Study Prep

Which nitrogenous base is not present in RNA

Thymine RNA contains the purines: adenine and guanine, and the pyrimidine cytosine. Instead of thymine, RNA contains pyrimidine, uracil

An enzyme decreases the amount of activation energy required for a reaction to occur because...

Enzymes are a type of catalyst; substances that increase the rate and force at which chemical reactions occur without themselves being changed in the process. Enzymes work by decreasing the activation energy of a reaction, or the amount of energy required to initiate the reaction

The volume of filtrate per minute formed by both kidneys is called the

Glomerular filtration rate averages 110mL per minute

Find the value of x by solving the following proportion. 18:x :: 3:60

Rewrite the proportion as a fraction. 18:x :: 3:60 means 18/x=3/60 cross multiply and simplify. 18*60=3*x 3x=1080 solve for x. divide both sides by 3 3x=1080 x=360

Ionic bond

a chemical bond that has a relatively weak attraction between an anion and cation

hydrogen bond

a chemical bond that has a weak attraction between polarized molecules

paracrine

a chemical that induces a response in surrounding cells ex: histamine

an atoms physical structure is composed of which of the following?

a nucleus and orbits

active transport

a substance moves across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration via protein molecules that acts as pumps

Reactant

a substance that takes part in a reaction

the alternative versions of a single gene are known as which of the following

alleles

which of the following is used to refer to two alternative versions of a gene?

alleles

What term is used to describe a substance that can act as either a base or an acid

amphoretic May either provide a proton, like an acid, or accept a proton, like base depending on the situation ex: water

calcitrol

an active form of vitamin D produced by the kidneys, stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphate from the digestive tract

capacious

an adjective that means spacious

the mechanism that enzymatically cleaves an antigen into smaller pieces is called:

antigen processing

A chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it is called an

autocrine autocrine is a chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it. ex: interleukin

the international system of units, the internationally recognized system for measurement, the standards of measurement are referred to as:

base units

in order for a solution to have an acidic pH, its pH should be what?

below 7.0

Which of the following are short bones? a. vertebrae b. phalanges c. tarsal bones d. carpal bones; tarsal bones

c. carpal bone; tarsal bones

give an example of polysaccharides, which is formed when more than six and up to thousands of monosaccharides are joined

cellulose, and glycogen

which type of solution creates a single matter by mixing different elements

compounds

how to describe the structure or function of the trachea

contains a series of C-shaped sections of cartilage; contains a muscle that expands slightly during inhalation and exhalation

which type of chemical bond shares one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei?

covalent bond

which of the following statements best describes a meniscus? a. it is a concave curve b. it is always measured at the highest level of the curve c. it is never flat d. it is a convex curve; its is a concave curve

d. it is a convex curve; it is a concave curve Meniscus is the surface level of the liquid being measured. a concave meniscus is read at the bottom of the curve. A convex meniscus is measured at the top of the curve

the process by which white blood cells leave the capillaries to carry out their defensive functions is known as?

diapedesis

Which of the following is a defining characteristic of an inorganic compound?

does not contain both carbon and hydrogen

Which type of chemical bond shares two electron pairs?

double covalent bond

which of the following has a negative charge?

electrons

which type of solution combines readily separate matter?

emulsions

which of the following distinguishes endocrine signaling from neutral signaling?

endocrine signals can travel long or short distances to their target cells

to which body system do the adrenal glands belong?

endocrine system

The process by which digested nutrients are absorbed by being engulfed by the intestinal cell membrane is known as:

endocytosis

which of the following is written in the third person?

he had a hard time walking in the wet sand

process of developing various blood cells from pluripotent stem cells is known as?

hematopoiesis- process of developing various blood cells from pluripotent stem cells.

which body system protects against disease or other potentially damaging foreign bodies?

immune system

which of the following is the term used to describe an object/subject in a study that is measured as the possible cause to the object/subjects effect?

independent variable the term used to describe an object/subject in a study that is measured as the possible cause to the objects/subjects effect

co-transport

involves movement of one molecule through the membrane from higher to lower concentration in order to move another molecule from lower to higher concentration

increasing the temperature is a way to increase the reaction rate of a chemical reaction. How does increasing the temperature accomplish this

it increases the chance of contact by causing particles to move around faster due to greater kinetic energy

which of the following statements accurately describes the small intestine

it is the primary digestive organ of the body

which of the following describes bias in scientific research

it is unintentional; it results from faulty research design

What does standard deviation measure?

it measures the most frequent distance from the mean

What does growth hormone do?

it stimulates proliferation of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plates, it increases calcium retention, and stimulates osteoblastic activity which improves bone density

how does growth hormone influence bone growth and/or maintenance

it triggers chondrocyte proliferation at epiphyseal plates; it increases calcium retention

give an example of a disaccharide, which is formed when two monosaccharides are joined

lactose

Which cell type engulfs bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells?

langerhans Immune cells found in the stratum spinosum that engulf bacteria, foreign particles, and damaged cells

above the critical point, which phases of matter coexist?

liquid and gas

Merkel cells

located in the stratum basale and function as receptors for the sense of touch. melanocytes are found in the stratum basale and produce pigment melanin

when allele is recessive for a particular trait, how will the letter chosen to represent it in the punnett square appear

lowercase

which of the following is/are considered part of the adaptive immune response?

lymphocytes; natural killer cells

intracellular digestion occurs in which of the following organelles?

lysosomes

the levator labii superioris muscle raises ones upper lip. where is this muscle located?

maxilla to orbicularis oris

Using a data collection tool that is inappropriate for the study results in

measurement bias occurs when the measuring tool or research methods being used will affect the results or are not optimal for the type of research being conducted

causes that produce an effect through numerous intermediary stages are called

mediate causes; minor causes mediate causes lead to an effect through a series of intermediary stages. The process is also described as a minor cause leading to major effects

which unit of measure is most appropriate when measuring the length of a football field?

meters

endergonic reaction

more energy is absorbed such that the system contains more energy at the end of the reaction than at the beginning

which of the following has no charge at all?

neutrons

caprice

noun meaning whimsy

a molecules specific heat is the amount of heat needed to increase the temperature of one gram of that molecule by which of the following

one degree celsius

the end of a muscle that is attached to a stabilized bone is referred to as the muscles

origin

what is the process in which white blood cells eat aging red blood cells and release the contents into the blood

phagocytosis

gas

phase of matter in which molecules exert little or no attraction to one another because they move at high speeds

Plasma

phase of matter that is made up of electrons and positive ions

In regard to genetics, which term is used to refer to an organisms physical appearance?

phenotype

growth hormones, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic, and luteinizing hormones are all produced by which of the following endocrine system glands?

pituitary gland

thrombopoiesis is a bone marrow process that produces which of the following

platelets

which type of chemical bond has a covalent bond in which electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than another?

polar covalent bond

which of the following is stored energy that depends upon the relative position of various parts of a system?

potential energy

What kind of cells can live independently from other cells?

prokaryotic

Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom?

protons and neutrons Electrons are not found in the nucleus, but they do surround the nucleus and are negatively charged at atom is composed of neutrons, electrons, and protons

atoms with the same number of ______ and electrons, but differing numbers of _____ are called isotopes

protons, neutrons

exergonic

reaction that releases more energy than it absorbs. ex: energy is released when you break down food

facilitated diffusion

refers to movement of substances from higher

the extensions of connective tissue that radiate downward from the cortex through the medulla of the kidney are called the:

renal columns

for a bone that is growing in length, the region closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate is called the:

reserve zone

to which body system do the lungs belong

respiratory system

Preeclampsia, a high blood pressure condition in pregnancy, is found to be associated with rapid weight gain. As a result, doctors begin to advise their patients to restrict their weight gain. However, it is later discovered that preeclampsia is the cause, not the effect, of rapid weight gain. This cause-effect relationship is an example of:

reverse causation

the endoplasmic reticulum(ER) consists of two parts, which are known as rough ER and smooth ER. Rough ER is the membranous system that is covered with which of the following?

ribosomes

Epiphyseal plate

serves as the growth center in a long bone. It comprises of a layer or hyaline cartilage; on the epiphyseal side cartilage is formed and on the diaphyseal side cartilage is ossified, allowing the diaphysis to grow in length.

where are nutrients absorbed into the body?

small intestine

which of the following is an association among groups of society

social structure

in which of the following phases of matter do the molecules exert a strong attraction to one another as they move slowly relative to one another

solid

what is the correct term to describe the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1 degree celsius?

specific heat capacity

which of the following is an unpaired skull bone that helps to make up part of the orbit of the ye and houses the pituitary gland?

sphenoid bone

desmosomes

spiny structures in the stratum spinosum that interlock and add strength to the intercellular bonds

pluripotent

stem cells are primitive cells that can produce another cell identical to itself and can generate subsets of mature cells

What is the function of golgi bodies

storing and releasing proteins. they are responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations

what is a basic pH

substance with a pH greater than 7

What is an acidic pH

substance with a pH less than 7

what is a neutral pH

substance with a pH of 7

which of the following is not classified as a monosaccharide carbohydrate?

sucrose

What are functions of the large intestine?

synthesize vitamins; absorb water

which of the following marks the end of the mitosis prosses?

telophase

dependent variable

term used to describe an object/subject that is measured as the object/subject that has an effect on the studys possible cause

Genotype

term used to refer to an organisms genetic

if an atom is neutral, what is true?

the atom contains equal numbers of protons and electrons

What best describes the sublimation curve

the boundary between solid and gas for any given substance as plotted on a phase diagram

Net filtration

the force that drives fluid out of the capillary and is equal to the difference between the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the blood colloidal osmotic pressure

in the regulation of thyroid hormones synthesis, when blood levels of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) are low, which step follows?

the hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

an elements atomic number is determined by?

the numbers of protons it contains

liquid

the phase of matter in which molecules exert moderate attractions to one another as they move at moderate speeds

phagocytosis

the process in which a white blood cell eats aging red blood cells and releases the contents into the blood

thrombopoiesis

the process in which platelets are produced within bone marrow

erythropoiesis

the production of red blood cells

variable

the term used to describe an object/subject in a study that changes.

control variable

the term used to describe an object/subject in a study that remains constant throughout the entire study

homozygous

the term used to refer to an organism that contains two alleles that are the same

Heterozygous

the term used to refer to an organism that contains two different alleles

which of the following best describes the term canal

the tubular tunnel in a bone

Renal plasma flow

the volume of plasma that reaches the kidneys per minute averages 1050 mL per minute

the building blocks upon which a research study is based are referred to as they study's:

theoretical framework

which of the following terms is used to describe a clarifying statement that stems from facts, laws, and confirmed hypothesis?

theory

what is the function of Pacinian corpuscles

they are sensory receptors for vibration

Obfuscate

to confuse

abhor

to hate

which of the following is not a correct use of a comma

to join two independent clauses

in regard to water, which of the following statements is false?

water is a nonpolar molecule

the resistance of an object to movement when a force is applied to it is called its

weight

when does the mitosis stage known as anaphase begin?

when chromosomes start to separate

when is a single covalent bond formed

when one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms A general covalent bond is formed when two atoms share their electrons

How many grams is 1 centigram?

0.01

How many periods does the periodic table have?

7 periods

in order for a solution to have a neutral pH, its pH should be what

7.0

which of the following solutions makes a new type of metal by combining solid solutions of other metals

Alloys

zones of activity in the epiphyseal plate

1. the reserve zone, closest to the epiphyseal end of the plate contains small chondrocytes that do not participate in bone growth, but serve to anchor the epiphyseal plate to the osseus tissue of the epiphysis 2. the proliferative zone contains larger chondrocytes to replace old chondrocytes at the diaphyseal end of the plate 3. the zone of maturation and hypertrophy contains older and larger chondrocytes than those found in the proliferative zone 4. the zone of calcified matrix lies closest to the diaphysis and contains mostly chondrocytes that have died as their surrounding matrix calcified

gastric fluid is an acidic substance. the pH value of gastric fluid would most likely be which of the following

1.5

how many liters is 1 hectoliter

100 liters

how many groups does the periodic table have?

18

Van der Waals

force is a chemical bond that has a weak attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms; it is also the weakest of all bonds

the radius and ulna are two bones found in which of the following locations

forearm

how many stages are there in the mitosis asexual reproduction process

four

a monosaccharide is a carbohydrate that contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. which of the following is an example of a monosaccharide?

glucose, fructose

A polysaccharide that is produced in the liver as a storage form of energy is:

glycogen