Substance Abuse Final
Psychoactive substances seem to be multi-functional, meaning they are used in a variety of contexts and for a number of reasons. Which of the following BEST explain(s) their wide range of uses?
C & D
According to CASA, there is little we can do to deal with problem substance use.
False
According to Nesse, substance abusers are fundamentally different from other people.
False
According to the "hardliners", the reason the War and Drugs didn't work was that military force cannot decrease supply.
False
According to the video, people responded to the prohibition of alcohol (1920 to 1933) by drinking less.
False
Across cultures, marijuana use seems to decrease productivity.
False
Asians are significantly more likely to abuse alcohol than Caucasian Westerners.
False
Compared to men, women more often use deception regarding the depths of their feelings, commitment, and love in order to acquire sex.
False
Expectancies do not appear to be important determinants of the psychoactive effects of substances.
False
Historically, few psychotherapists in the USA were willing to consider the therapeutic use of altered states.
False
Historically, psychoactive substances have been used in ritual-religious contexts to induce altered states of consciousness. These altered states were usually sought after because they provided an escape from the world.
False
In the USA, African Americans have been significantly overrepresented among substance users.
False
Individuals cross clearly defined thresholds from substance use to substance abuse, and from substance abuse to chemical dependence.
False
Most of the cost of substance abuse to federal and state governments is associated with prevention and treatment.
False
Nature has selected for adaptations in children for extracting as many resources from from parents as is optimal from the parent's perspective.
False
One's life history strategy has little to do with propensity to use/abuse substances.
False
Perl (2006) noted that while initial efforts to decrease the supply of narcotics via the War on Drugs failed, later efforts during the 21st century achieved much more success.
False
Research has borne out the notion that substance abuse is qualitatively different than substance dependence.
False
Research has indicated that individuals living in higher SES neighborhoods were 5X more likely to have been offered cocaine.
False
The Bush administration's international drug control policies devoted few resources to supply reduction efforts.
False
The greatest proportion of substance use is accounted for by older adults.
False
The psychological level of analysis encompasses norms, values, beliefs, and practices.
False
With a greater tendency toward internalization and self-medication, females account for a greater proportion of world-wide substance use than males.
False
According to the video, Afghanistan's total opium production dropped 91% in 2000. After US invasion in 2001, Afghanistan's opium production increased and now accounts for 93% of world's total.
True
Although many modern humans no longer struggle with the harsh conditions of life that confronted our ancestors, they struggle with some of the adaptations that are activated in modern environments that differ profoundly from ancestral environments.
True
Among the Aztecs, over-indulgent use of pulque was punishable by death.
True
Beer is classified as "eaten" in some cultural groups.
True
Beer is food.
True
Calm contentment is not the normal (i.e., most frequently experienced) human state.
True
Crothers (1881) recommended institutionalizing inebriates, permanently if necessary.
True
Economic interests certainly played an important role in the global spread of tobacco to England and other European nations in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries..
True
For most of the 17th and 18th centuries, the world seemed to be free of addiction.
True
From an evolutionary perspective, using substances to increase pleasure is likely to be less harmful than use for avoidance of pain.
True
In some cases, culturally integrated substance use does not appear to cause substantial harm.
True
Men devote more effort to status striving than women.
True
Most people will use a drug at some point in their lives.
True
Psychoactive substances trigger a salience signal via the dopaminergic system that appears normal to other parts of the brain.
True
Recreational drugs are used for pleasure or entertainment.
True
Research suggests that social marginalization is a cause of substance abuse.
True
Some harm reduction approaches, such as needle exchange and methadone maintenance, have been resisted despite clear evidence of their effectiveness.
True
Sometimes counselors may function as agents of social control.
True
The brain habituates to reliable levels of reward availability. However wonderful our environments may be, we become accustomed to them and want better.
True
Unpredictable family environments tend to _____________________________ .
contribute to insecure attachment, reflexive or impulsive behavior, and fast life history strategy among children
Why are psychoactive substances produced by plants?
A & C.
Evolutionary Psychology has taught us that we humans have a dark side. That is, we are adapted to doing some unsavory things given certain conditions. Which of the following factors increase the probability that mothers will commit infanticide?
A, B, & C
According to Nesse (2002), human use of psychoactive substances is what we should expect.
True
In the last 6,000 years, substances have been used for all of the following purposes, EXCEPT________.
coffee for boosting intelligence
In the early 1900's, which of the following promoted the idea that alcoholism was caused by an allergy?
Alcoholics Anonymous
Fast life history strategy is frequently characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT _________ .
C & D
Substance abuse accounted for about ___________ of the total federal budget in 2005.
10%
Darwin's theory of natural selection provided insight into which of the following?
All of the above
Early in the 16th century, coffee was subject to prohibition because ______.
B & C
Which of the following examples are consistent with the alien poisons concept?
B & C
According to Durrant and Thakker, substances __________________________
B & D
According to Nesse (2002), why should substance abuse treatments be directed to the "person's whole life and place in a social network?" Choose the best answer.
Because restoring normal sources of satisfaction may reduce the pull of substances.
_________ is the 4th most popular psychoactive substance in the world.
Betel
Which of the following are NOT true of alcohol norms?
Caucasians are less permissive of use than African Americans.
According to the video, which country had the highest level of opium consumption in 2008?
Islamic Republic of Iran
_____________ was traditionally chewed into a pulp, spit out, combined with water, and then imbibed.
Kava
________ was the driving force behind the Modern Alcoholism Movement.
Marty Mann
Which of the following descriptions of the nature of substance use during the 20th century is INCORRECT?
Prior to the 1960s, heroin use had become popular and glamorous in the United States.
In Yemen, __________ is thought to cure 500 diseases and is the central feature of afternoon social parties lasting two to three hours.
Qat
According to Becker (1953) and Lindesmith (1968), addiction cannot occur without prior learning experiences related to substance use and withdrawal symptoms.
True
______________ drink heavily, but do not seem to become addicted or engage in violence or risky sex.
The Camba
Which of the following account for the existence of the peacock's beautiful but metabolically expensive and predator attracting feathers?
The feathers have been sexually selected for because they are indicators of genetic quality.
___________ co-founded Alcoholics Anonymous as a result of a spiritual experience and communications with a recovering alcoholic.
William Wilson
Mark Kleiman compared the criminal justice system to ____________.
a neglectful parent
The earliest concrete evidence of psycho-active substance use has been dated to __________ .
about 5,500 years ago
___________ are inherited and reliably developing characteristics of species that enhanced the survival and reproductive success of their possessors.
adaptations
According to Durrant and Thakker, males may use substances ________________ .
all of the above
CASA recommends _______________ to reduce the societal burden of substance abuse and addiction.
all of the above
During the 21st century, which of the following have characterized U.S. international drug control policy?
all of the above
In the end of 19th century, and during the dawn of 20th, the use of what substance became recognized as problematic?
all of the above
Our human emotions help us to do which of the following?
all of the above
Psychoactive substances may confer which of the following benefits to users?
all of the above
What are the benefits of historical research on substance abuse?
all of the above
Which of the following are psychoactive substances?
all of the above
Which of the following did Bagley (1988) suggest as promising strategies for decreasing illicit drug abuse?
all of the above
_________, a concept developed in the mid 1800's, refers to the theory that individuals with physical, psychological, or moral deficiency transmit an even worse variant of this trait to the next generation, and so on throughout future generations, until an entire family line becomes extinct. Choose the BEST answer.
degeneration
In the 20th century, the demography of psychoactive substance use changed in several ways. Which following changes is CORRECT?
from female to male
The biological level of analysis encompasses which of the following?
genetic factors
A staggering 71.1% of federal and state spending on the burden of addiction is in ___________ and ___________ .
health and justice
Research suggests that a woman's mate preferences shift according to all the following, EXCEPT _____________.
her intelligence
Both humans and rats appear to _______________ when they have been raised in stressful ecologies.
hit puberty at earlier ages
According to Nesse, psychotropic substances are __________________ . Choose the best answer.
like magnets near the compass of the mind
Incentive salience has to do with all of the following, EXCEPT ______________.
liking, or achievement of satisfaction
Near the end of the 18th century, addiction became defined by _________ and _________.
loss of control, physiological impairment
Bruce Ellis explained that rats engage in ________________ when ________________ .
lower levels of parental care; they inhabit stressful ecologies
The Washingtonians tried to cure chronic drunkards using ____________.
moral suasion
Which of the following did White NOT suggest as a benefit of learning the history of substance abuse and addiction?
pessimism
Substance abuse and dependence are thought to be ____________.
polygenetic
In 1859, neurologist George Miller Beard discovered neurasthenia, a condition he believed was caused by ___________, and that increased susceptibility to addiction. He believed "brain-workers" were at greatest risk.
progress (technological and other modern advancements)
Zinberg (1972) determined that _____________ contributed to whether U.S. soldiers in Vietnam could control their heroine use.
setting
Karl Abraham, a psychiatrist specializing in addictions in the early 1900's, thought drinking represented drinkers' ________.
sexual activity
Which of the following contexts of substance use is associated with the demarcation of status.
social
______________ share interests, values, beliefs, values, and practices, but may not share common descent or long held cultural traditions.
social groups
According to Dr. Mark Kleiman, the most effective way to reduce drug-related crime is to provide _________ and _________ punishments.
swift, certain
According to Bagley (1988), one of the key reasons the War on Drugs failed was ____________________________.
that it oversimplified the problem
According to Waldorf (1991), the ________________ of cocaine users are more powerful than the drug itself.
values and priorities
