STUDY 2021 WHAP 1ST SEMESTER FINAL

Barkey on Tolerance All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. B Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. C Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. D The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.

A) The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin.

Christ the Mariner Image The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450-1750 ? A Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions. B Church authorities argued that religious diversity should be respected and protected. C The intensification of cross-cultural interactions resulted in the development of syncretic religions. D Religious motivations for European exploration and colonization were secondary to economic motivations.

A) Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions.

Countess of Bearn In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments? A Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords B Local elites' desire to expand the commercial power of local towns C Local elites' need for military assistance to eliminate religious heresies D Local elites' desire to attract new settlers to their territories

A) Local elites' need for military protection from more powerful lords

The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? A Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa B The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia C The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas D European imports of sugar and tobacco

A) Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

The changes in the distribution of cities in the period 1200 to 1400 C.E. best support which of the following conclusions? A The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia. B The emergence of the Ottoman Empire significantly increased the percentage of major urban centers in Europe. C The adoption of Champa rice during the Song dynasty significantly increased the share of China's urban population. D The outbreaks of bubonic plague greatly reduced urban populations across Eurasia.

A) The Mongol conquests had a more disruptive impact on the Middle East and Central Asia than they had on East Asia.

British South Africa Company The "objections" that the chairman refers to in the first paragraph can most directly be explained in relation to which of the following arguments commonly made by laissez-faire economists in the period 1750-1900 ? A The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers. B Granting government charters to joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company allowed too much free trade and hurt workers in home countries. C Government involvement in the business of companies such as the British South Africa Company inevitably led to deregulation that removed valuable protections for workers and consumers. D The creation of government-supported joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company excluded private investment.

A) The monopolistic practices of government-chartered joint-stock companies such as the British South Africa Company distorted market competition and hurt consumers.

Christ the Mariner Image The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ? A Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. B European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. C Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants. D European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.

A) Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods.

An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A the introduction of new crops from the Americas B the end of the bubonic plague in Asia C the widespread adoption of the European three-field system D unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires

A) the introduction of new crops from the Americas

Baron German Chemical Industry Great Britain's development of the industry referred to in the first paragraph during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is best explained by the fact that British factories were the first to A use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production B use natural resources from colonies to create finished products C use coerced labor for producing manufactured goods D take advantage of mercantilist economic policies to protect themselves from foreign competition

A) use steam-powered machines for large-scale economic production

Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments? A The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He B The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans C The spread of epidemic diseases D The growth of the African slave trade

B) The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

The data in the table best provide historical context to understand which of the following developments in mid-nineteenth-century Great Britain? A Pollution resulting from industrial manufacturing B The emergence of social reform movements C The development of better transportation infrastructure D The increasing demand for consumer goods

B) The emergence of social reform movements

The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following? A The spread of the Black Death along the Silk Roads in the fourteenth century B The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century C The effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West African populations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries D The results of the development of reliable birth control methods in the twentieth century

B) The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century

The passage by al-Khatib is best understood in the context of which of the following? A The continuing endemic presence of malaria in the Mediterranean B The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests C The spread of syphilis in Spain as a result of increased contacts with the Western Hemisphere D The increase in diseases associated with improvements in diet and longevity

B) The spread of the Black Death in the aftermath of the Mongol conquests

Most agricultural laborers in the Ottoman Empire were A slaves B free peasants C serfs D sharecroppers E indentured servants

B) free peasants

Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that A in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity B in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states C in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity D in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity

B) in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states

Barkey on tolerance: Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies B The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas D The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts

C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.? A Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa. B Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa. C Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara. D Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.

C) Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.

The labor patterns shown in the table are most directly relevant in understanding which broader process in nineteenth-century Europe? A The emergence of challenges to patriarchal gender norms B The decline in the popularity of organized religions C The development of new class identities D The growing influence of nationalism on state policy

C) The development of new class identities

On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart? A European merchants' role in exporting European manufactured goods to Asia B The consistently high demand for European luxury goods among Chinese customers C The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver D The collapse of existing Indian Ocean trading networks Related Content & Skills

C) The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT A the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast B destabilization of local African societies C the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market D increased violence through widespread use of firearms

C) the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market

British South Africa Company The economic success of businesses such as the British South Africa Company was in part dependent on which of the following developments in the late nineteenth century? A The migrations of indentured workers from Asia B The increasing availability and variety of consumer goods C The development of new technologies such as the telegraph D The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance

D The adoption of innovative practices in banking and finance

British South Africa Company As described in the passage, the economic model of the British South Africa Company most directly differed from which of the following economic trends in the late nineteenth century? A The shift in Asian and African economies from manufacturing of finished goods to resource extraction B The shift from nation-based businesses and enterprises to transnational businesses and enterprises C The shift from heavy industry to industries centered on the production of consumer goods D The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies

D The shift from mercantilism to free-market trade policies

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation? A Prices for Chinese goods were much higher in Europe than in China. B European trading companies often backed their long-distance trading ventures with the threat of military force. C Asian trading companies dominated trade in the Indian Ocean region. D European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.

D) European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.

Based on Ibn Battuta's description of the sultan of Sumatra in the first paragraph, his point of view could most likely be characterized as that of a A Sunni Muslim merchant who believes that commercial profits should be given greater consideration than religious purity B Sufi Muslim mystic who believes that Muslim rulers should encourage religious coexistence C Shi'a Muslim cleric who believes that false interpretations of Islam have corrupted the religion D Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

D) Sunni Muslim jurist who believes that a Muslim ruler should patronize the religious elite and seek to expand Islam

Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by A military conquests of large territories administered as military states B intense colonization and settlement of large areas C active international interaction through trade and diplomacy D coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements E frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples

D) coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements