Study Set Anther10 Final exam

Karma

-An individual's actions and the consequences of those actions -Hinduism

Angels and Demons

-Angels made from light -Angels often represented as agents of revelation, executors of divine will, or as witnesses to divine activity -That both the Devil and the demons were originally angelic creatures, created by God as good, innocent beings -They became evil by their own actions. Cast from Haven and are believed to be closely associated with human evil

Spirits

-Are a broad category of beings -Are generally less powerful than gods and usually are more localized -They are collections of nonindividualized supernatural beings that are not given specific names and identities -Spirits interact with people on the "micro" level, usually with individuals or families

Gods?

-Are individualized supernatural beings, each with a distinctive name, personality, and sphere of influence that encompasses the life of an entire community or a major segment of the community -Powerful beings further removed from the affairs of humans

Zombies

-Are seen as soulless creatures, animated for a life of slavery on a plantation

UFO Contactee Movement?

-Contactees are persons who claim to have experienced contact with extraterrestrials. -As pertaining to the UFO lecture, the Theosophical movement promoted a blend of Darwinism and creationism (root-races) that inspired later beliefs about human relationships with alien beings in the 20th century.

Reincarnation

-External soul that is born again and again in different bodies, a process called -Hinduism

Raelians (UFO Religion)

-Founded in 1973 by French race car driver and journalist Claude Borilhon, known as Rael to his followers -Rael was driving a racecar and aliens told him they created humans and that they want a relationship with them -aliens are called "space father" -strong sexual experimental religion, mostly ex-Catholics o the other

Death Rituals

-Funerals can be thought of as rites of passage whereby an individual moves from the status of living to that of dead (or another post-death state such as ancestor)

Goddesses (Isis/Cali/Mary)

-Have been important figures in many religious systems. -Three important goddesses are Isis of ancient Egypt, Kali in Hinduism, and The Virgin Mary in Catholicism

Vampires

-Is a creature that was considered to be real throughout much of Europe -Was believed to be someone who had recently died but who had returned to bring death to others

Wicca

-Is polytheistic religion, although which of the pagan gods and goddesses are named varies -The religion is in many ways nature-based and includes a ritual calendar -Wiccans also have a moral rule known as the Wiccan rede that says you can do whatever you want as long as it does not harm anyone

Souls

-Is used to label the non-corporeal, spiritual component of an individual -essentially good

The Abrahamic Religions

-Judaism, Christianity, and Islam - share the same early prophets and the belief in God as the ultimate creator and ruler of the earth

Jinn

-Made from fire without smoke -Are normally invisible but they can make themselves visible and in doing so, they often take the form of a human or an animal =Like people, they have different personalities, some good and some bad. They may lie and deceive people; they enjoy playing tricks and kidnapping people

Ghosts

-Manifestations of an individual after death -essentially a negative force and tends to remain in the vicinity of the community

New Religious Movements

-Many researches avoid the term cult altogether and instead prefer the term -the broad range of religious and spiritual groups, cults, and sects that have emerged alongside mainstream religions

Origins of Day of the Dead

-Mexican day of the dead which was influenced from the Aztecs that set aside a month to honor the dead -Is a time of family reunion, for all family members living and dead

Revitalization Movements

-Movements that form in an attempt to bring about a fundamental change in a society. -These movements follow a succession of stages: gradual change, impactful change, social stressors, antisocial behaviors, establishment of movement

Religious Conflict and Terrorism

-Religion became prominent in conflicts in the last few decades -Religiously based conflict may lead to violence considered to be terrorism Terrorism= can be defined as "public acts of destruction, committed without a clear military objective that arose a widespread sense of fear

Religion

-Serves to bind people together into social groups, importantly people who are not related to one another and do not share bonds of kinship -Also spells out and emphasize moral rules of human behavior that are essential for large numbers of people in a community to coexist in harmony

Zande Mangu

-The Zande belief in witchcraft -Believed that witchcraft or mangu is something that exists within the body of a witch -Mangu is thought to be passed down from parent to child of the same sex from father to son and from mother to daughter -Mangu is the soul of witchcraft

Witchcraft

-The ability of a person to cause harm to others based on some innate ability or evil nature of her being. -belief in an evil extrasomatic power vested in some individuals

Heaven's Gate (UFO religion)

-The last of three organizations founded by Marshall Applewhite, which believed that passages from the Christian Gospels and from the Book of Revelation were reinterpreted as referring to UFO visitations -They were all celibate -The members believed that by committing suicide together at the right time, they would leave their containers )or bodies) behind and be replanted into another container at a level above that of human existence

Branch Davidians

-The students of the Seven Seals can be traced back to a group that broke off from the Seventh Day Adventists in the 1940s -Followers of David Koresh who lived in a compound outside Waco, Texas, were sieged by federal agents, had illegal firearms. The building caught fire and no one survived.

Haitian Vodou

-Vodou is a religion that is found in the country of Haiti and in the Haitian diaspora -It is a religion that is extremely rich in symbolism, with art and dance playing central roles in ritual

Origins of Halloween/

-an ancient Celtic festival called Samhain -The Celts believed that during Samhain the gates that normally separate the worlds of the living and the dead were opened -Christianity reframed it to declare it ALl Saints Day as a day to honor Christain saints

Sorcery

-compelling the supernatural to behave in certain (often evil) ways. -evil magic involving the use of objects or words

Fundamentalism

-originated int he nineteenth century which referred to the opponents of liberal Protestantism who were urging a return to the "fundamentals" of Christianity as a way to guide those whom they believed had lost their way -has shifted from an emphasis on religious scriptures to being associated with religious and social movements that share certain features and worldview in common

Secondary Burials

-takes place at a later time -This second phase often marks the end of the mourning period and commonly involved digging up, processing, and reburying the body in some way

Cargo Cults

-well -known example of nativistic movement is the cargo cults of New Guinea -Brought them a wealth of manufacture goods that sparked the imaginations of the native peoples and became highly desirable items

Captivity Narratives?

Accounts written by colonists after their time in Indian captivity, often stressing the captive's religious convictions.

Characteristics of Fundamentalist Groups

Against: modernization, secularism, social change, state loyalty over religion*, commerce over traditional values* For: purity, authenticism, activism, centering of a mythic past on the present, totalism, scripturalism

Possession

An altered state of consciousness that is interpreted as a deity taking control of a person body

Otiose Gods

Are too remote and too uninterested in human activities to participate in the activities and fate of humans

Agnosticism

Belief that the existence of God, gods, and/or the supernatural is unknowable and unprovable.

Atheism

Disbelief in or denial of the existence of God, gods and/or the supernatural world.

Syncretism

Is a fusing of traits from two culture to form something new and yet, at the same time, permit the retention of the old by subsuming the old into a new form

Nationalism

Refers to a sense of identification with and loyalty to one nation above all others

Durkheim's "Society is God" Theory

The powers we normally attribute to gods are in actuality the powers society itself wields over individuals to maintain social cohesion

Pantheon

Within a particular religious system, the gods as a collective make up a -Usually, the gods within the pantheon form a hierarchy with a supreme god at top

High Demand Religions

a religious group in which great demands are required of members in terms of thought and behavior.

Revivalistic Movements

an attempt to revive a past golden age.

Messianic Movements

based on the appearance of a divine savior in human form to save society

Monotheism

belief in a singular god

Polytheism

belief in multiple gods

Nativistic Movements

change enacted in traditional societies threatened by the actions of technologically dominant societies

Diffusion

external social change in which a discovery or invention in one society can be adopted by another.

Discovery

internal social change in which an awareness is made of something that already exists in the surrounding environment.

Invention

internal social change in which technology is used to solve an existing problem.

Millenarian Movements

social change through apocalyptic transformation

Cultural Violence

the justification of structural or direct violence by making them seem normal or natural

Assimilation

the loss of a distinct cultural identity by a dominated culture group.

Acculturation

the process whereby a culture receives traits from a dominant society.