulative Trauma Disorder (CTD), Soft Tissue Injury (STI), and Musculoskeletal Disorder (MSD)

Asbestos Awareness: Overview

• A naturally occurring fibrous mineral that has been used for many years in many building applications • Hazardous material causing specific types of lung diseases and certain types of cancer • 1.3 million workers are exposed each day, including building maintenance workers, housekeepers and trade contractors

Electrical PPEs

• Any work that involves electricity requires PPE to be seamless and contain voltage and ozone protection

Nosebleeds

• Can be severe enough to induce shock, keep victim calm

Cold Temperature Emergencies

• Days with low temps, high winds, and humidity can lead to extreme cold, ranging from frost bite to hypothermia, if either is suspected, bring the victim in from the cold

Exposure Control Plan, Engineering Controls

• Definition: physical and mechanical systems used to prevent contact with potentially contaminated materials • Used to isolate employees from risk of exposure, include special containers and safely designed needles • About 590,000-800,000 injuries are associated with BP annually in the U.S. • Needles on disposable syringes cause 75% of all incidents

Exposure Control Plan, Guidelines

• ECPs are reviewed and updated at least every 12 months • In addition, must be reviewed and updated when changes occur that affect occupational exposure to bloodborne pathogens (BP) • Applicable occupational changes • Topics typically included

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress

• Employer should provide engineering controls to reduce risk in the workplace

Head PPE

• Eyes and faces-safety glasses, goggles and face shields

Fire Prevention

• Fire caused by oxygen + heat + fuel combined under the right conditions • It is extinguished by removing one of the components

Burns: Types

• First-degree burns • Second-degree burns • Third-degree burns

Exposure Control Plan, Evaluation teams

• Formed to identify areas where there is a potential exposure to BP and to identify effective methods to control exposure • Consists of a leader/coordinator and reps from many departments, including non-management • Must seek input from other employees regarding their individual work areas

Burns: Types, Causes and First Aid

• Heat • Chemical • Electrical

Effects of Heat Stress: Effects of Heat Stress

• Heat stress refers to any illness or disorder associated with excessive exposure to heat • Effects of heat stress are not typically cumulative, so you don't experience one before others,

Body PPE:

• Legs and feet-safety toed boots/shoes, rubber boots, electrical hazard shoes, foundry shoes with metatarsal guard, leggings for lower legs • Hands and arms-gloves, hand pads, sleeves • Torso-lab coats, coveralls, aprons, torso armor, full body suits

Effects of Heat Stress: Reducing Heat Stress, PPE

• May have to wear PPE to protect against other hazards which can make you hotter - Chemical protection - Respiratory protection - Wear cotton clothing, it breathes and is loose fitting

Material Handling Equipment, Rigging Hardware: Hitches, Safe Use; Inspecting equipment, Daily inspections: Hoists:

• Operational test prior to using to verify the hoist's components are working properly, • Wire rope

Exceptions to receiving HBV Vaccine

• Previously received it • An antibody test reveals you are immune • Other medical reasons (e.g. pregnancy, liver damage) • Can choose to decline in writing, can change mind

Heat Exhaustion

• Signs range from moist skin to vomiting, take victim to a cool place • Typically occurs when people exercise heavily or work in a warm, humid place due to excessive sweating and fluid loss, fluid loss causes blood flow to decrease in vital organs resulting in shock, with heat exhaustion sweat does not evaporate as it should, typically due to high humidity or too many layers of clothing

Exposure Control Plan, Evaluation teams (2)

• Team reviews and updates the ECP • Review incidents that may have involved possible exposure • Analyze the use of PPE to make sure equipment is safe and effective • Makes recommendations on replacement of equipment and safer procedures

Heat Stress: Cooling Mechanisms

• The body cools itself by increased blood circulation and sweating

HBV Vaccine, Antibody Development

• To confirm, blood can be tested for antibodies one to two months after completing the series • If antibodies are present, vaccine worked, if not, must repeat series, if 2 series do not result in antibodies, must undergo medical evaluation

Scaffold, Maximum Intended Load

• Total load of all persons, equipment, tools, materials, transmitted loads and other loads reasonably anticipated to be applied to scaffold or components at any one time • Suspension ropes, used to suspend a scaffold • Hoists, used to raise, lower and generally adjust scaffolds • Direct connections, used as support devices to connect to roofs and floors to stabilize suspension scaffolds and their loads (Ex. Cornice hooks, parapet clamps and outrigger beams)

Heart Attack

• Typically chest pain, • Angina Pectoris: • Myocardial infarction:

Asbestos, Work Practice Controls

• Vacuum cleaners with HEPA filters are used for ACM and PACM • Wet methods-ACM and PACM are dampened with water before they are cleaned up with vacuum, decreases the amount of dry asbestos fibers in the air, only used when safe and proper certification is obtained from regulatory agencies • Waste disposal-sealed and labeled containers used • Machinery use-never use compressed air around ACM, abrasive machinery may only be used with proper ventilation and/or enclosure

Reducing Exposure

• Work practice controls • Engineering controls

Effects of Heat Stress: Increased Risk for Accidents

• Working in hot environments lowers mental alertness and physical performance • Increased body temp can cause irritability and confusion, leading to accidents

Heart Attach, Myocardial infarction:

• coronary artery becomes completely blocked, causes longer and greater chest pain and permanent damage to heart, life-threatening

Heart Attach, Angina Pectoris:

• partial obstruction of the coronary artery, does not cause permanent damage to heart, is a serious medical condition and deserves immediate attention

Shock, First Aid

•Place victim in a safe, comfortable position until help arrives •Elevate: if you do not suspect head or neck injuries or leg fractures, place victims on their backs and elevate legs 8-12 inches using a comfortable support •Difficulty breathing: place in a semi-reclining position, use boxes, pillows or blankets to raise their head and back

Shock, First Aid (2)

•Place victims on their backs: if you do suspect head or neck injuries or leg fractures, do not move the victim, unless he is in danger of further injury. If must move, place on back, do not twist the body, keep victim still •Vomiting: place victim on side to prevent airway blockage if they are vomiting


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