Study Ch 5

All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except : -precipitation. -river runoff. -sea ice melting. -evaporation. -iceberg melting.

evaporation

Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water? -Evaporation -Sea ice melting -Runoff -Precipitation -Icebergs melting

evaporation

Of all the following processes which one increases the salinity of water? Runoff Sea ice melting Precipitation Evaporation Icebergs melting

evaporation

liquid to gas

evaporation

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point? - Boiling point - Condensation point - Polarization point - Freezing point - Lagrangian point

freezing point

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? high salinity low viscosity high viscosity low heat capacity high heat capacity

high heat capacity

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

- An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density - An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern? - The low temperature and high pressure at depth both work to lower the pH. - The lack of marine life in deep water means that a smaller amount of organic acids is released into the water by biological activity. - Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower. - The water is more saline with depth, and higher salinity means greater acidity. - The carbonate buffering effect makes the water more basic or alkaline.

- Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower.

Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes?

25 degrees

Part B - Water density case study. Select the three statements below that apply.

- The sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. -The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. - The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude.

Imagine a researcher aboard an oceanographic vessel collects samples from the water column, extending from the surface to 3000 meters depth. Sample analyses shows that the water is isopycnal. Which of the following statements correctly define what this means and why? - the sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. -The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. - The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth. -Isopycnal means the samples of the water column have constant temperature throughout its depth.

- the sample analyses show there is no pycnocline present. -The samples must have been taken from a location in the ocean at high latitude. - The temperature of the water column is constant throughout its depth.

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination? - A current is run though positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater - Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater - large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted - sea water is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing - water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side

A current is run though positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater

Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct? - Decreasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals that can be created. - Adding dissolved substances increases the temperature of maximum density for water because the formation of less-dense ice crystals is suppressed. - Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited. - Decreasing amounts of dissolved substances inhibits the formation of hydrogen bonds, which restricts the number of ice crystals that can form.

Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited.

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? - The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. - It rises rapidly as the ice melts. - It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. - It immediately begins to rise slowly. - It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.

Which of the following best describes the Distillation Method for desalination? - A current is run though positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater - Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater - large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted - sea water is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing - water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side

Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater

Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions? - Increasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals. - Calcium carbonate dissolves at an increasing rate with increasing depth until the calcite compensation depth is reached. - Siliceous ooze accumulates on the ocean floor as it is being dissolved because it accumulates siliceous tests faster than seawater can dissolve them. - The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.

The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample.

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. - In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. - When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, it releases heat to the environment. - Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. - In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds. - In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. - When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat.

all expect: In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds.

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. View Available Hint(s) An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in salinity increases seawater density. An increase in temperature increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

an increase in salinity increases seawater density, a decrease in temperature increases seawater density, an increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density

Carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form __________. - bicarbonate ions (HCO3 −) - carbonic acid (H2CO3) - hydrogen ions (H−) - carbonate ions (CO3 −2) - calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

carbonic acid

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater? -Potassium -Calcium -Sodium -Magnesium -Chloride

chloride

gas to liquid

condensation

The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth.

decreased; increased

As the salinity of seawater increases, its:

density increases

As the salinity of seawater increases, its: density increases. residence time changes. residence time decreases. density decreases. residence time increases

density increases

The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth.

increased; decreased

We expect a water column to be __ for density at high latitudes

isopycnal

Water that is __ will be represented by a straight line on a graph showing variations of temperature with depth

isothermal

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. It immediately begins to rise slowly. It rises rapidly as the ice melts. It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts.

it remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise

The sun penetrates the surface waters enough at __ to create a thermocline

low latitudes

A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________. neutrons protons ions electrons molecules

molecules

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest? -Ocean to atmosphere -Continent to atmosphere -Atmosphere to continent -Atmosphere to ocean -Continent to ocean

ocean to atmosphere

what method cannot be used to desalinate water?

osmosis

Which of the following statements regarding pH is true? - As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. - Buffers accelerate large changes in the pH of a solution. - pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. - A pH of 10 is acidic, and a pH of 3 is alkaline. - pH will change in deeper water when organisms with calcite shells sink.

pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination? - A current is run though positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater - Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater - large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted - sea water is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing - water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side

sea water is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing

Which of the following is the most abundant positively charged component of seawater? -Calcium -Chloride -Magnesium -Sodium -Sulfate

sodium

solid to gas

sublimation

Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? - Calcium - Chloride - Sulfate - Magnesium - Sodium

sulfate

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: density. chlorinity. salinity. temperature. pH.

temperature

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination? - A current is run though positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater - Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater - large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted - sea water is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing - water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side

water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent? Water molecules stick to other polar chemical compounds. Water molecules reduce the attraction between ions of opposite charges. Water molecules interact with other water molecules and other polar molecules. When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules. Water molecules makes it much easier for ions to separate.

when the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules