Study Prep
Which nitrogenous base is not present in RNA
Thymine RNA contains the purines: adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidine cytosine. Instead of thymine, RNA contains pyrimidine, uracil
An enzyme decreases the amount of activation energy required for a reaction to occur because...
Enzymes are a type of catalyst; substances that increase the rate and force at which chemical reactions occur without themselves being changed in the process. Enzymes work by decreasing the activation energy of a reaction, or the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction
The volume of filtrate per minute formed by both kidneys is called the
Glomerular filtration rate averages 110mL per minute
Find the value of x by solving the following proportion. 18:x :: 3:60
Rewrite the proportion as a fraction. 18:x :: 3:60 means 18/x=3/60 cross multiply and simplify. 18*60=3*x 3x=1080 solve for x. divide both sides by 3 3x=1080 x=360
Ionic bond
a chemical bond that has a relatively weak attraction between an anion and cation
hydrogen bond
a chemical bond that has a weak attraction between polarized molecules
paracrine
a chemical that induces a response in surrounding cells ex: histamine
an atoms physical structure is composed of which of the following?
a nucleus and orbits
active transport
a substance moves across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration via protein molecules that acts as pumps
Reactant
a substance that takes part in a reaction
the alternative versions of a single gene are known as which of the following
alleles
which of the following is used to refer to two alternative versions of a gene?
alleles
What term is used to describe a substance that can act as either a base or an acid
amphoretic May either provide a proton, like an acid, or accept a proton, like base depending on the situation ex: water
calcitrol
an active form of vitamin D produced by the kidneys, stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract
capacious
an adjective that means spacious
the mechanism that enzymatically cleaves an antigen into smaller pieces is called:
antigen processing
A chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it is called an
autocrine autocrine is a chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it. ex: interleukin
the international system of units, the internationally recognized system for measurement, the standards of measurement are referred to as:
base units
in order for a solution to have an acidic pH, its pH should be what?
below 7.0
Which of the following are short bones? a. vertebrae b. phalanges c. tarsal bones d. carpal bones; tarsal bones
c. carpal bone; tarsal bones
give an example of polysaccharides, which is formed when more than six and up to thousands of monosaccharides are joined
cellulose, and glycogen
which type of solution creates a single matter by mixing different elements
compounds
how to describe the structure or function of the trachea
contains a series of C-shaped sections of cartilage; contains a muscle that expands slightly during inhalation and exhalation
which type of chemical bond shares one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei?
covalent bond
which of the following statements best describes a meniscus? a. it is a concave curve b. it is always measured at the highest level of the curve c. it is never flat d. it is a convex curve; its is a concave curve
d. it is a convex curve; it is a concave curve Meniscus is the surface level of the liquid being measured. a concave meniscus is read at the bottom of the curve. A convex meniscus is measured at the top of the curve
the process by which white blood cells leave the capillaries to carry out their defensive functions is known as?
diapedesis
Which of the following is a defining characteristic of an inorganic compound?
does not contain both carbon and hydrogen
Which type of chemical bond shares two electron pairs?
double covalent bond
which of the following has a negative charge?
electrons
which type of solution combines readily separate matter?
emulsions
which of the following distinguishes endocrine signaling from neutral signaling?
endocrine signals can travel long or short distances to their target cells
to which body system do the adrenal glands belong?
endocrine system
The process by which digested nutrients are absorbed by being engulfed by the intestinal cell membrane is known as:
endocytosis
which of the following is written in the third person?
he had a hard time walking in the wet sand
process of developing various blood cells from pluripotent stem cells is known as?
hematopoiesis- process of developing various blood cells from pluripotent stem cells.
which body system protects against disease or other potentially damaging foreign bodies?
immune system
which of the following is the term used to describe an object/subject in a study that is measured as the possible cause to the object/subjects effect?
independent variable the term used to describe an object/subject in a study that is measured as the possible cause to the objects/subjects effect
co-transport
involves movement of one molecule through the membrane from higher to lower concentration in order to move another molecule from lower to higher concentration
increasing the temperature is a way to increase the reaction rate of a chemical reaction. How does increasing the temperature accomplish this
it increases the chance of contact by causing particles to move around faster due to greater kinetic energy
which of the following statements accurately describes the small intestine
it is the primary digestive organ of the body
which of the following describes bias in scientific research
it is unintentional; it results from faulty research design
What does standard deviation measure?
it measures the most frequent distance from the mean
What does growth hormone do?
it stimulates proliferation of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plates, it increases calcium retention, and stimulates osteoblastic activity which improves bone density
how does growth hormone influence bone growth and/or maintenance
it triggers chondrocyte proliferation at epiphyseal plates; it increases calcium retention
give an example of a disaccharide, which is formed when two monosaccharides are joined
lactose
Which cell type engulfs bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells?
langerhans Immune cells found in the stratum spinosum that engulf bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells
above the critical point, which phases of matter coexist?
liquid and gas
Merkel cells
located in the stratum basale and function as receptors for the sense of touch. melanocytes are found in the stratum basale and produce pigment melanin
when allele is recessive for a particular trait, how will the letter chosen to represent it in the punnett square appear
lowercase
which of the following is/are considered part of the adaptive immune response?
lymphocytes; natural killer cells
intracellular digestion occurs in which of the following organelles?
lysosomes
the levator labii superioris muscle raises ones upper lip. where is this muscle located?
maxilla to orbicularis oris
Using a data collection tool that is inappropriate for the study results in
measurement bias occurs when the measuring tool or research methods being used will affect the results or are not optimal for the type of research being conducted
causes that produce an effect through numerous intermediary stages are called
mediate causes; minor causes mediate causes lead to an effect through a series of intermediary stages. The process is also described as a minor cause leading to major effects
which unit of measure is most appropriate when measuring the length of a football field?
meters
endergonic reaction
more energy is absorbed such that the system contains more energy at the end of the reaction than at the beginning
which of the following has no charge at all?
neutrons
caprice
noun meaning whimsy
a molecules specific heat is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of one gram of that molecule by which of the following
one degree celsius
the end of a muscle that is attached to a stabilized bone is referred to as the muscles
origin
what is the process in which white blood cells eat aging red blood cells and release the contents into the blood
phagocytosis
gas
phase of matter in which molecules exert little or no attraction to one another because they move at high speeds
Plasma
phase of matter that is made up of electrons and positive ions
In regard to genetics, which term is used to refer to an organisms physical appearance?
phenotype
growth hormones, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic, and luteinizing hormones are all produced by which of the following endocrine system glands?
pituitary gland
thrombopoiesis is a bone marrow process that produces which of the following
platelets
which type of chemical bond has a covalent bond in which electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than another?
polar covalent bond
which of the following is stored energy that depends upon the relative position of various parts of a system?
potential energy
What kind of cells can live independently from other cells?
prokaryotic
Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom?
protons and neutrons Electrons are not found in the nucleus, but they do surround the nucleus and are negatively charged at atom is composed of neutrons, electrons, and protons
atoms with the same number of ______ and electrons, but differing numbers of _____ are called isotopes
protons, neutrons
exergonic
reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs. ex: energy is released when you break down food
facilitated diffusion
refers to movement of substances from higher
the extensions of connective tissue that radiate downward from the cortex through the medulla of the kidney are called the:
renal columns
for a bone that is growing in length, the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate is called the:
reserve zone
to which body system do the lungs belong
respiratory system
Preeclampsia, a high blood pressure condition in pregnancy, is found to be associated with rapid weight gain. As a result, doctors begin to advise their patients to restrict their weight gain. However, it is later discovered that preeclampsia is the cause, not the effect, of rapid weight gain. This cause-effect relationship is an example of:
reverse causation
the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) consists of two parts, which are known as rough ER and smooth ER. Rough ER is the membranous system that is covered with which of the following?
ribosomes
Epiphyseal plate
serves as the growth center in a long bone. It comprises of a layer or hyaline cartilage; on the epiphyseal side cartilage is formed and on the diaphyseal side cartilage is ossified, allowing the diaphysis to grow in length.
where are nutrients absorbed into the body?
small intestine
which of the following is an association among groups of society
social structure
in which of the following phases of matter do the molecules exert a strong attraction to one another as they move slowly relative to one another
solid
what is the correct term to describe the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree celsius?
specific heat capacity
which of the following is an unpaired skull bone that helps to make up part of the orbit of the ye and houses the pituitary gland?
sphenoid bone
desmosomes
spiny structures in the stratum spinosum that interlock and add strength to the intercellular bonds
pluripotent
stem cells are primitive cells that can produce another cell identical to itself and can generate subsets of mature cells
What is the function of golgi bodies
storing and releasing proteins. they are responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations
what is a basic pH
substance with a pH greater than 7
What is an acidic pH
substance with a pH less than 7
what is a neutral pH
substance with a pH of 7
which of the following is not classified as a monosaccharide carbohydrate?
sucrose
What are functions of the large intestine?
synthesize vitamins; absorb water
which of the following marks the end of the mitosis prosses?
telophase
dependent variable
term used to describe an object/subject that is measured as the object/subject that has an effect on the studys possible cause
Genotype
term used to refer to an organisms genetic
if an atom is neutral, what is true?
the atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons
What best describes the sublimation curve
the boundary between solid and gas for any given substance as plotted on a phase diagram
Net filtration
the force that drives fluid out of the capillary and is equal to the difference between the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure
in the regulation of thyroid hormones synthesis, when blood levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) are low, which step follows?
the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
an elements atomic number is determined by?
the numbers of protons it contains
liquid
the phase of matter in which molecules exert moderate attractions to one another as they move at moderate speeds
phagocytosis
the process in which a white blood cell eats aging red blood cells and releases the contents into the blood
thrombopoiesis
the process in which platelets are produced within bone marrow
erythropoiesis
the production of red blood cells
variable
the term used to describe an object/subject in a study that changes.
control variable
the term used to describe an object/subject in a study that remains constant throughout the entire study
homozygous
the term used to refer to an organism that contains two alleles that are the same
Heterozygous
the term used to refer to an organism that contains two different alleles
which of the following best describes the term canal
the tubular tunnel in a bone
Renal plasma flow
the volume of plasma that reaches the kidneys per minute averages 1050 mL per minute
the building blocks upon which a research study is based are referred to as they study's:
theoretical framework
which of the following terms is used to describe a clarifying statement that stems from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis?
theory
what is the function of Pacinian corpuscles
they are sensory receptors for vibration
Obfuscate
to confuse
abhor
to hate
which of the following is not a correct use of a comma
to join two independent clauses
in regard to water, which of the following statements is false?
water is a nonpolar molecule
the resistance of an object to movement when a force is applied to it is called its
weight
when does the mitosis stage known as anaphase begin?
when chromosomes start to separate
when is a single covalent bond formed
when one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms A general covalent bond is formed when two atoms share their electrons
How many grams is 1 centigram?
0.01
How many periods does the periodic table have?
7 periods
in order for a solution to have a neutral pH, its pH should be what
7.0
which of the following solutions makes a new type of metal by combining solid solutions of other metals
Alloys
zones of activity in the epiphyseal plate
1. the reserve zone, closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate contains small chondrocytes that do not participate in bone growth, but serve to anchor the epiphyseal plate to the osseus tissue of the epiphysis 2. the proliferative zone contains larger chondrocytes to replace old chondrocytes at the diaphyseal end of the plate 3. the zone of maturation and hypertrophy contains older and larger chondrocytes than those found in the proliferative zone 4. the zone of calcified matrix lies closest to the diaphysis and contains mostly chondrocytes that have died as their surrounding matrix calcified
gastric fluid is an acidic substance. the pH value of gastric fluid would most likely be which of the following
1.5
how many liters is 1 hectoliter
100 liters
how many groups does the periodic table have?
18
Van der Waals
force is a chemical bond that has a weak attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms; it is also the weakest of all bonds
the radius and ulna are two bones found in which of the following locations
forearm
how many stages are there in the mitosis asexual reproduction process
four
a monosaccharide is a carbohydrate that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?
glucose, fructose
A polysaccharide that is produced in the liver as a storage form of energy is:
glycogen