Superquiz #3
Battle of Jena, 1806
Napoleon I of France vs Frederick William III of Prussia during Napoleonic wars, Napoleon crushed Prussia
Invasion of Russia, 1812
Napoleon continued his pursuit of world domination and invaded Russia. led to his downfall. Napoleon's final defeat =end era of the French Revolution.
Plebiscite - 1799
Napoleon held it to allow the people to vote on the constitution, majority ruled in favor
Exile to St. Helena
Napoleon's fate after his defeat at Waterloo
Josephine
Napoleon's first wife
Grand Army
Napoleon's military force
Artillery officer
Napoleon's military positions
First Consul
Napoleon's title
Constitution of Year Three
Napoleon, trying to set up republic (really a dictatorship)
Second Reich
New German Empire created by Otto Von Bismarck
Principia
Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good.
Commonwealth of England
No monarchy, House of Lords, or Anglican Church; Puritan is primary religion, Catholics exiled to Ireland; military state; lead by Lord Potector Oliver Cromwell
Emigrees
Nobles, clergy, and others who fled France during the French Revolution
Schleswig and Holstein
Northern provinces seized by Austria and Prussia
Lord Nelson (British) and the Battle of Trafalgar, 1804
Officer in navy, fought against Spanish and French BRITAIN WON
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
Official term for a major shifting of alliances that took place in 1756.
"Diplomatic Revolution" of 1756
Official term for a major shifting of alliances that took place in 1756. The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War; the shift has also been known as "the great change of partners".
Henry III (France); Valois
One of catherine de medici's sons; participated in war of three henrys This famous quote (sometimes given as "Paris veult une messe") was not actually recorded at the time. It was attributed to Henry IV years later and is probably apocryphal.
Quadruple Alliance
Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818
Anti-Corn Law League
Organized by manufacturers, sought to appeal the Corn Laws for six years, wanted to abolish the tariffs protecting the domestic price of grain.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.
Thermodorian Reaction
Overthrow of Robespierre; marks end of radical phase of revolution ends Sets up bicameral leglislature and 5-person "Directory" (executive body)
The Third of May by Francisco Goya, 1808
Painting, exposed horrors of war
Assignats
Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.
Short Parliament
Parliament called to raise funds for war against Scotland
Socialist International
Part of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union that subordinated national interests to international socialist ones
Second Revolution
Part two of the Russian Revolution; it began when Lenin overthrew the provisional government and established Russia as a socialist state under the Bolshevik Party (aka: October Revolution).
Bloody Sunday (1905)
Peaceful protest to Czar Nicholas II's palace; fired on by palace guards, hundreds died- possibly start of revolution
Reign of Terror
Period of time during which Maximilian Robespierre governed France bLOODSHEDDDDD
St. Petersburg - Window to the West
Peter the Great's "window on the west"
The Dutch Republic
Phillip II of Spain was ultimately unable to defeat
Tuilleries
Place that was burned during the Paris Commune
Decembrist Revolution - Constantine and Constitution
Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I
Vasco de Gamma & India
Portuguese navigator: first to sail from Europe to India.
Chamber of Deputies (lower house)
Powerful lower house part of the new republic which was elected by universal male suffrage.
Anti-semitism
Prejudice against Jews
Lord North
Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Prince of Portugal who led military campaigns in North Africa and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.
Social Welfare Programs (Bismarck the German Laws of 1883-1884 (socialist style))
Programs which helped insure a minimum standard of living. Programs were unemployment, accident and health insurance, and the social security system etc.
George I of England
Protestant leader of england
Frederick William, the Great Elector
Prussian leader who argued for the need for a permanent standing army. He tripled state revenue and expanded the military.
War against Denmark (1864)
Prussians formed an alliance with Austria and then after the victory over Denmark took the Schleswig and Holstein provinces. Unified not just Prussia but Germans together and increased nationalism
Elizabeth I
Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603) who succeeded the Mary I, a Catholic, and reestablished Protestantism in England
Marie Antoinette
Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)
The Mountain
Radical, wanted to execute the king JACOBINS
The People's Budget
Raised taxes on the rich to help finance health insurance, unemployment benefits, and pensions
Balkans
Rebelled against ottoman rule
Tricolor
Red, white and blue badge of the common people
Duke of Orleans
Regent for LXV(great grandson of LXIV) who was only 5 in 1715. D of O was and elder cousin. Lacked authority of monarch and had to admit aristocrats to share in power. Now Sun King dead - nobility re-emerging and most people in France NOT pleased with absolutism because of impact of Louis XIV's wars. D of O worked through committees of noblemen(like ministers) which were largely incompetent and so he soon abandoned them. Parlements (law courts) were revived and judgeships became saleable(often to bourgeosie) and titles were sold(to raise money).
Charles Tallyrand
Representative from France who was on the French ballot at the Congress of Vienna, He was the one who put France back up their as a Dominant Power
White Terror
Return of the bourbons led to the unleashing of this violent revolt against jacobins and Bonaparte supporters
June Days (Barricades in the streets of Paris, again)
Revolt as a result of the abolishing of national workshops. Government marched the army against the people and 10,000 parisians are killed.
Robert Boyle
Robert Boyle - Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691)
Republic of Virtue
Robespierre's attempt to erase all traces of the monarchy, nobility and the Catholic Church
80% of the people in western countries
Roman Catholic
Roundheads vs. Cavaliers
Roundheads-constitution/parliament, Cavaliers-remained loyal to king
Medici family
Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries
Tsars (Czars)
Rulers of Russia
Hohenzollern family
Rulers over Brandenburg and Prussia that were obsessed with a militia; refusing to spend national funds on anything but more soldiers and development of military power, responsible for German unification.
Politiques
Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs
Duma
Russia's first parliament
Destruction of Moscow, 1812
Russian troops; this happened because of napoleon's faile raid into moscow
Sacraments
Sacred rituals performed by the Catholic church. There are seven: baptism, confirmation, marriage, communion, penance, holy order (that is, becoming a priest), and extreme unction (words spoken at the death bed).
Camillo Cavour
Sardian uniter of Northern Italy; he was a flexible practical crafty politician. he improved agriculture, had railroads built, and supported free trade. His long term goal was to end austrian power in Italy and annex Lombardy and Venetia
New Astronomy
Scientific text that proved the heliocentric theory using mathematics, elliptical orbit.
David Hume
Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses
Republic of France
Second- conflict between middle and lower classes; granted male suffrage Third- education; secular society
Indulgences
Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.
Working classes (highly skilled, semiskilled, unskilled)
Semiskilled- Workers in the established crafts--carpenters, bricklayers, pipe fitters, and factory workers Unskilled- day laborers, wagon-driving teamsters, "helpers", domestic servants.
Elector of Saxony [Frederic of Saxony]
Sent Luther into hiding
Invincible Armada - 1588
Sent by Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588, it was destroyed by the fast English ships and a storm called the "Protestant wind".
Serfs and Serfdom
Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism.
Peasants
Serfs
Hundred Years War
Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.
Mary Wollstonecraft
She wrote "Vindication of Women Rights", which emphasized the importance of education of women
Peter III
Silly and childish ruler in Russia who liked to play with toy soldiers. Catherine the great was marries to him, but she decided she would be a better leader so she had her lover who was a guard tell him to leave. A few days later he was killed
Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
Slogan of the French Revolution
Edward Jenner
Small-Pox vaccine
Industrial Revolution
Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion.
Young Turks
Society founded in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and to reform the empire
Edward VI
Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour who began the Anglican church in England but died at a young age. He gave the clergy the right to marry
Conquistadores
Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.
Ignatius of Loyola
Spanish ecclesiastic who founded the Society of Jesus and was a leader of the Counter Reformation
Duke of Alva
Spanish general and statesman who suppressed the Protestant revolt in the Netherlands (1567-72) and conquered Portuga
Aragon and Castile; Ferdinand and Isabella - Reconquista
Spanish rulers
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.
July 14, 1789
Storming of the Bastille
Cholera epidemic of 1846
Struck all classes, middle class demanded a solution. The only way to get rid of it was to clean up the cities led to the government implementation of a city wide running water plan.
Clergy - Nobility - Commoners
THREE ORDERS
Papal jurisdiction
Temporal jurisdiction refers to past claims by the Pope to rule or have power over territory in the temporal realm of Earth in addition to his spiritual authority as vicar of Christ
Frederick William I
The "Soldiers King" this ruler established Prussian absolutism and transformed Prussia into a military state.
Revoking of the Edict of Nantes
The Edict of Nantes (1598) had granted the Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state.
Edict of Nantes - 1598
The Edict of Nantes (French: Édit de Nantes), signed probably on 30 April 1598, by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was, at the time, still considered essentially Catholic
Long Parliament
The English Parliament which sat from November 1640 to March 1653, was restored for a short time in 1659, and finally voted its own dissolution in 1660. It was summoned by Charles I and sat through the English Civil War and on into the interregnum which followed
Grand Alliance
The Grand Alliance was an alliance made during World War II, which joined together the United States (led by Franklin Roosevelt), the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin) and Great Britain (led by Winston Churchill).
Guise family
The House of Guise was a French noble family, partly responsible for the French Wars of Religion.
House of Stuart
The House of Stuart is a European royal house. Founded by Robert II, the House of Stuart—also spelled Stewart in Scottish contexts—first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century before inheriting the kingdoms of England (including Wales) and Ireland in the 17th century.
Rump Parliament
The Rump Parliament was the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high
South Sea Bubble
The South Sea Company was a British joint stock company that traded in South America during the 18th century. Founded in 1711, the company was granted a monopoly to trade in Spain's South American colonies as part of a treaty during the War of Spanish Succession. In return, the company assumed the national debt England had incurred during the war. Speculation in the company's stock led to a great economic bubble known as the South Sea Bubble in 1720, which caused financial ruin for many. In spite of this it was restructured and continued to operate for more than a century after the Bubble.
modernization
The changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time.
Metric System
The decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, capacity, and weight or mass.
Textile industry
The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to make it. The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by hand. One of the new spinning machines to produce cloth faster was the "spinning jenny," invented by Englishman James Hargreaves.
Divine Right
The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin. This belief was common through the seventeenth century and was urged by such kings as Louis xiv of France
Grand Empire
The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia.
Stadholder
The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position held by the princes of Orange
"it's better to be feared than loved"
The famous phrase machiavelli wrote in his book "The Prince"
Karl Lueger (Vienna Mayor Karl Leuger (1897-1910))
The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class; influenced Hitler
Textiles
The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.
Dutch Rebellion - William of Orange (80 Years War)
The first leader was William of Orange, followed by several of his descendants and relations. This revolt was one of the first successful secessions in Europe, and led to one of the first European republics of the modern era, the United Provinces.
Robert Walpole
The first official prime minister, whose foreign policy was to ignore continental conflicts and he forgave the debt of the South Sea Company which made the people confident in the government
Hall of Mirrors in Palace of Versailles of 1871
The largest room in the Versailles palace which was lit by hundreds of candles whose light was intensified by the many mirrors
Battle of Waterloo
The last battle of the Napoleonic War
Instrument of Government
The main work of Cromwell-- a constitution of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Drafted by Major-General John Lambert in 1653, it was the first sovereign codified and written constitution in England.
The Great Migration
The migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North
Madame de Pompadour
The mistress of Louis XV who used her ability to take away her "services" to gain power and to give advice about and make important government decisions
Antwerp (associate with the Spanish Fury)
The most famous Spanish Fury was the sack of Antwerp in 1576.
Marie de Medici
The mother of Louis XIII and the wife of Henry VI. She became the regent (ruler) of France, when her husband died, until Louis came of age
Boroughs
The name for county-like bodies in Alaska
President Louis Napoleon
The nephew if Napoleon Bonaparte. He improved the economy by creating railroads and giving workers unions. Also gave all males the right to vote.
Smallpox
The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.
Ulster
The partitioned part of Ireland that remains under British control
The puddlers
The people who worked in the iron and steel industry and created their materials by the sense of smell; man-crafted.
[Unification of Italy (1852-1870)]
The political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy
Enclosure Movement
The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.
Illegitimacy explosion
The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls.
Paris Commune
The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government
James Stuart
The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England. His belief in the divine right of kings and his attempts to abolish Parliament and suppress Presbyterianism in Scotland created resentment that led to the English Civil War. He sponsored the King James Bible
Spanish Netherlands - 17 provinces; United Provinces
The southern part of the Low Countries (modern Netherlands and Belgium) during and after the Eighty Years' War, ruled by Spain and lasting from 1581 to 1713.
L'etat c'est moi
The state is me
Agricultural revolution (1650-1850)
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Proletarianization
The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.
Act of Union (1707)
The union shall last forever - entrenched - weak argument
South African War
The war between Britain and the Boer; inhabitants of South Africa for control of the region; also called the Boer War
Sans-Culottes
The working people of Paris who were characterized by their long working pants and support for radical politics.
Girondists
These were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI, but The Mountain did anyway- FOUGHT FOR CONTROL OF THE NATIONAL CONVENTION
Leopold II of Belgium
This Belgian monarch was able to build a huge empire in Africa by tricking African chieftains into signing treaties they could neither read nor understand
Battle of Peterloo (at the Fields of Manchester) (Peterloo Massacre of 1819)
This battle, occurred in Manchester, England. It was more of a massacre than a battle; people had gathered to discuss political reform and spread new ideas, and were killed by government troops
Act of Settlement (1701)
This covered the missing component of the Bill of Rights, the protection of judges from victimisation and intimidation. This was passed and set the foundation of judicial independence
Constitution of the Year VIII, 1799
This document (issued by Napoleon), declared universal male suffrage (democracy), checks and balances, a new council of state, but really gave Napoleon supreme power.
Henry IV - "Paris is well worth a Mass"
This famous quote (sometimes given as "Paris veult une messe") was not actually recorded at the time. It was attributed to Henry IV years later and is probably apocryphal.
Robert Bakewell
This person was a pioneer in the field of selective animal breeding. He bred animals for certain characteristics.
American Revolution
This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.
Galileo Galilei
This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.
War of Austrian Succession (1740-1747)
This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state
War of Austrian Succession / King George's War (1740-1748)
This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state
War of Austrian Succession {King George's War}
This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state
Franco-Prussian War (1870)
This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia.
James II
This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government
Pope Paul III
This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent
Pragmatic Sanction
This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler.
Ferdinand and Isabella
This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition
Louis XVIII
This was the king of France before and after Napoleon's exile
John Knox
This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops
Barricades in the streets of Paris - Feb 1848 [February Days]
This was the month when barricades reappeared in Paris for rebellious reasons, church bells were used as alarms, and men and women sang the revolutionary anthem. During this, Louis Philippe abdicated, and liberals, radicals, and socialists, came together to form France's Second Republic and encouraged national workshops for the unemployed.
Maria Theresa
This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs
Joseph II
This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom
Labor Aristocracy
This was the union of skilled workers in the working classes that had a set behavioral code. They were usually run by construction bosses and factory foremen
Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan - "Social Contract"
Thomas Hobbes - English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)
Three orders
Those who fight, those who pray, and those who work. This refers to the nights/nobles, the religious figures, and the common laborers.
Absolutist belief in Divine Right
Time exists independent of events. Plato and Newton espoused this idea. Time is a backdrop that events occur in.
Ottoman Turks
Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire
Lombardy and Venetia (Austrian)
Two territories under Austrian rule that Sardinia allied with France to gain
Movable type
Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page.
Louisiana Purchase, 1803
US bought the Louisiana Territory (basically the Mid-West) from France and expanded land
German Empire
Unified by Bismark of Prussia, the German empire was created after the Franco-Prussian war. This Empire evolved into Germany
Dutch Republic
United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt.
French involvement in the Thirty Years War
Up to the Peace of Prague, France had played a minimal part in the Thirty Years War. What participation France had committed herself to involved just diplomatic and political measures. Only in the relatively minor Mantuan episode did France have any military involvement but this was short-lived and did not involve the major European powers.
Rococo
Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France
Impact of the Seven Years War on the relationship of Britain to the American colonies
War drained part of the english treasury which led england to increase taxes to pay for new wars.
House of York & House of Lancaster
War of the roses
Prince of Orange
Was the military leader of the Netherlands and fought off the Spanish from controlling the Netherlands
New Imperialism
Wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories
Grand Duchy of Warsaw
What became of part of old Poland bordered Russia on the West
University of Wittenberg
Where Luther posted his 95 theses
The common
Which of the following is a viral infection that most adults contract 2 to 4 times a year?
Florentines
Who in the Early Renaissance took tremendous pride in the advances made by their native artists
"spinsters"
Widows and unmarried women who spun for a living; often recruited into a family enterprise by the wife of the family
William Harvey
William Harvey was an English physician who made seminal contributions in anatomy and physiology. He was the first known to describe completely and in detail the systemic Circulation
Kaiser William I
William I of Prussia declares himself Kaiser of Germany at Versailles after winning the Franco-Prussian war
The Glorious Revolution of 1688
William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures
William III of England
William married Mary II and became joint rulers of England
Giuseppe Garibaldi & his Red Shirts
With a force of 1,000 red shirted volunteers, he won control of Sicily. This scared Cavour cause Cavour believed that he would set up his own republic
Philosophes
Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.
The Social Contract (1762)
Written by Rousseau stated citizens would submit to government as long as human rights not infringed upon
On the Structure of the Human Body
Written by Vesalius
Book of Sports
Written originally by James I, republished by Charles I, argument for importance of recreation and practicing of sports on Sunday; directly opposed to Puritan tradition of spiritual recreation for Sunday
Thomas Malthus - Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798
Wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population, said that without wars and disease, the population was too much and too many poor people.
Pugachev's Rebellion
Yemelyan Pugachev rallied the peasants and Cossacks and promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords; against catherine the great
Huguenots
a French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France
National Assembly
a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people
Junkers
a German nobleman or aristocrat, especially a member of the Prussian aristocracy
Charlotte Corday
a Girondin supporter that stabbed Marat, a radical journalist, in his bathtub
Conversos / New Christians
a Jew who publicly recanted the Jewish faith and adopted Christianity under the pressure of the Spanish Inquisition.
Priesthood of all believers
a Protestant Christian doctrine stating that ordinary Christians share a common priesthood in that they have direct access to God through their prayers without requiring a human mediator.
1588 - Spanish Armada
a Spanish naval invasion force sent against England by Philip II of Spain in 1588. It was defeated by the English fleet and almost completely destroyed by storms off the Hebrides
Calculus
a branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton and used to explain his laws
Perspective
a characteristic of renaissance art that creates 3-d, depth
Priesthood of All Believers
a doctrine of the Protestant Christian Church: every individual has direct access to God without ecclesiastical mediation and each individual shares the responsibility of ministering to the other members of the community of believers.
Jacues Necker
a financial expert as an advisor
Nationalization of the Church
a judicial doctrine of the 14th amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation
Court of the Star Chamber
a judicial innovation of Henry VII of England, designed to curb the independence of the nobility, whereby criminal charges brought against the nobility were judged by a court of the king's own councilors
Italian Humanism
a literary movement that began in Italy during the fourteenth century. Humanism was a distinct movement because it broke from the medieval tradition of having pious religious motivation for creating art or works of literature
Puritans
a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship
Cossacks
a member of a people of southern Russia and Ukraine, noted for their horsemanship and military skill
Boyars
a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince
Zemstvovs
a new institution of local government in reformed Russia, whose members were elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners; dealt with local problems
Fresco
a painting done on plaster
Columbian Exchange
a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life
Rene Descartes ("I think, therefore I am")
a philosophe; ("I think, therefore I am")
Flanders
a region that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands; was an important industrial and financial center of northern Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance
Dual revolution
a revolution that combined both economic and political changes that reinforced each other to create a stronger impact; spread all throughout Europe during the nineteenth century. An example of this would be the growth of the industrial middle class encouraging the drive for representative government and the demands of the French sans-culottes inspiring many socialist thinkers in 1793 and 1794.
Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1522-1559)
a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States
NAVIGATION ACTS (1651)
a series of laws enacted by Parliament beginning in 1651.shipbuilding industry. New jobs for English dockworkers import taxes for government boom in colonial shipbuildin
Peasants Revolt
a series of uprisings by peasants against their landowners
Six Articles - 1539
a set of formulas defining the doctrinal position of the Church of England, drawn up in the 16th century, to which the clergy are required to give general consent
Caravel
a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries
Revisionism - Eduard Bernstein - Evolutionary Socialism (1899)
a socialist doctrine that rejected Marx's emphasis on class struggle and revolution and argued instead that workers should work through political parties to bring about gradual change.
Electric Streetcar
a streetcar introduced in the late 1800s that ran by electricity and that allowed large numbers of people to move quickly on busy city streets
Defender of the Faith - 1523
a title conferred on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521
Zollverein
a union that promoted German unity by removing tariff barriers between German states
German Peasants' War of 1525 [Peasant's Rebellion]
a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe from 1524 to 1525. It failed because of the intense opposition of the aristocracy
Great European Witch Hunt (1480s-1700s)
accused women of being witches and killed them in the thousands
Whig Reform Bill of 1832 (Great Reform Bill of 1832)
act of Parliament that transferred voting privileges from small rotten boroughs controlled by nobility and gentry to large industrial towns controlled by middle class; enfranchised the male working class
Voltaire
advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.
Chartist Movement
advocated better social and economic conditions for working people
Treaty of Tordesillas
agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.Nov 4, 2014
Ireland self-government "Home rule"
allows cities to write their own charters, choose their own type of government, and manage their own affairs
Amerigo Vespucci - Mundus Novus
an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus' voyages
Individualism
an art style
Pacification
an attempt to create or maintain peace. That can mean appeasing a hostile country through diplomacy or even just by settling an argument. A pacifist is someone who is against fighting and wars
Relation to Charles V - relationship to Catherine
an aunt-nephew relationshp between a queen and an emperor
Pride's Purge
an event that took place in December 1648, during the Second English Civil War, when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the Grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents
Utopia
an ideal society
Inquisition
an organization in the Roman Catholic Church in the past that was responsible for finding and punishing people who did not accept its beliefs and practices
Pogroms (1881-1882)
an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.
Andreas Vesalius
anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy
Catherine de Medici
and it was at her instigation that Huguenots were killed in the Massacre of St Bartholomew
Public transportation
any form of transportation that changes set fares, run fixed routes, and are available to the public such as buses, subways, ferries, and trains
William Laud
archbishop of Canterbury and opponent of Puritanism: executed for treason.
John Locke
argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds
Idealism
art style in which there's a muscular 30-something year old man and a teen girl
Guild masters
at the top of the world of work
German Social Democratic Party
based on Marxist theories but also competed in elections for seats in German parliament, tried to pass legislation to improve condition of working class
Pope Julius II
began campaign to rebuild St. Peter's, authorized massive sale of indulgences to finance it; commissioned Michelangelo's great paintings in the Sistine Chapel.
[abolition campaign]
black rights, wanted them to vote
Genevan Consistory
body of laymen and pastors to watch over every mans life and warn people leading a disorderly life
Rivalry: Dutch East Indian Company vs. English East Indian Company
both very powerful, rivalry
The Restoration of 1660
brought Charles II to the throne of England
Brumaire Coup, 1799
brought Napoleon to power, ended French Revolution
Italy had never been united prior to 1850
buh
"The Big Five" - Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples, Papal States
city states; the big five
Committee of Public Safety
committee whose chief task was to protect the Revolution from its enemies; Robespierre became the leader
Japanese attack in 1904
conducted a simulation for a possible japanese attack
Crimean War (1853-1856)
conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.
Seed Drill
created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields
Mississippi Bubble
created by John Law, it failed so the economy went bankrupt and the government didn't by the investors back the money they lost, no trust in the French economy
John Law
created the Company of the West to operate the Louisiana colony
Machiavellian
cunning and ruthless; it's better to be feared than loved
Peter I (The Great)
czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government
Mary Tudor [Mary I] "Bloody Mary"
daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretic
Battle of the Nations, 1814 (Battle of Leipzig)
defeat of Napoleon at Leipzig. Napoleon was captured and sent into exile on the *Isle Of Elba* off the coast of Italy. Brings all of europe together
Jean-Baptiste Colbert - finance minister
developed Comapany of the east indies; mercantilism
Thomas Newcomen - Steam engine, 1705
developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines, very inefficient
The Apology
dialogue by Plato: socrates' speech at trial where he's charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, inventing new deities, and corrupting the youth of athens
War against Austria
disorganization, republic, weak french, overthrown monarchy
Balance of Power
distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong
Test Act of 1673
done by the english government, xcluded from public office (both military and civil) all those who refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, who refused to receive the communion according to the rites of the Church of England
Enlightenment
duh
Rationalism
duh
Reason
duh
Maximillian of Bavaria
duke of Bavaria from 1597 and elector from 1623, a champion of the Roman Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War
Battle of the White Mountain
early battle in the Thirty Years' War fought on 8 November 1620, in which an army of 30,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were defeated by 27,000 men
henry iv
edict of Nantes
Continental System, 1807
embargo on all British goods coming into the English continent that creates a culture of sabotage and smuggling during Napoleon's time
Poorhouses
emerged to provide work to those who were unemployed, conditions were often oppressive
Act of Uniformity - 1559
established a slightly revised version of the second Edwardia
Second Republic (of France)
expanded right to vote to all adult men, freed slaves from French colonies, abolished death penalty, established max work day
The impact of the American Revolution
expensive debt and dangerous idea of liberty
vassalage, fiefs and manors
feif- vassals source of income manor-Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land vassalage- system of knights swearing loyalty to their lord in return for provisions and protectio
William II (1888-1918)
fires Bismarck; Kaiser and emperor that helped Germany become the strongest military and industrial power in Europe that led to an increase of industry and cities that led to demand for democracy
Home sweet home
first heard in 1870
Peace of Augsburg - 1555
first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany
Catherine of Aragon
first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of his elder brother Arthur
Exile to Elba
following the Battle of Nations, Napoleon was exiled after being forced to abdicate
Robert Castlereagh
foreign minister of Britain, during the Council of Vienna; was a supporter of Metternich
Presbyterian Church of Scotland
formed by john knox in late 16th century; governed by presbyters; strictly calvinist; simple way of worship emphasis on preaching; worship based on knox's book of common order
Six Acts (1819)
further attempt by the Tory position to prevent the lowere classes from rising up: control of press and elimination of mass meetings
Serbia 1816
gained independence
Boyles Law (1662)
gas law between volume and pressures inverse relationship
Third Reform Bill of 1884
gave almost every male the right to vote in England
Nuclear families
generally consist of the mother and father as heads of the household, along with their children
Ivan III (the Great)
grand duke of Muscovy (1462-1505). He expanded Muscovy, defeated the Tatars (1480), and assumed
Princess Marie Louise, daughter of the Austrian Emperor
granddaughter of Queen Victoria
Act of Supremacy of 1529
granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England
Jane Grey (Jane of Nine Days)
great-niece of Henry VIII, queen of England 9-19 July 1553. In 1553, to ensure a Protestant succession, John Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland, forced Jane to marry his son and persuaded the dying Edward VI to name Jane as his successor
Pre-Raphaelites
group of 19th century artists characterized by sensuous/romanticness
Peace of Utrecht (1713)
he Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, is a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. a series of treaties between France and other European powers (April 11, 1713 to Sept. 7, 1714) and another series between Spain and other powers (July 13, 1713 to June 26, 1714), concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14).
Henry's brother Arthur
he was supposed to be the king of england, but then he died, so heny had to become the successor to king henry the seventh
Existentialist
highly introspective and attuned to their inner selves.
Laizzez-faire
idea that government should play a small role in economic affairs
King Williams War (in America)
in which England and its American colonies and Indian allies opposed France and its Indian allies and which constituted the American phase of the War of the Grand Alliance
Great Northern War
in which Russia, Denmark, Poland, and Saxony opposed Sweden. The war resulted in Sweden losing her imperial possessions in central Europe, and Russia under Peter the Great becoming a major power in the Baltic
Defenestration of Prague
incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority that preceded the beginning of the Thirty Years' War
Alexander III *1881-1894)
increased discrimination of jews; Russification; supported industry
Joseph Turner and Claude Monet
incredibly famous in their own rights, radical painters of their time (the industrial rev)
Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin
inspired the fauvist movement
Magnetic compass and astrolabe
invention that helped with travel for different countries
Lateen sails and sternpost rudder
inventions that helped with travel for different countries
[Effect of the potato]
ireland became dependent on its production
Great Britain and Ireland
ireland came and immigrated into gb because of the irish potato famine
Low Countries
is a coastal region in western Europe, consisting especially of the Netherlands and Belgium, and the low-lying delta of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems rivers where much of the land is at or below sea level
Pope Leo X
is the Roman pope whose combination of extravagance and neglect helped provoke the Reformation in the sixteenth century
Realism
is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements
Michelangelo Buonarotti, Donatello, Brunelleschi, Leonardo, Pieter Brughel
italian renaissance painters
James Kay - Flying Shuttle
its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand
Henry of Navarre (Henry Bourbon / Henry IV)
king of France from 1589 to 1610; although he was leader of the Huguenot armies, when he succeeded the Catholic Henry III and founded the Bourbon dynasty in 1589 he established religious freedom in France
Louis Philippe (1830-1848) [July Monarchy / Citizen King ("king of the French people")]
king of France; came to power after the July Revolution; known as the "citizen king" for showing an interest in the working class and for having much in common with the middle class.
Philip II of Spain
king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England
Philip of Anjou / Philip V of Spain
king of Spain from 1700 (except for a brief period from January to August 1724) and founder of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain
Swedish Phase - Gustavus Adulphus
king of Sweden 1611-32. His repeated victories in battle made Sweden a European power, and in 1630 he intervened on the Protestant side in the Thirty Years War
George III of England (1760-1820)
king of england, but he not always not in his right mind, he has a disease and has abdominal pain, and the disease also causes madness. and king george never reads the letter because it doesn't want to, so he rights a letter back saying that they are in rebellion and they are all going to die
Mary, Queen of Scots
known as Mary Stuart. A devout Catholic, she was unable to control her Protestant lords, and fled to England in 1567
Louis XI of France (The Spider)
known as the spider, this was a French king who was important in advancing the development of a French territorial state. He strengthened the taille as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority that was important in allowing him a regular income and centralizing a strong monarchy.
Anastasia Romanov
last Russian princess; daughter of czar nicholas ii
Impact of the War of Austrian Succession on France (financially)
lead to the Hartford Convention which was New England Federalist who worked together for a 2/3 votes for Congress, political party alignment leads to the break up of the Federalist party, the aura of good feelings, lead to factories and the Lowell system, new inventions, greater independence for America and the Treaty of Ghent which made Indians lost land and their alliance with Britain.
Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington
leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain
Poor grain harvest
leads to bread inflation
Robert Peel
led the fight to repeal the Corn Laws 1846
Ten Hours Act of 1847
limited the workday to 10 hours for women a and children who worked in factories
Sun King
louis 14, absolutism
Reformation Parliament
made England not under the authority of the pope and made Henry the head of the Church of England
Edict of Worms
made Martin Luther an outlaw
Presidential Coup
made himself the president
Johannes Gutenberg & Printing Press - movable type - 1440
made spreading information more efficient
Courts
magnificent households of those such as the signori
"let them eat cake"
maria antoinette
"faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone" (Justification by faith alone)
martin luther
95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences - 1517
martin luther apparently "stuck them on a door" in response to the indulgences
Tempera (egg tempera on wood)
medium
Frankfurt National Assembly (Frankfurt Parliament of 1848) (Prussian rebellion of 1848)
meeting after the uprising of the German states in 1848
Gender roles
men work and women stay at home with many responsibilities around the house
Last Judgment Wall (of Sistine Chapel)
mike angelo
Peninsular War, 1807 ("Spanish Ulcer")
military conflict between Napoleon's empire and the allied powers of Spain, Britain and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.
Mobilization of French resources (Levee en Masse)
military conscription following the French Revolution
George Danton
minister of justice and leader of the sans-culottes
Nicholas I (1825-1855)
most repressive; led to mass emigration of jews; caused the Crimean War; slogan: orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalism
Napoleon's Hundred Days
napoleon escapes--> war resumes-->napoleon is exile
Battle of Lepanto - Philip II
naval engagement in the waters off southwestern Greece between the allied Christian forces of the Holy League and the Ottoman Turks during an Ottoman campaign to acquire the Venetian island of Cyprus. The battle marked the first significant victory for a Christian naval force over a Turkish fleet and the climax of the age of galley warfare in the Mediterranean
Nine Years War
often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg
Charles II
older son of Charles I; ruled England after Oliver Cromwell and passed habeas corpus
Defense of the Seven Sacraments - 1521
one of the most successful pieces of Catholic polemics produced by the first generation of anti-Protestant writers by Henry VIII
Germans in Austria = 1/3
only 1/3 of population German
The Great Exhibition
opened May 1, 1851 in Hyde Park in London, England; showcase the industrial advances made around the world; held in building called the Crystal Palace
National Workshops
opened by the provisional government, gave work to the unemployed
Anticlericalism
opposed to clericalism or to the interference or influence of the clergy in secular affairs
Tory Government (Tory Ministry of British Parliament)
opposed to whigs. party was opposed to parliamentary reforms. politcal party in britain that supported traditional political and social institutions
Edict of Nantes (1598)
peace in france
Russian Revolution of 1905
peaceful massive procession of workers against the Czar at Winter Palace, troops opened fire and killed hundreds
Gentry
people of good social position, specifically (in the UK) the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth.
Victorian Britain
period of Queen Victoria's reign before her death; considered a model of middle class society and believed in hard work, which worked for everyone to have positive results
Gun Powder Plot
plan that catholic extremists planned to blow up the king and parliament
Great Famine (Ireland: 1845, 1846, 1848, 1851 potato crop)
plant fungus ruins nearly all of Ireland's potato crop
"...Blood and Iron"
policy of German unification put forth by Bismarck; belief that industry & war would unify Germany and give dominance
[Change in mortality]
population explosion
The Holy Office
powerful instrument of the Catholic Reformation, Committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all catholics, had power to arrest, imprison, and execute, destroyed heresy
System of Patronage
practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favours
Louis XVIII (1815-1824) and his Constitutional Charter of 1814
preserved liberties gained in the French Revolution
5 Billion Francs, Alsace and Lorraine
provinces on the border of Germany and France, lost by France to Germany in 1871; regained by France after WWI
To not "make windows to men's souls"
queen elizabeth on religion of individual people
Fauvism - Henri Matisse
redefined pure color and form as means of communicating the artist's emotional state (one of the painters)
Times of Troubles
referred to the events that ensued upon the death of Ivan IV the Terrible in 1584 and ended with Michael Romanov's succession to the Russian throne in 1613
Flemish (Flanders)
region of Belgium
The parlements
regional courts who had judicial rule over royal policy in their regions; they would approve royal decrees before they took effect
Deism (Temple of Reason / Cult of the Supreme Being)
rejects the supernatural aspects of religion, such as belief in revelation in the Bible, and stresses the importance of ethical conduct
Act of Supremacy of 1559
revived the antipapal statutes of Henry VIII and declared
Desiderius Erasmus - The Praise of Folly
satire of greedy merchants, pompous priests, querrelsome scholas - wished to reform Church from within
Anne Boleyn
second wife of King Henry VIII
English Reformation
series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church
Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands
seven northern provinces of the Netherland
1882 Law - Gender Equality Married Womens Property Act-
significantly altered British law regarding the property rights granted to married women, allowing them to own and control their own property
Lower middle class
small shopkeepers, teachers, nurses, and white collar employees- clerks, secretaries, salespeople, and lower bureaucrats
Upper middle class
social class that consists of high income members of society who are well educated but do not belong to the elite membership of the super wealthy
Catholic League
sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern) Catholics as the Holy League, was a major participant in the French Wars of Religion
[Unification of Germany (1862-1870)]
started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France
Germaine de Stael - On Germany (1810)
started movement of enthusiasm in German writing
Charles X (1824-1830)
succeeded Louis XVIII; more conservative and sympathetic to the ultraroyalists; ignored the demands of the people for ministerial responsibility. Issued the July Ordinances. Dissolved the legislature.
Cosimo de Medici
supported education and the arts, made many business connections in Europe; from florence italy
Open Field System
system of farming that divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips-fields open and not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges-large field as community-same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvestin
Putting out system
system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England
German Confederation
the 38 independent German states
Calvinism
the Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination
Absolutism
the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters
Parlement of Paris
the body of law; the judicial branch in France
Book of Common Prayer
the book of services and prayers used in the Anglican Church
St. Peter's Basilica
the cathedral where Michelangelo painted the Last Judgment
Act of Supremacy of 1559 (and Act of Uniformity)
the deed that King Henry VIII named himself head of the church in England
Papal Infallibility
the divine guarantee that the pope's official statements of doctrine regarding faith and morals are free from error
Separations of Powers and Checks & Balances
the division of government among legislative,executive and judicial branches
[Consubstantiation] (look up)
the doctrine, especially in Lutheran belief, that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist
Mercantilism
the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism
The Empire / The Holy Roman Empire - Golden Bull
the first "constitution" that allowed electors for the holy roman empire
James I
the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings
Maxim Machine Gun
the first automatic machine gun; invention that allowed conquest of the interior of Africa
El Salvador; capital is San Salvador
the first island that Christopher Columbus discovered
War of Devolution
the first phase of louis iv's wars; (1667-68) saw Louis XIV's French armies overrun the Habsburg-controlled Spanish Netherlands and the Franche-Comté, but forced to give most of it back by a Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.
Albert of Mainz & Indulgences
the guy who directed tetzel to sell the indulgences
Johanne Tetzel & Indulgences
the guy who sold the indulgences
Glorious Revolution - William III (William of Orange/King of England)
the last genuine revolution in Britain. Because there was little armed resistance in England to William and Mary, the revolution is also called the Bloodless Revolution
Svorza Famiy
the main family of milan when it was still a city state
Emanuel Sieyes
the man who wrote what is the third estate
Subsistence level
the minimum income needed to maintain life
Book of Common Prayer
the official service book of the Church of England and, with some variation, of other churches of the Anglican Communion. It was compiled by Thomas Cranmer and others and first issued in 1549
Silesia
the part of Austria that Frederick the Great captured, and it started the War of Austrian Succession
Midwifery
the practice of assisting in childbirth
Absenteeism
the practice of regularly staying away, clerics often avoided their jobs before the Reformation, clerics paid a poorer priest a fraction of his collected earnings to cover the responsibilities
Augsburg Confession
the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation
Philadelphia System of prisons (isolation)
the prison system by which prisoners were kept rigorously separated from each other at all times
Russification
the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire
Self determination
the right of people to choose their own form of government
Law of universal gravitation
the scientific law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object
Alexander II (1855-1881) "Czar Emancipator"
the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs; also ended the Crimean War
Protectionism
the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.
Empiricism
the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume
Jane Seymour
the third wife of King Henry VIII. She married him in 1536, but died soon after the birth of their son Edward
Chiaroscuro
the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting
Venice & Genoa
the two main trading ports in italy
Bull-baiting & cock fighting
the violent acts that counted as sport; cromwell banned it, but charles ii allowed it again
Queen Ann's War (in America)
the war (1702-13) in which England and its American colonies opposed France and its Indian allies. It constituted the American phase of the War of the Spanish Succession. British Dictionary definitions for Queen Anne's War Expand
Germ Theory Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister
theory formed by Pasteur which replaced the miasmatic theory; stated that specific diseases are caused by specific living organisms
David Ricardo - Iron Law of Wages
theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level (minimum wage for survival)
Puritans in Parliament
this group believed the marriage of the king's son to a Spanish princess therefore aligning with Hapsburgs was an abomination
"elected" (saved) - [the elect]
those who were decided by god to go to heaven before birth
James Edward
thought that he could be elected and take
Anabaptists, Quakers, Congregationalists
three kinds of protestant groups that were more outsiders...people who did not believe in baptising, pennsylvania, and people who belived there was no need for an actual church building, but just the people to worship
Laws of planetary motion
three laws conceived by Johannes Kepler to describe the shape of planetary orbits and the speed at which they travel
Consumer revolution
time period during which the desire for exotic imports increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth
Brumaire Coup
transfers executive power to Napoleon
Treaty of Dover - the end of the Triple Alliance
treaty between England and France
Herbert Spencer "survival of the fittest"
twisted and convoluted the words of Darwin to match the "Survival of the Fittest"; meaning the strongest, smartest, ones with the means should dominate society.
Bohemia
unconventional (in an artistic way)
Union of Utrecht
unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Habsburg Spain
Baruch Spinoza
utch philosopher and theologian whose controversial pantheistic doctrine advocated an intellectual love of God. His best-known work is Ethics
Relics
valued holy objects from the past
Influence of coal
very important resource for fuel in industrial rev
[Franco-Prussian War (1871)]
war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor
War of Jenkins Ear (1739)
war between england and spain; it was eaten by the bigger austrian succession war, however it was a result of the south sea bubble, and it happened over seas--an ear was lost
Thirty Years War
war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants
Italians Wars
wars fought between city states for the control of Italy
Jansenists
was a Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination
Ferdinand Magellan - The Pacific
was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Castilian (Spanish) expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522,
Ulrich Zwingli
was a Swiss Protestant leader in the Reformation
Protestant Union
was a coalition of Protestant German states that was formed in 1608 by Elector Palatine Frederick IV to defend the rights, lands and person of each member
Louis XIII
was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown
English Civil War
was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") in the Kingdom of England over, principally, the manner of its government
The Fronde
was a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635
Peace of Westphalia
was a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence
St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - 1572
was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion
Irish Rebellion
was an uprising against British rule in Ireland lasting from May to September 1798
New Model Army
was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and was disbanded in 1660 after the Restoration
Michel de Montaigne & Cultural Relativism
was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre
Dutch West Indian Company
was set up to send settlers to North America to set up a colony
Peace of Paris, 1815
was signed on 20 November 1815 following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte; The 1815 treaty had stronger punitive terms than the treaty of the previous year. France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, and the country's borders were reduced to their 1790 level. France was to pay additional money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be built by neighboring Coalition countries.
1492 - Granada
was taken from the muslims by the spanish monarchy
French Phase - Cardinal Richelieu
was the chief of government under King Louis XIII. He achieved two difficult goals in his career: establishing absolute monarchy in France and breaking the political power of the Huguenots, or French Protestants
War of Spanish Succession
was the first world war of modern times with theatres of war in Spain, Italy, Germany, Holland, and at sea. Charles II, king of Spain, died in 1700 without an heir. In his will he gave the crown to the French prince Philip of Anjou
Charles II of Spain ( King Charles II ("the Sufferer"))
was the last Habsburg ruler of Spain. His realm included Southern Netherlands and Spain's overseas empire, stretching from the Americas to the Spanish East Indies.
Single Point Perspective and Leading Lines
ways to show depth in art
Emigrees
wealthy people who fled France
Salons
wealthy women met
Wars of the Roses
were a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. They were fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, the Houses of Lancaster and York
Huguenot oppression
were opporessed by the catholics, especially catherine de medici
Politique
were those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else.
Law of 22 Prairial
what law was passed which gave robespierre more power to arrest and execute enemies of the revolution in june 1974
Indulgence
what people bought to get them out of purgatory--the place between the after life and earth
Catherine of Sienna
what saint was first doctor of church who was female and is the patron of rome and the other place in her name
Medium
what the painting's made of
Pluralism / Dualism
when a clergyman has more than one position
Separate spheres (gender)
women became associated with taking care of the home and children
Paris Women's march on Versailles
women stored Versailles in search of fair bread prices and equal rights
Women ruled the house
women were responsible for everything around the house including twice-a-day food shopping, penny-pinching, economizing, the growing crusade against dirt, and child rearing
Norway 1905
won independence from Sweden
King James version of the Bible - 1611
wut
First Estate - .5%
yall know
Second Estate - 1.5%
yall know
Third Estate
yall know
Greece 1830
year that Greece got its independence
Kingdom of Italy (1860)
yeppers
Tabula Rasa (John Locke)
"Blank Slate" duh
Renaissance
"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome
Louis XIV
(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.
Franco-Dutch War
(1672-78), the second war of conquest by Louis XIV of France, whose chief aim in the conflict was to establish French possession of the Spanish Netherlands after having forced the Dutch Republic's acquiescence.
Edmund Burke
(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.
French and Indian War
(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.
William Wordsworth
(1770-1850), literary romanticist, used language of ordinary speech, wrote poems about simple subjects, simplicity and love of nature
Robert Owen - New Harmony
(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed
Rudyard Kipling: White Man's Burden
(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands and westernize other colonies; take care of the "uncivilized"
Population explosion of 1700s
(Malthus) Population increases geometrically (x), while food production increases arithmetically (+)
Maria Theresa of Austria, 23 years old
(r. 1740-80) Daughter of Charles XI of the Austrian Habsburgs, she was to succeed him after his death by way of the Pragmatic Sanction. When Frederick II seizes Silesia out of her grasp, she fails to return the province to the Austrians, but successfully manages to preserve Habsburg power. She won support from her subjects, as well as the Magyar nobility in supporting her in the war.
Nobility of the Sword / Robe
- the old fashioned nobility who gain their power by fighting for land. There was constant conflict between them and nobility of the robe.
The Constitution of Year One
- thermidorian wanted a new constitution , freedom of the individual
"with a whiff of grapeshot, I dispersed the crowd"
-Napoleon
"Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice... it is, therefore, and emanation of virtue"
-Robespierre
Newton's three laws of motion
1. object in motion stays in motion 2. force equals mass times acceleration 3. every action has an equal and opposite reaction
[Following the 1722 Black Death outbreak]
1/3 population dead
Bill of Rights
1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution.
King George's War
1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.
Hotel des Invalides
17th Century; Mansart; French Baroque; burial site of napoleon
Romanticism
19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.
Margaret of Valois
1st wife of Henry IV(Henry of Navarre); patron of science and literature
House of Lords and House of Commons
2 sides of the british parliament
Danish Phase - Christian IV of Denmark
2nd phase, Catholic victory
Middle middle class
30 percent, its members include owners of small businesses and farms, independent professionals (small town doctors and lawyers), clergy, teachers, nurses, firefighters, social workers, police officers
Four humors
4 diseases
Dutch East Indian Company
A Dutch trading company founded in 1602 to protect Dutch trading interests in the Indian Ocean
Legislative Assembly
A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy
Constitutional Monarchy
A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
Society of Jesus
A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.
Spanish Fury
A Spanish Fury was a vindictive, rampant bloody pillaging of cities in the Low Countries by mutinous Spanish troops, that occurred in the years 1583-1589 during the Dutch Revolt.
Liberalism ("classical liberalism)
A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity
Nicolo Machiavelli - The Prince
A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and says how a ruler is able to keep power and manage to keep it disregarding enemies.
May Day
A celebration dedicated to a one-day strike for marches and demonstrations
Berlin Conference of 1884
A conference of the European powers to establish guidelines for the partitioning of Africa
Black Death
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351
Social Darwinism
A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "survival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.
Carnival
A fair or show with food stalls, parades, rides, and other ways to have fun.
Centripetal force
A force that causes an object to move in a circle
Oligarchy
A government ruled by a few powerful people
Cabinet
A group of advisers to the president.
Assembly of Notables
A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government.
Henry VIII
A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved
Versailles - the Palace of Versailles
A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France in Versailles, near Paris. The palace, with its lavish gardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known.
Palace of Versailles
A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France, near Paris. The palace, with its lavishgardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known. The peace treaty that formally ended World War I was negotiated and signed here as well.
Lorenzo de Medici (the magnificent)
A leader of Florence, he used his power and wealth to become a great patron of the arts (helping to grow the Renaissance).
Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter
A liberal Constitution which said economic and social gains made by sections of the middle class and peasantry during French Revolution were protected, great intellectual and artistic freedom permitted, and parliament with upper and lower houses was instituted.
William Gladstone - Whig
A liberal prime minister who supported Robert Peel, free trade, the repeal of the Corn Laws, and efficient administration; lowered taxes and governmental expenditures
Guillotine
A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.
Scientific Revolution
A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.
Council of Trent
A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.
Diet of Worms - 1521
A meeting of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V's imperial diet at Worms in 1521, at which Martin Luther was summoned to appear. Luther committed himself there to the cause of Protestant reform, and his teaching was formally condemned in the Edict of Worms
Experimental method
A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor.
Geocentric
A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars.
Mississippi Company
A monopoly on trading privileges with Louisiana in North America. Took over management of French national debt. Issued shares of its own stock in exchange for government bonds.
Enclosure
A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.
Zionism
A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine
National Convention
A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules.
Jan van Eyck
A northern renaissance painter, painted the picture of Arnolfini and his wife
Frankfurt Parliament (1848)
A parliament that met in Frankfurt Germany in order to decide on the aspects of the New Germany. The main controversy was how large the new country was to be, and how to decide what groups should be included; attempt to unify Germany
Community controls
A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community.
Renaissance Man
A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.
People's Charter (1839, 1842, 1848)
A petition sent to Parliament, demanding voting rights for all men, vote by secret ballot, annual elections, and pay for reps in parliament
Republicanism
A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.
skepticism
A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.
Deism
A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Protestant
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church
Pieta
A sculpture by Michelangelo of Mary and Jesus
Martin Luther
A sixteenth-century German religious leader; the founder of Protestantism. Luther, a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, began the Reformation by posting his Ninety-five Theses, which attacked the church for allowing the sale of indulgences
Janissary Corps
A soldier of the Ottoman Empire in an elite guard organized in the 1300s and abolished in 1826.
Purgatory
A state of final purification or cleansing, which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Nationalism - the impact on the Austro-Hungarian Empire
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Enlightened absolutism
A system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers.
Socialism
A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.
Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
A term applied to the reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances which were upheld until the War of Austrian Succession and then reversed in the Seven Years' War.
Economic nationalism
A term used to describe policies which emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital. It opposes globalization in many cases, or at least it questions the benefits of unrestricted free trade.
Utilitarianism
A theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Bentham argued that this principle should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system.
"Golden Age"
A time in a culture of high achievement in arts, literature, and science. Generally occurs in times of peace.
Council of Blood
A tribunal, officially known as the 'Council of Troubles', established by the duke of Alba
Serfdom
A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.
Pacification of Ghent
A union between Catholic provinces and Protestant provinces against Spain. It declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion.
Wet nursing
A widespread and flourishing business in the eighteenth century in which (usually lower class peasant) women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies. In the latter half of the 18th Century this practice became less common as attitudes toward raising children changed
First International - the International of Socialists
AKA the International Working Men's Association. It was an eclectic gathering eventually headed by Karl Marx, who used the First International to spread his ideas about socialism and the need for revolution in the capitalist society
Marxists and Socialists - The First International
AKA the International Working Men's Association. It was an eclectic gathering eventually headed by Karl Marx, who used the First International to spread his ideas about socialism and the need for revolution in the capitalist society
National Convention 1793
Abolished monarchy, now a republic
Second Peace of Paris, 1815
After Napoleon's final defeat, restored Louis the 18th to the throne, France looses some territory, especially along the Rhine, France is forced to pay 700 million francs to the Quadruple Alliance, as well as house armies of occupation for the next 5 years
The Great Fear
After an angry mob of French citizens stormed and destroyed the Bastille, a prison, rebellion spread from Paris into the countryside. From one village to the next, wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants. A wave of senseless panic called the Great Fear rolled through France.
North German Confederation
After the Austro-Prussian War, the German states north of Main River organized into this organization controlled by Prussia.
Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
After the February Revolution in Paris in 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected President in France simply on the basis of name recognition among the newly enfranchised voters. He soon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. France prospered under him for two decades.
Austrian Empire (Vienna, Austria rebellion of 1848)
After the Turks were defeated in 1687, all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia came under Hapsburg rule, thus establishing in southeastern Europe, this empire.
States General
Also known as Federal Assembly, handled foreign affairs and wars, but no sovereign authority
Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) (1866)
Also known as the Seven Weeks' War. This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia.
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
Foundling homes
Although these homes for unwanted infants, established with funding from governments and charities, were receiving up to 100,00 children annually in 1800, there still were insufficient places for all of the abandoned babies
Henry Stanley
American journalist who traveled Africa in search of Dr. Livingstone; helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.
Dual Monarchy (1866) (Compromise of 1867 - The Ausgleich)
An 1867 compromise between the Germans of Austria and the Magyars of Hungary to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war
Whig Parrty
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
Christopher Columbus
An Italian explorer responsible for the European discovery of America in 1492
John Wycliffe & the Lollards
An Oxford Professor came up with the following doctrines: 1) the bible is the supreme authority, 2) clergy should hold no property, and 3) transubstantiation has no biblical basis. Lollards are a group of people who took these doctrines and radicalized them after his death.
Combination Acts, 1799 (unions)
An act passed by Britain that outlawed the association of workers, as a result of the French Revolution. It did not prevent trade unions, though.
FACTORY ACT of 1833
An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.
Concordat [with Pope Pius VII] of 1801
An agreement made with Pope Pius VII to restore relationship with the Church
Giotto
An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body
Post-Impressionism
An artistic movement that expressed world that could not normally be seen, like dreams and fantasy.
Impressionism
An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing
Estates General
An assembly that represented the entire French population through three groups, known as estates; King Louis XVI called this in May 1789 to discuss the financial crises.
Natural philosophy
An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.
Consumer economy
An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers
Austro-Hungarian Empire
An empire that included Austria and Hungary. Austria let the Hungarians (who wanted freedom) become a separate kingdom, but kept them linked to Austria
Ursuline Order of Nuns
An enormous prestige for education of women, it taught them to be good mothers and wives, it spread very quickly through Europe
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements
Holland
Another name for the Netherlands; Amsterdam
heresy
Any belief that is strongly opposed to established beliefs
Luddites
Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.
Baroque art
Art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit.
Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles - The Communist Manifesto (1848)
Atheistic lawyer, who became the father of Marxian Socialism, wrote the Communist Manifesto based on Utopian socialism; book outlined how every society in the world would eventually reach communism
Chartist movement
Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the right to vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed
Austro-Prussian Rivalry
Austria was excluded from the Zollverein. Meanwhile, the Prussian economy was blooming. Austria feared a united Prussian state
Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 (Battle of the Three Emperors)
Austria, Russia, Sweden, Britain = Third Coalition; Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia; proved France to be superior on land (due to national army)
Hapsburg
Austrian empire family
Prince Clemens von Metternich
Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna (1773-1859)
Prince Klemens von Metternich
Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna
William I
Authoritarian emperor of Germany who made Germany the strongest military and industry power in Europe, though he had a two-house legislature
Excommunication
Banishment from the church
Heliocentric
Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe
Constitutionalism
Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law
1830 Belgium
Belgian Revolution, belgium was able to prosper
Economic Liberalism
Belief in strong government intervention in the economy to promote stability & prosperity (example, Keynesian fiscal policy)
Corsica
Birthplace of Napoleon (Mediterranean)
Simony
Bishops selling positions in the Church; The sin of buying or selling of ecclesiastical offices, sacraments, grace, benefices, or other sacred things.
Kulturkampf (Bismarck "Real Politik")
Bismarck's "battle for civilization," in which his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church; Church won
Bohemian Phase
Bohemian people regreted their choice of Fernadan as their ruler becasue he attempted to Catholize Bohemia (which happened to be Calvinist because of John Hus), after wards the people elected Frederic the V
Albert of Wallenstein (Albrecht von Wallenstein)
Bohemian soldier and statesman, commanding general of the armies of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II during the Thirty Years' War. His alienation from the emperor and his political-military conspiracies led to his assassination
Archbishop Thomas Cranmer
Book of Common Prayer 1549, archbishop of the new church
The Republic
Book written by Plato that describes an ideal state with wise philosopher-king leaders, warriors, and masses living in harmony
Index of Prohibited Books
Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe
Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat
Bourgeoisie- middle class who had no privileges and had to pay taxes; Third Estate Proletariat: classless society; group of people rise to power; kill bourgeoisie; classless society
David Lloyd George - Liberal
Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses
Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
British Queen under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power and was against Women's Suffrage; represented loyalty and hard work
Cecil Rhodes
British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe
Poor Law of 1834
British legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid
Sir Robert Peel - "Bobbies"
British police force whose primary goal was the prevention of crime. Named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force.
Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.
Union of South Africa
British-controlled but self-governing state of South Africa
Greek Independence of 1830
Broke off from Ottoman Empire
Charles "Turnip" Townsend
Brought crop rotation to England
Crystal Palace
Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.
Jan Huss
Burned at the stake for saying the Bible had greater authority than the Pope.
Geneva
Calvinism
Istanbul
Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.
Transubstantiation
Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist (ch. 14): that when the bread and wine (the elements) are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ.
Otto von Bismarck (Iron Chancellor)
Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria and France and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire
Attitudes toward children after 1760
Changed from a view of indifference to a view of affection.
Diet of Augsburg
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) sought unity against Turkish/Ottoman threat by attempting to reconcile Catholics and Lutherans
Montesquieu
Checks and balances, seperation of powers
Cardinal Fleury
Chief minister, tried to solve France's financial problems but didn't because France entered the War of Austrian Succesion
Law of Inertia
Choose the other name for Newton's first law of motion
Roman Catholic Church
Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the pope.
Communes
Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services
1848
Communist Manifesto
Seven Years War (1756-1763)
Conflict between major European power with France, Austria and Russia on one side and Britain and Prussia on the othe
Ludwig von Beethoven
Contrasting themes and tones to produce dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions extended and broke open classical forms of music; music reflected deep feelings; fear, sadness, horror, pain; became deaf over time
Corn Laws of 1815
Corn Laws of 1815 Laws that placed a high tax on imported corn, raising the prices significantly; massive controversy around since this benefitted few and hurt many
Peasant soldiers
Cossacks
The English Church
Created by Henry VIII; kept many Catholic practices but he wanted a legal divorce
White collar
Crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations
The Protectorate
Cromwell's nickname
Johann Eck
Debated Luther in public
Tennis Court Oath
Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789).
Lower infant mortality
Declining family size and lower infant mortality rates. These have encouraged parents to make a greater financial and emotional investment in the fewer children that they now have
Isaac Newton
Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe; father of physics
The Encyclopedia
Denis Diderot
"rotten boroughs"
Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament.
Analytic geometry
Descartes
Cartesian dualism
Descartes, states that there are two kinds of foundation: mental and body. This philosophy states that the mental cannot exist outside of the body, and the body cannot think.
Deductive reasoning
Descartes; a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true
Baldassare Castiglione - Book of the Courtier - 1528
Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor. It outlined the qualities of a true gentleman.
Copernicus
Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.
City States
Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers; italy used to be made up of these and there was a major war between them
John Cabot and Jacques Cartier
Discovered parts of North America
Johannes Kepler
Discovered planets move in elliptical orbits
Popolo
Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power.
Balance of power
Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe
Partition of Poland
Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.
Petition of Right
Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land
Georges Seurat - Pointillism
Dots and shit
Waterloo, 1815
Duke of Wellington predicted Napoleon's moves when Napoleon marched against English and Prussia, Napoleon abdicated the throne for the second time
Dutch Golden Age
Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry.
Zollverein (Germans)
Economic customs union of German states established in 1818 by Prussia and including almost all German-speaking states except Austria by 1844
Frederick of the Palatinate
Elector Palatine (1610-23), and, as Frederick I (Czech: Fridrich Falcký), King of Bohemia (1619-20); for his short reign he is often nicknamed the Winter King
Guild system
Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master).
"What is the Third Estate"
Emmanuel Sieyes
Catherine the Great
Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)
Denis Diderot
Encyclopedia
George Stevenson - THE ROCKET, 1830
Engineer who built the first inner city rail lines that used locomotive; Invented the rocket in 1830 it was designed to adapt to Watts steam engine to make fast moving locomotives carrying goods
Anne I
England and Scotland were joined during the reign of
Oliver Cromwell
English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War
Jethro Tull
English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.
MINES ACT OF 1842
English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.
Thomas Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator
George I
English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.
George II
English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.
George III
English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.
Florence Nightingale
English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War
Francis Bacon {"twist the lion's tail"}
English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning
William Blake - "satanic mills"
Engraver with visions, prophetic works and engravings, rebel. (Major works: Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience, Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Tiger)
Frederick the Great of Prussia
Enlightened leader, servant of the state
Guiseppe Mazzini
Essential characteristics of a nationality are common ideas, common principles, and common purpose; most important nationalist leader in Italian Unification, known as the soul of Italian unification; wanted to establish a republic
The Directory
Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.
Paris Commune in March, 1871
Established by a group of French radical patriots who refused to give up in the Franco-Prussian War, and wanted to independantly rule Paris
Code Napoleon (Napoleonic Code) - 1804
FRANCE forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
Famous book by Nicolaus Copernicus that was never published due to fear of ridicule from fellow astronomers.
Francesco Petrarch
Father of Humanism
Cardinal Richelieu ("favorite")
Favorite to Louis XIII
Ivan IV (The Terrible)
Feared ruler, brought time of troubles, first Tsar of Russia
Sergei Witte
Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad.
High Clergy
First Estate
Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia (and Piedmont)
First King of Italy, who was originally king of Sardinia. King of a untied Italy. Takes the Piedmont from Austria
Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain
Five great powers which countries were the great powers following the napoleonic era
Congress of Vienna
Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.
Second International (1889)
Formed by socialist leaders- a federation of national socialist parties-great psychological impact-delegates met to interpret Marxian doctrines and plan coordinated action
Liberal Party (Whigs)
Formerly known as the Whig Party; Free public education; gave financial support to private and church schools; equal rights for all
Seven Years' War )
Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.
John Calvin
Founder of Calvinism
Puritan "Separatists"
Founders of New England were Puritan separatists who were escaping religious persecution and on the search for religious freedom
Habsburg-Valois Wars
France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states.
Estates
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners
Estates General
France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.
Frederick of Saxony
Frederick protected Luther from the pope
"first servant of the State" (Frederick)
Frederick the great, what he called himself
Marquis de Lafayette - National Guard
French General who joined the Continental army during the American Revolution
Royalist Coup, 1795 (Vendémiaire Coup)
French Revolutionaries vs Royalists in streets of Paris under Napoleon
National Assembly
French Revolutionary assembly. Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
Joan of Arc
French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king
Olympe de Gouges - Declaration of the Rights of Women
French journalist who published the declaration of rights of women and the female citizens.
Claude Monet - Giverny, France
French painter impressionism
Eduarde Manet
French painter, one of the first to do impressionism instead of realism
Pierre Bayle
French philosopher and critic. Considered the progenitor of 18th-century rationalism, he compiled the famous Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697) and championed the cause of religious tolerance
Duke of Sully
French politician. As chief minister to Henry IV, he replenished the treasury and encouraged agriculture and industry
Jean-Paul Marat
French revolutionary leader, journalist, and scientist (Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)
Victor Hugo - Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831)
French romantic novel
Tychonic Model
GEOCENTRIC model of solar system
Peter III of Russia
Gained throne in 1762. Peace with Prussia. 220 laws. made Russia bankrupt. acted like an eleven year old. married to Catherine the Great
Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World
Galileo's most famous work; widely available because it was written in Italian versus Latin; perceived as a defense of the Copernican system; caused Galileo to be placed on house arrest
Theodor Herzl - the Zionist movement
German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people
Social Democrat Party
German party that worked to pass laws for improving conditions of the working class. Participated in the Reichstag. Worked for electoral gains, expansion of its membership, and short-term political and social reform.
Electors
German princes who chose the Holy Roman emperor, no real power
Sovereignty and sovereign
Giving the States more rights to choose rulers
Mary (daughter to James) and William (of Orange) - William and Mary (William III and Mary II)
Glorious Revolution
Predestination [no "Free will"]
God has already chosen who will be saved
Signori
Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan
Patronage
Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support
Cahiers de dolence
Grievances given to Louis by the people
The Plain
Group in the middle of the Convention who were not directly tied to either the Jacobins or the Girondins.
Aristocracy
Group of the most wealthy and privileged
Charles VII of France
He began France's long recovery after the Hundred Years' War. He made important contributions to France by reorganizing the royal council, strengthening royal finances through issuing taxes; he also remodeled the army, and took France out of an economic depression.
Richard Arkwright - Water Frame
He created a spinning machine that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill — a factory.
Alexander I (1801-1825)
He eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform; famous for defeating Napoleon
James Watt - Steam Engine (improved), 1760s
He invented a more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769. It superseded the early models. The steam engine was a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.
James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny, 1765
He invented a simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine that was used for textiles in 1765 called the spinning jenny.
Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom
He invented the power loom in order to save on labor costs. But the power looms of the factories worked poorly at first, and did not replace handlooms until the 1820s.
Thomas More
He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte III (1853-1871)
He was a french military and political leader who raised prominence during the French Revolution the directory was in place when he seized power. Political instability of the directory. He promised order after the chaos of the revolution.
Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations - 1776
He was a scottish economist in wealth of nations, he said that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity
Son, Edward
Henry VIII's only son
Henry II (France)
Henry pursued his father's policies in matter of arts, wars and religion. He persevered in the Italian Wars against the House of Habsburg and tried to suppress the Protestant Reformation even as the Huguenots became an increasingly large minority in France during his reign
George Haussmann
Hired by Napoleon III, responsible for rebuilding Paris. Made wider streets (boulevards) which encouraged expansion and caused less traffic. Also built aqueducts, improved sewers, put zoning laws in place, and created open spaces.
Rene Maupeou
His "coup" provokes Parlements by trying to make the vingtienne tax permanent
Trial of Galileo
His findings frightened the Church because they went against church teachings and authority. He was forced to confess that the ideas of Copernicus were false in order to save his life.
Electors of Brandenburg and Dukes of Prussia
Hohenzollern
Prussia
Hohenzollern family ruled this; bismarck, etc.
Schonbrunn Palace in Vienna
Hohenzollerns family palace Prussia
Schleiswig and Holstein
Holestein was a part of the German confederation, but was ruled by Denmark. Denmark wanted full control of this province, but with the help of Austria, Prussia defeated Denmark. Schleswig and Holstein were to be jointly ruled by Austria and Prussia.
Henry IV - Bourbon Dynasty (Henri le Grand)
Holy Roman emperor and king of Germany (1056-1106) who struggled for power with Pope Gregory VII. Twice excommunicated, Henry appointed an antipope (1084) to crown him emperor, invaded Italy, and was dethroned by his sons.
Marie Therese
Holy Roman empress (1745-1780), archduchess of Austria, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740-1780) whose reign was marked by the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763)
Jansenism
Ideas of 17th century French Catholics who favored Calvinist interpretation of Christianity just the same.
Bartholomeu Dias & Cape of Good Hope
In 1488, Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450-1500) became the first European mariner to round the southern tip of Africa, opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia. Dias' ships rounded the perilous Cape of Good Hope and then sailed around Africa's southernmost point, Cabo das Agulhas, to enter the waters of the Indian Ocean.
Michael Romanov
In 1613 an assembly of nobles chose him as the new czar. For the next 300 years his family ruled in Russia (1613-1633); after the time of troubles
Henry Cort - Puddling furnace
In the 1780s, he developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke. He also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form.
Papal dispensation
In the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, a dispensation is the exemption from the immediate obligation of law in certain cases
Dreyful Affair
Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason and giving info. to the Germans; led to the rise of anti-semitism
"Jewel" in the British Empire
India's nickname for having a lot of resources/things that the British needed
"sweated industries"
Industries that flourished after 1850 and resembled the old putting-out and cottage industries. Employed women who were paid by the piece. Provided pitiful wages; lacked job security
Tycho Brahe
Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.
Second Industrial Revolution
Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio
Ottoman Empire
Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.
October Manifesto
Issued by Nicholas II, attempted to quiet strikes, local revolts, promised freedom of speech and assembly, called the Duma into session; full civil rights
"the ends justifies the means"
It is acceptable to do anything as long as the result is what you want.
Sardinia and Piedmont (Italian)
Italian nationalists looked for leadership from this kingdom. it was the largest and most powerful of the Italian states.
Raphael, Titian
Italian renaissance painters; School of athens, Sacred and Profane love
Cardinal Mazarin
Italian-born French cardinal who exercised great political influence as adviser to the regent during Louis XIV's youth
Czechs and other nationalities in the Empire
Italians, Slovenes, Ukrainians, Germans, Hungarians (Magyars), Slovaks
Naples and Siciliy (Bourbon)
Italy
Giuseppe Mazzini - Young Italy
Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people; founded Young Italy
Atoms
JJ Thompson
Maximillian Robespierre
Jacobin leader of the Committee of Public Safety, led during Reign of Terror, got head chopped off by the National Convention
Duke of Buckingham
James I's secret lover. His closeness to James I made many of the members of his court upset. He encouraged James to enforce impositions
"No bishop, no king"
James VI
Strict moral code
John Calvin set up a type of religious-city-state that was run by this
Methodists
John Wesley organized a Holy Club for similarly minded students who were known as "Methodists." He was inspired by the Pietism revival in Germany. The converts formed Methodist cells and eventually resulted in a new denomination. (p.682)
Assembly of Clergy
June 1788
Emperor of Germany
Kaiser Wilhelm
Flight to Varennes
King Louis XVI and his families attempt to escape paris; made it only to Varennes where they were arrested and put on house arrest. End of French Monarchy
William of Orange (William the Silent)
King William III and Queen Mary II of England, who ruled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had expelled Mary's father, King James II.
Ferdinand Hapsburg (King of Bohemia, Emperor)
King of Bohemia until the Defenestration of Prague, then became HRE
Charles I
King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649
Louis XV
King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Louis XVI
King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.
Frederick I
King of Prussia (1713-1740) who strengthened the army and diversified the economy of his dominion
Nicholas II (1894-1917)
Last tsar of Russia; married his German girlfriend; ordered repression; family man- his son had hemophilia
Benjamin Disraeli - Tory
Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class; added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings
Confederation of the Rhine, 1806
League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.
Natural Rights - life, liberty, property
Locke believed people were entitled to these
Bourgeois Monarchy
Louis Philippe's government. There was a glaring lack of social legislation and politics were dominated by corruption and selfish special interests. Only the rich voted for deputies, many of which were docile bureaucrats.
"Sun King"
Louis XIV
Execution of Louis XVI - Jan 21, 1793
Louis XVI was killed due to his monarchial views on ruling France, which all of the citizens greatly disagreed with
Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty
Louis XVIII issued constitutional charter. Granted what most of the French people wanted Promised legal equality, eligibility of all to public office without regard to class Parliamentary government, bicameral Recognized Napoleonic codes Abolition of feudal privileges and manorial rights Restoration of peace.. Louis XVIII was restored under the suggestion of Talleyrand. Louis XVIII because there would be no dispute to his legitimacy to the throne.
Wars of Louis XIV
Louis waged three major wars and revoked (1685) the Edict of Nantes, causing thousands of Huguenots to leave France.
September Massacres
Louis's imprisonment was followed by the September massacres. Wild stories seized the city that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats/priests were plotting with the allied invaders. As a results, angry crowds invaded the prisons of Paris and summarily slaughtered half the men and women they found.
Reichstag
Lower house of the German parliament which was responsible for making that nation's law
Second Reform Bill of 1867
Lowered the monetary requirements for voting which increased the number of voters from about one million to slightly over two million
Emperor Napoleon
Made himself emperor with the support of the French people
Departments
Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of government operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in a particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture.
Mannerism
Mannerism exaggerates such qualities, often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant
Cottage industry
Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.
Archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress
Maria Theresa
Albert of Saxe-Coburg/Gotha
Married to Queen Victoria, narrow minded, socially awkward and tactless, organized the Great Exposition; died in 1861 of typhoid
St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre (1572)
Massacre of huguenots by Catholics. May or may not have been planned by Catherine de Medici
Bastille
Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.
All the coalitions
Meeting of countries to attempt at peace
Sistine Chapel Ceiling
Michelangelo painted on this
Bourgeois
Middle class
sultan
Military and political leaders of the Ottoman empire with absolute authority over a Muslim country
Virtu
Moral excellence and righteousness; an inclination and habitual preference for the good.
Jacobin Club
Most of the people involved in the governmental changes in September 1792 were members of a radical political organization, the Jacobin Club