Superquiz #3

Battle of Jena, 1806

Napoleon I of France vs Frederick William III of Prussia during Napoleonic wars, Napoleon crushed Prussia

Invasion of Russia, 1812

Napoleon continued his pursuit of world domination and invaded Russia. led to his downfall. Napoleon's final defeat =end era of the French Revolution.

Plebiscite - 1799

Napoleon held it to allow the people to vote on the constitution, majority ruled in favor

Exile to St. Helena

Napoleon's fate after his defeat at Waterloo

Josephine

Napoleon's first wife

Grand Army

Napoleon's military force

Artillery officer

Napoleon's military positions

First Consul

Napoleon's title

Constitution of Year Three

Napoleon, trying to set up republic (really a dictatorship)

Second Reich

New German Empire created by Otto Von Bismarck

Principia

Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good.

Commonwealth of England

No monarchy, House of Lords, or Anglican Church; Puritan is primary religion, Catholics exiled to Ireland; military state; lead by Lord Potector Oliver Cromwell

Emigrees

Nobles, clergy, and others who fled France during the French Revolution

Schleswig and Holstein

Northern provinces seized by Austria and Prussia

Lord Nelson (British) and the Battle of Trafalgar, 1804

Officer in navy, fought against Spanish and French BRITAIN WON

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

Official term for a major shifting of alliances that took place in 1756.

"Diplomatic Revolution" of 1756

Official term for a major shifting of alliances that took place in 1756. The Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 was the reversal of longstanding alliances in Europe between the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War; the shift has also been known as "the great change of partners".

Henry III (France); Valois

One of catherine de medici's sons; participated in war of three henrys This famous quote (sometimes given as "Paris veult une messe") was not actually recorded at the time. It was attributed to Henry IV years later and is probably apocryphal.

Quadruple Alliance

Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818

Anti-Corn Law League

Organized by manufacturers, sought to appeal the Corn Laws for six years, wanted to abolish the tariffs protecting the domestic price of grain.

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

Thermodorian Reaction

Overthrow of Robespierre; marks end of radical phase of revolution ends Sets up bicameral leglislature and 5-person "Directory" (executive body)

The Third of May by Francisco Goya, 1808

Painting, exposed horrors of war

Assignats

Paper currency, the French churches were used as collateral -the first French paper currency issued by the General Assembly.

Short Parliament

Parliament called to raise funds for war against Scotland

Socialist International

Part of the foreign policy of the Soviet Union that subordinated national interests to international socialist ones

Second Revolution

Part two of the Russian Revolution; it began when Lenin overthrew the provisional government and established Russia as a socialist state under the Bolshevik Party (aka: October Revolution).

Bloody Sunday (1905)

Peaceful protest to Czar Nicholas II's palace; fired on by palace guards, hundreds died- possibly start of revolution

Reign of Terror

Period of time during which Maximilian Robespierre governed France bLOODSHEDDDDD

St. Petersburg - Window to the West

Peter the Great's "window on the west"

The Dutch Republic

Phillip II of Spain was ultimately unable to defeat

Tuilleries

Place that was burned during the Paris Commune

Decembrist Revolution - Constantine and Constitution

Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Tsar Nicholas I

Vasco de Gamma & India

Portuguese navigator: first to sail from Europe to India.

Chamber of Deputies (lower house)

Powerful lower house part of the new republic which was elected by universal male suffrage.

Anti-semitism

Prejudice against Jews

Lord North

Prime Minister of England from 1770 to 1782. Although he repealed the Townshend Acts, he generally went along with King George III's repressive policies towards the colonies even though he personally considered them wrong. He hoped for an early peace during the Revolutionary War and resigned after Cornwallis' surrender in 1781.

Prince Henry the Navigator

Prince of Portugal who led military campaigns in North Africa and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Social Welfare Programs (Bismarck the German Laws of 1883-1884 (socialist style))

Programs which helped insure a minimum standard of living. Programs were unemployment, accident and health insurance, and the social security system etc.

George I of England

Protestant leader of england

Frederick William, the Great Elector

Prussian leader who argued for the need for a permanent standing army. He tripled state revenue and expanded the military.

War against Denmark (1864)

Prussians formed an alliance with Austria and then after the victory over Denmark took the Schleswig and Holstein provinces. Unified not just Prussia but Germans together and increased nationalism

Elizabeth I

Queen of England and Ireland (1558-1603) who succeeded the Mary I, a Catholic, and reestablished Protestantism in England

Marie Antoinette

Queen of France (as wife of Louis XVI) who was unpopular her extravagance and opposition to reform contributed to the overthrow of the monarchy; she was guillotined along with her husband (1755-1793)

The Mountain

Radical, wanted to execute the king JACOBINS

The People's Budget

Raised taxes on the rich to help finance health insurance, unemployment benefits, and pensions

Balkans

Rebelled against ottoman rule

Tricolor

Red, white and blue badge of the common people

Duke of Orleans

Regent for LXV(great grandson of LXIV) who was only 5 in 1715. D of O was and elder cousin. Lacked authority of monarch and had to admit aristocrats to share in power. Now Sun King dead - nobility re-emerging and most people in France NOT pleased with absolutism because of impact of Louis XIV's wars. D of O worked through committees of noblemen(like ministers) which were largely incompetent and so he soon abandoned them. Parlements (law courts) were revived and judgeships became saleable(often to bourgeosie) and titles were sold(to raise money).

Charles Tallyrand

Representative from France who was on the French ballot at the Congress of Vienna, He was the one who put France back up their as a Dominant Power

White Terror

Return of the bourbons led to the unleashing of this violent revolt against jacobins and Bonaparte supporters

June Days (Barricades in the streets of Paris, again)

Revolt as a result of the abolishing of national workshops. Government marched the army against the people and 10,000 parisians are killed.

Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle - Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691)

Republic of Virtue

Robespierre's attempt to erase all traces of the monarchy, nobility and the Catholic Church

80% of the people in western countries

Roman Catholic

Roundheads vs. Cavaliers

Roundheads-constitution/parliament, Cavaliers-remained loyal to king

Medici family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Tsars (Czars)

Rulers of Russia

Hohenzollern family

Rulers over Brandenburg and Prussia that were obsessed with a militia; refusing to spend national funds on anything but more soldiers and development of military power, responsible for German unification.

Politiques

Rulers who put political necessities above personal beliefs

Duma

Russia's first parliament

Destruction of Moscow, 1812

Russian troops; this happened because of napoleon's faile raid into moscow

Sacraments

Sacred rituals performed by the Catholic church. There are seven: baptism, confirmation, marriage, communion, penance, holy order (that is, becoming a priest), and extreme unction (words spoken at the death bed).

Camillo Cavour

Sardian uniter of Northern Italy; he was a flexible practical crafty politician. he improved agriculture, had railroads built, and supported free trade. His long term goal was to end austrian power in Italy and annex Lombardy and Venetia

New Astronomy

Scientific text that proved the heliocentric theory using mathematics, elliptical orbit.

David Hume

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses

Republic of France

Second- conflict between middle and lower classes; granted male suffrage Third- education; secular society

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Working classes (highly skilled, semiskilled, unskilled)

Semiskilled- Workers in the established crafts--carpenters, bricklayers, pipe fitters, and factory workers Unskilled- day laborers, wagon-driving teamsters, "helpers", domestic servants.

Elector of Saxony [Frederic of Saxony]

Sent Luther into hiding

Invincible Armada - 1588

Sent by Philip II of Spain to invade England in 1588, it was destroyed by the fast English ships and a storm called the "Protestant wind".

Serfs and Serfdom

Serfdom is the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism.

Peasants

Serfs

Hundred Years War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Mary Wollstonecraft

She wrote "Vindication of Women Rights", which emphasized the importance of education of women

Peter III

Silly and childish ruler in Russia who liked to play with toy soldiers. Catherine the great was marries to him, but she decided she would be a better leader so she had her lover who was a guard tell him to leave. A few days later he was killed

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Slogan of the French Revolution

Edward Jenner

Small-Pox vaccine

Industrial Revolution

Social and economic change that began in England in the 1760s when the industrial geography of England changed significantly and later diffused to other parts of western Europe. In this period of rapid socioeconomic change, machines replaced human labor and new sources of inanimate energy were tapped. Coal was the leading energy source fueling the industrial revolution in England's textile-focused industrial explosion.

Young Turks

Society founded in the Ottoman Empire; its goal was to restore the constitution of 1876 and to reform the empire

Edward VI

Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour who began the Anglican church in England but died at a young age. He gave the clergy the right to marry

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Ignatius of Loyola

Spanish ecclesiastic who founded the Society of Jesus and was a leader of the Counter Reformation

Duke of Alva

Spanish general and statesman who suppressed the Protestant revolt in the Netherlands (1567-72) and conquered Portuga

Aragon and Castile; Ferdinand and Isabella - Reconquista

Spanish rulers

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution.

July 14, 1789

Storming of the Bastille

Cholera epidemic of 1846

Struck all classes, middle class demanded a solution. The only way to get rid of it was to clean up the cities led to the government implementation of a city wide running water plan.

Clergy - Nobility - Commoners

THREE ORDERS

Papal jurisdiction

Temporal jurisdiction refers to past claims by the Pope to rule or have power over territory in the temporal realm of Earth in addition to his spiritual authority as vicar of Christ

Frederick William I

The "Soldiers King" this ruler established Prussian absolutism and transformed Prussia into a military state.

Revoking of the Edict of Nantes

The Edict of Nantes (1598) had granted the Huguenots the right to practice their religion without persecution from the state.

Edict of Nantes - 1598

The Edict of Nantes (French: Édit de Nantes), signed probably on 30 April 1598, by King Henry IV of France, granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (also known as Huguenots) substantial rights in the nation, which was, at the time, still considered essentially Catholic

Long Parliament

The English Parliament which sat from November 1640 to March 1653, was restored for a short time in 1659, and finally voted its own dissolution in 1660. It was summoned by Charles I and sat through the English Civil War and on into the interregnum which followed

Grand Alliance

The Grand Alliance was an alliance made during World War II, which joined together the United States (led by Franklin Roosevelt), the Soviet Union (led by Joseph Stalin) and Great Britain (led by Winston Churchill).

Guise family

The House of Guise was a French noble family, partly responsible for the French Wars of Religion.

House of Stuart

The House of Stuart is a European royal house. Founded by Robert II, the House of Stuart—also spelled Stewart in Scottish contexts—first became monarchs of the Kingdom of Scotland during the late 14th century before inheriting the kingdoms of England (including Wales) and Ireland in the 17th century.

Rump Parliament

The Rump Parliament was the English Parliament after Colonel Pride purged the Long Parliament on 6 December 1648 of those members hostile to the Grandees' intention to try King Charles I for high

South Sea Bubble

The South Sea Company was a British joint stock company that traded in South America during the 18th century. Founded in 1711, the company was granted a monopoly to trade in Spain's South American colonies as part of a treaty during the War of Spanish Succession. In return, the company assumed the national debt England had incurred during the war. Speculation in the company's stock led to a great economic bubble known as the South Sea Bubble in 1720, which caused financial ruin for many. In spite of this it was restructured and continued to operate for more than a century after the Bubble.

modernization

The changes that enable a country to compete effectively with the leading countries at a given time.

Metric System

The decimal measuring system based on the meter, liter, and gram as units of length, capacity, and weight or mass.

Textile industry

The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to compete with others for the supplies to make it. The solution was to use machinery, which was cheaper then products made by hand. One of the new spinning machines to produce cloth faster was the "spinning jenny," invented by Englishman James Hargreaves.

Divine Right

The doctrine that kings and queens have a God-given right to rule and that rebellion against them is a sin. This belief was common through the seventeenth century and was urged by such kings as Louis xiv of France

Grand Empire

The empire over which Napoleon and his allies ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia.

Stadholder

The executive officer in each of the United Provinces of the Netherlands, a position held by the princes of Orange

"it's better to be feared than loved"

The famous phrase machiavelli wrote in his book "The Prince"

Karl Lueger (Vienna Mayor Karl Leuger (1897-1910))

The fiery mayor of Vienna who preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class; influenced Hitler

Textiles

The first industry to be industrialized in the 18th century.

Dutch Rebellion - William of Orange (80 Years War)

The first leader was William of Orange, followed by several of his descendants and relations. This revolt was one of the first successful secessions in Europe, and led to one of the first European republics of the modern era, the United Provinces.

Robert Walpole

The first official prime minister, whose foreign policy was to ignore continental conflicts and he forgave the debt of the South Sea Company which made the people confident in the government

Hall of Mirrors in Palace of Versailles of 1871

The largest room in the Versailles palace which was lit by hundreds of candles whose light was intensified by the many mirrors

Battle of Waterloo

The last battle of the Napoleonic War

Instrument of Government

The main work of Cromwell-- a constitution of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. Drafted by Major-General John Lambert in 1653, it was the first sovereign codified and written constitution in England.

The Great Migration

The migration of thousands of African-Americans from the South to the North. African Americans were looking to escape the problems of racism in the South and felt they could seek out better jobs and an overall better life in the North

Madame de Pompadour

The mistress of Louis XV who used her ability to take away her "services" to gain power and to give advice about and make important government decisions

Antwerp (associate with the Spanish Fury)

The most famous Spanish Fury was the sack of Antwerp in 1576.

Marie de Medici

The mother of Louis XIII and the wife of Henry VI. She became the regent (ruler) of France, when her husband died, until Louis came of age

Boroughs

The name for county-like bodies in Alaska

President Louis Napoleon

The nephew if Napoleon Bonaparte. He improved the economy by creating railroads and giving workers unions. Also gave all males the right to vote.

Smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.

Ulster

The partitioned part of Ireland that remains under British control

The puddlers

The people who worked in the iron and steel industry and created their materials by the sense of smell; man-crafted.

[Unification of Italy (1852-1870)]

The political and social movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy

Enclosure Movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Illegitimacy explosion

The sharp increase in out-of-wedlock births that occurred in Europe between 1750 and 1850, caused by low wages and the breakdown of community controls.

Paris Commune

The small government in Paris who wanted to resist the conservative leaders of France and tried to form their own government

James Stuart

The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England. His belief in the divine right of kings and his attempts to abolish Parliament and suppress Presbyterianism in Scotland created resentment that led to the English Civil War. He sponsored the King James Bible

Spanish Netherlands - 17 provinces; United Provinces

The southern part of the Low Countries (modern Netherlands and Belgium) during and after the Eighty Years' War, ruled by Spain and lasting from 1581 to 1713.

L'etat c'est moi

The state is me

Agricultural revolution (1650-1850)

The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering

Proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners.

Act of Union (1707)

The union shall last forever - entrenched - weak argument

South African War

The war between Britain and the Boer; inhabitants of South Africa for control of the region; also called the Boer War

Sans-Culottes

The working people of Paris who were characterized by their long working pants and support for radical politics.

Girondists

These were the liberals of France who did not want to execute Louis XVI, but The Mountain did anyway- FOUGHT FOR CONTROL OF THE NATIONAL CONVENTION

Leopold II of Belgium

This Belgian monarch was able to build a huge empire in Africa by tricking African chieftains into signing treaties they could neither read nor understand

Battle of Peterloo (at the Fields of Manchester) (Peterloo Massacre of 1819)

This battle, occurred in Manchester, England. It was more of a massacre than a battle; people had gathered to discuss political reform and spread new ideas, and were killed by government troops

Act of Settlement (1701)

This covered the missing component of the Bill of Rights, the protection of judges from victimisation and intimidation. This was passed and set the foundation of judicial independence

Constitution of the Year VIII, 1799

This document (issued by Napoleon), declared universal male suffrage (democracy), checks and balances, a new council of state, but really gave Napoleon supreme power.

Henry IV - "Paris is well worth a Mass"

This famous quote (sometimes given as "Paris veult une messe") was not actually recorded at the time. It was attributed to Henry IV years later and is probably apocryphal.

Robert Bakewell

This person was a pioneer in the field of selective animal breeding. He bred animals for certain characteristics.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Galileo Galilei

This scientist proved Copernicus' theory that the sun was the center of the solar system and developed the modern experimental method.

War of Austrian Succession (1740-1747)

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

War of Austrian Succession / King George's War (1740-1748)

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

War of Austrian Succession {King George's War}

This war was over the inheritance of the throne by Maria Theresa, for the Salic law prevented a woman from solely ruling the state

Franco-Prussian War (1870)

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia.

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Pope Paul III

This was the Pope that called the Council of Trent

Pragmatic Sanction

This was the act passed by Charles VI that stated that Hapsburg possessions were never to be divided, in order to allow his daughter to be ruler.

Ferdinand and Isabella

This was the king and queen of Spain who took over the Catholic Spain and started the Spanish Inquisition

Louis XVIII

This was the king of France before and after Napoleon's exile

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

Barricades in the streets of Paris - Feb 1848 [February Days]

This was the month when barricades reappeared in Paris for rebellious reasons, church bells were used as alarms, and men and women sang the revolutionary anthem. During this, Louis Philippe abdicated, and liberals, radicals, and socialists, came together to form France's Second Republic and encouraged national workshops for the unemployed.

Maria Theresa

This was the queen of Austria as a result of the Pragmatic Sanction. She limited the papacy's political influence in Austria, strengthened her central bureaucracy and cautiously reduced the power that nobles had over their serfs

Joseph II

This was the ruler of the Habsburgs that controlled the Catholic Church closely, granted religious toleration and civic rights to Protestants and Jews, and abolished serfdom

Labor Aristocracy

This was the union of skilled workers in the working classes that had a set behavioral code. They were usually run by construction bosses and factory foremen

Thomas Hobbes - Leviathan - "Social Contract"

Thomas Hobbes - English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Three orders

Those who fight, those who pray, and those who work. This refers to the nights/nobles, the religious figures, and the common laborers.

Absolutist belief in Divine Right

Time exists independent of events. Plato and Newton espoused this idea. Time is a backdrop that events occur in.

Ottoman Turks

Turkish group ruled by the Ottoman dynasty; formed an empire. The group that proved to be the greatest threat to the Byzantine Empire

Lombardy and Venetia (Austrian)

Two territories under Austrian rule that Sardinia allied with France to gain

Movable type

Type in which each individual character is cast on a separate piece of metal. It replaced woodblock printing, allowing for the arrangement of individual letters and other characters on a page.

Louisiana Purchase, 1803

US bought the Louisiana Territory (basically the Mid-West) from France and expanded land

German Empire

Unified by Bismark of Prussia, the German empire was created after the Franco-Prussian war. This Empire evolved into Germany

Dutch Republic

United Provinces of the Netherlands-1st half of 17th century was golden age-govt. consisted of organized confederation of 7 provinces each w/ rep. govt.

French involvement in the Thirty Years War

Up to the Peace of Prague, France had played a minimal part in the Thirty Years War. What participation France had committed herself to involved just diplomatic and political measures. Only in the relatively minor Mantuan episode did France have any military involvement but this was short-lived and did not involve the major European powers.

Rococo

Very elaborate and ornate (in decorating or metaphorically, as in speech and writing); relating to a highly ornate style of art and architecture in 18th-century France

Impact of the Seven Years War on the relationship of Britain to the American colonies

War drained part of the english treasury which led england to increase taxes to pay for new wars.

House of York & House of Lancaster

War of the roses

Prince of Orange

Was the military leader of the Netherlands and fought off the Spanish from controlling the Netherlands

New Imperialism

Wave of conquests by European powers, the United States, and Japan, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories

Grand Duchy of Warsaw

What became of part of old Poland bordered Russia on the West

University of Wittenberg

Where Luther posted his 95 theses

The common

Which of the following is a viral infection that most adults contract 2 to 4 times a year?

Florentines

Who in the Early Renaissance took tremendous pride in the advances made by their native artists

"spinsters"

Widows and unmarried women who spun for a living; often recruited into a family enterprise by the wife of the family

William Harvey

William Harvey was an English physician who made seminal contributions in anatomy and physiology. He was the first known to describe completely and in detail the systemic Circulation

Kaiser William I

William I of Prussia declares himself Kaiser of Germany at Versailles after winning the Franco-Prussian war

The Glorious Revolution of 1688

William and Mary kicked James II out of England (exiled into France), allowed more power to the legislatures

William III of England

William married Mary II and became joint rulers of England

Giuseppe Garibaldi & his Red Shirts

With a force of 1,000 red shirted volunteers, he won control of Sicily. This scared Cavour cause Cavour believed that he would set up his own republic

Philosophes

Writers during the Enlightenment and who popularized the new ideas of the time.

The Social Contract (1762)

Written by Rousseau stated citizens would submit to government as long as human rights not infringed upon

On the Structure of the Human Body

Written by Vesalius

Book of Sports

Written originally by James I, republished by Charles I, argument for importance of recreation and practicing of sports on Sunday; directly opposed to Puritan tradition of spiritual recreation for Sunday

Thomas Malthus - Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798

Wrote An Essay on the Principle of Population, said that without wars and disease, the population was too much and too many poor people.

Pugachev's Rebellion

Yemelyan Pugachev rallied the peasants and Cossacks and promised the serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords; against catherine the great

Huguenots

a French Protestant of the 16th-17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France

National Assembly

a French congress established by representatives of the Third Estate on June 17, 1789, to enact laws and reforms in the name of the French people

Junkers

a German nobleman or aristocrat, especially a member of the Prussian aristocracy

Charlotte Corday

a Girondin supporter that stabbed Marat, a radical journalist, in his bathtub

Conversos / New Christians

a Jew who publicly recanted the Jewish faith and adopted Christianity under the pressure of the Spanish Inquisition.

Priesthood of all believers

a Protestant Christian doctrine stating that ordinary Christians share a common priesthood in that they have direct access to God through their prayers without requiring a human mediator.

1588 - Spanish Armada

a Spanish naval invasion force sent against England by Philip II of Spain in 1588. It was defeated by the English fleet and almost completely destroyed by storms off the Hebrides

Calculus

a branch of mathematics partially developed by Newton and used to explain his laws

Perspective

a characteristic of renaissance art that creates 3-d, depth

Priesthood of All Believers

a doctrine of the Protestant Christian Church: every individual has direct access to God without ecclesiastical mediation and each individual shares the responsibility of ministering to the other members of the community of believers.

Jacues Necker

a financial expert as an advisor

Nationalization of the Church

a judicial doctrine of the 14th amendment that applied the Bill of Rights to the states in matters such as segregation

Court of the Star Chamber

a judicial innovation of Henry VII of England, designed to curb the independence of the nobility, whereby criminal charges brought against the nobility were judged by a court of the king's own councilors

Italian Humanism

a literary movement that began in Italy during the fourteenth century. Humanism was a distinct movement because it broke from the medieval tradition of having pious religious motivation for creating art or works of literature

Puritans

a member of a group of English Protestants of the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Reformation of the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete and sought to simplify and regulate forms of worship

Cossacks

a member of a people of southern Russia and Ukraine, noted for their horsemanship and military skill

Boyars

a member of the old aristocracy in Russia, next in rank to a prince

Zemstvovs

a new institution of local government in reformed Russia, whose members were elected by a three-class system of towns, peasant villages, and noble landowners; dealt with local problems

Fresco

a painting done on plaster

Columbian Exchange

a period of cultural and biological exchanges between the New and Old Worlds. Exchanges of plants, animals, diseases and technology transformed European and Native American ways of life

Rene Descartes ("I think, therefore I am")

a philosophe; ("I think, therefore I am")

Flanders

a region that included parts of present-day northern France, Belgium, and the Netherlands; was an important industrial and financial center of northern Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance

Dual revolution

a revolution that combined both economic and political changes that reinforced each other to create a stronger impact; spread all throughout Europe during the nineteenth century. An example of this would be the growth of the industrial middle class encouraging the drive for representative government and the demands of the French sans-culottes inspiring many socialist thinkers in 1793 and 1794.

Hapsburg-Valois Wars (1522-1559)

a series of conflicts from 1494 to 1559 that involved, at various times, most of the city-states of Italy, the Papal States

NAVIGATION ACTS (1651)

a series of laws enacted by Parliament beginning in 1651.shipbuilding industry. New jobs for English dockworkers import taxes for government boom in colonial shipbuildin

Peasants Revolt

a series of uprisings by peasants against their landowners

Six Articles - 1539

a set of formulas defining the doctrinal position of the Church of England, drawn up in the 16th century, to which the clergy are required to give general consent

Caravel

a small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th-17th centuries

Revisionism - Eduard Bernstein - Evolutionary Socialism (1899)

a socialist doctrine that rejected Marx's emphasis on class struggle and revolution and argued instead that workers should work through political parties to bring about gradual change.

Electric Streetcar

a streetcar introduced in the late 1800s that ran by electricity and that allowed large numbers of people to move quickly on busy city streets

Defender of the Faith - 1523

a title conferred on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521

Zollverein

a union that promoted German unity by removing tariff barriers between German states

German Peasants' War of 1525 [Peasant's Rebellion]

a widespread popular revolt in the German-speaking areas of Central Europe from 1524 to 1525. It failed because of the intense opposition of the aristocracy

Great European Witch Hunt (1480s-1700s)

accused women of being witches and killed them in the thousands

Whig Reform Bill of 1832 (Great Reform Bill of 1832)

act of Parliament that transferred voting privileges from small rotten boroughs controlled by nobility and gentry to large industrial towns controlled by middle class; enfranchised the male working class

Voltaire

advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state.

Chartist Movement

advocated better social and economic conditions for working people

Treaty of Tordesillas

agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands newly discovered or explored by Christopher Columbus and other late 15th-century voyagers.Nov 4, 2014

Ireland self-government "Home rule"

allows cities to write their own charters, choose their own type of government, and manage their own affairs

Amerigo Vespucci - Mundus Novus

an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus' voyages

Individualism

an art style

Pacification

an attempt to create or maintain peace. That can mean appeasing a hostile country through diplomacy or even just by settling an argument. A pacifist is someone who is against fighting and wars

Relation to Charles V - relationship to Catherine

an aunt-nephew relationshp between a queen and an emperor

Pride's Purge

an event that took place in December 1648, during the Second English Civil War, when troops under the command of Colonel Thomas Pride forcibly removed from the Long Parliament all those who were not supporters of the Grandees in the New Model Army and the Independents

Utopia

an ideal society

Inquisition

an organization in the Roman Catholic Church in the past that was responsible for finding and punishing people who did not accept its beliefs and practices

Pogroms (1881-1882)

an organized massacre of a particular ethnic group, in particular that of Jews in Russia or eastern Europe.

Andreas Vesalius

anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani corporis fabrica (On the Fabric of the Human Body). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy

Catherine de Medici

and it was at her instigation that Huguenots were killed in the Massacre of St Bartholomew

Public transportation

any form of transportation that changes set fares, run fixed routes, and are available to the public such as buses, subways, ferries, and trains

William Laud

archbishop of Canterbury and opponent of Puritanism: executed for treason.

John Locke

argued against the belief that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their minds

Idealism

art style in which there's a muscular 30-something year old man and a teen girl

Guild masters

at the top of the world of work

German Social Democratic Party

based on Marxist theories but also competed in elections for seats in German parliament, tried to pass legislation to improve condition of working class

Pope Julius II

began campaign to rebuild St. Peter's, authorized massive sale of indulgences to finance it; commissioned Michelangelo's great paintings in the Sistine Chapel.

[abolition campaign]

black rights, wanted them to vote

Genevan Consistory

body of laymen and pastors to watch over every mans life and warn people leading a disorderly life

Rivalry: Dutch East Indian Company vs. English East Indian Company

both very powerful, rivalry

The Restoration of 1660

brought Charles II to the throne of England

Brumaire Coup, 1799

brought Napoleon to power, ended French Revolution

Italy had never been united prior to 1850

buh

"The Big Five" - Venice, Milan, Florence, Naples, Papal States

city states; the big five

Committee of Public Safety

committee whose chief task was to protect the Revolution from its enemies; Robespierre became the leader

Japanese attack in 1904

conducted a simulation for a possible japanese attack

Crimean War (1853-1856)

conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires fought primarily in the Crimean Peninsula. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans.

Seed Drill

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

Mississippi Bubble

created by John Law, it failed so the economy went bankrupt and the government didn't by the investors back the money they lost, no trust in the French economy

John Law

created the Company of the West to operate the Louisiana colony

Machiavellian

cunning and ruthless; it's better to be feared than loved

Peter I (The Great)

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

Mary Tudor [Mary I] "Bloody Mary"

daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558; she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretic

Battle of the Nations, 1814 (Battle of Leipzig)

defeat of Napoleon at Leipzig. Napoleon was captured and sent into exile on the *Isle Of Elba* off the coast of Italy. Brings all of europe together

Jean-Baptiste Colbert - finance minister

developed Comapany of the east indies; mercantilism

Thomas Newcomen - Steam engine, 1705

developed a steam engine powered by coal to pump water out of mines, very inefficient

The Apology

dialogue by Plato: socrates' speech at trial where he's charged with not recognizing the gods recognized by the state, inventing new deities, and corrupting the youth of athens

War against Austria

disorganization, republic, weak french, overthrown monarchy

Balance of Power

distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

Test Act of 1673

done by the english government, xcluded from public office (both military and civil) all those who refused to take the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, who refused to receive the communion according to the rites of the Church of England

Enlightenment

duh

Rationalism

duh

Reason

duh

Maximillian of Bavaria

duke of Bavaria from 1597 and elector from 1623, a champion of the Roman Catholic side during the Thirty Years' War

Battle of the White Mountain

early battle in the Thirty Years' War fought on 8 November 1620, in which an army of 30,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian of Anhalt were defeated by 27,000 men

henry iv

edict of Nantes

Continental System, 1807

embargo on all British goods coming into the English continent that creates a culture of sabotage and smuggling during Napoleon's time

Poorhouses

emerged to provide work to those who were unemployed, conditions were often oppressive

Act of Uniformity - 1559

established a slightly revised version of the second Edwardia

Second Republic (of France)

expanded right to vote to all adult men, freed slaves from French colonies, abolished death penalty, established max work day

The impact of the American Revolution

expensive debt and dangerous idea of liberty

vassalage, fiefs and manors

feif- vassals source of income manor-Large farm estates of the Middle Ages that were owned by nobles who ruled over the peasants living in the land vassalage- system of knights swearing loyalty to their lord in return for provisions and protectio

William II (1888-1918)

fires Bismarck; Kaiser and emperor that helped Germany become the strongest military and industrial power in Europe that led to an increase of industry and cities that led to demand for democracy

Home sweet home

first heard in 1870

Peace of Augsburg - 1555

first permanent legal basis for the coexistence of Lutheranism and Catholicism in Germany

Catherine of Aragon

first wife of King Henry VIII; she was previously Princess of Wales as the wife of his elder brother Arthur

Exile to Elba

following the Battle of Nations, Napoleon was exiled after being forced to abdicate

Robert Castlereagh

foreign minister of Britain, during the Council of Vienna; was a supporter of Metternich

Presbyterian Church of Scotland

formed by john knox in late 16th century; governed by presbyters; strictly calvinist; simple way of worship emphasis on preaching; worship based on knox's book of common order

Six Acts (1819)

further attempt by the Tory position to prevent the lowere classes from rising up: control of press and elimination of mass meetings

Serbia 1816

gained independence

Boyles Law (1662)

gas law between volume and pressures inverse relationship

Third Reform Bill of 1884

gave almost every male the right to vote in England

Nuclear families

generally consist of the mother and father as heads of the household, along with their children

Ivan III (the Great)

grand duke of Muscovy (1462-1505). He expanded Muscovy, defeated the Tatars (1480), and assumed

Princess Marie Louise, daughter of the Austrian Emperor

granddaughter of Queen Victoria

Act of Supremacy of 1529

granted King Henry VIII of England Royal Supremacy, which means that he was declared the supreme head of the Church of England

Jane Grey (Jane of Nine Days)

great-niece of Henry VIII, queen of England 9-19 July 1553. In 1553, to ensure a Protestant succession, John Dudley, the Duke of Northumberland, forced Jane to marry his son and persuaded the dying Edward VI to name Jane as his successor

Pre-Raphaelites

group of 19th century artists characterized by sensuous/romanticness

Peace of Utrecht (1713)

he Treaty of Utrecht, which established the Peace of Utrecht, is a series of individual peace treaties, rather than a single document, signed by the belligerents in the War of the Spanish Succession, in the Dutch city of Utrecht in March and April 1713. a series of treaties between France and other European powers (April 11, 1713 to Sept. 7, 1714) and another series between Spain and other powers (July 13, 1713 to June 26, 1714), concluding the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-14).

Henry's brother Arthur

he was supposed to be the king of england, but then he died, so heny had to become the successor to king henry the seventh

Existentialist

highly introspective and attuned to their inner selves.

Laizzez-faire

idea that government should play a small role in economic affairs

King Williams War (in America)

in which England and its American colonies and Indian allies opposed France and its Indian allies and which constituted the American phase of the War of the Grand Alliance

Great Northern War

in which Russia, Denmark, Poland, and Saxony opposed Sweden. The war resulted in Sweden losing her imperial possessions in central Europe, and Russia under Peter the Great becoming a major power in the Baltic

Defenestration of Prague

incident of Bohemian resistance to Habsburg authority that preceded the beginning of the Thirty Years' War

Alexander III *1881-1894)

increased discrimination of jews; Russification; supported industry

Joseph Turner and Claude Monet

incredibly famous in their own rights, radical painters of their time (the industrial rev)

Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Cezanne, Paul Gauguin

inspired the fauvist movement

Magnetic compass and astrolabe

invention that helped with travel for different countries

Lateen sails and sternpost rudder

inventions that helped with travel for different countries

[Effect of the potato]

ireland became dependent on its production

Great Britain and Ireland

ireland came and immigrated into gb because of the irish potato famine

Low Countries

is a coastal region in western Europe, consisting especially of the Netherlands and Belgium, and the low-lying delta of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt, and Ems rivers where much of the land is at or below sea level

Pope Leo X

is the Roman pope whose combination of extravagance and neglect helped provoke the Reformation in the sixteenth century

Realism

is the attempt to represent subject matter truthfully, without artificiality and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements

Michelangelo Buonarotti, Donatello, Brunelleschi, Leonardo, Pieter Brughel

italian renaissance painters

James Kay - Flying Shuttle

its invention was one of the key developments in weaving that helped fuel the Industrial Revolution, enabled the weaver of a loom to throw the shuttle back and forth between the threads with one hand

Henry of Navarre (Henry Bourbon / Henry IV)

king of France from 1589 to 1610; although he was leader of the Huguenot armies, when he succeeded the Catholic Henry III and founded the Bourbon dynasty in 1589 he established religious freedom in France

Louis Philippe (1830-1848) [July Monarchy / Citizen King ("king of the French people")]

king of France; came to power after the July Revolution; known as the "citizen king" for showing an interest in the working class and for having much in common with the middle class.

Philip II of Spain

king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary I; he supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England

Philip of Anjou / Philip V of Spain

king of Spain from 1700 (except for a brief period from January to August 1724) and founder of the Bourbon dynasty in Spain

Swedish Phase - Gustavus Adulphus

king of Sweden 1611-32. His repeated victories in battle made Sweden a European power, and in 1630 he intervened on the Protestant side in the Thirty Years War

George III of England (1760-1820)

king of england, but he not always not in his right mind, he has a disease and has abdominal pain, and the disease also causes madness. and king george never reads the letter because it doesn't want to, so he rights a letter back saying that they are in rebellion and they are all going to die

Mary, Queen of Scots

known as Mary Stuart. A devout Catholic, she was unable to control her Protestant lords, and fled to England in 1567

Louis XI of France (The Spider)

known as the spider, this was a French king who was important in advancing the development of a French territorial state. He strengthened the taille as a permanent tax imposed by royal authority that was important in allowing him a regular income and centralizing a strong monarchy.

Anastasia Romanov

last Russian princess; daughter of czar nicholas ii

Impact of the War of Austrian Succession on France (financially)

lead to the Hartford Convention which was New England Federalist who worked together for a 2/3 votes for Congress, political party alignment leads to the break up of the Federalist party, the aura of good feelings, lead to factories and the Lowell system, new inventions, greater independence for America and the Treaty of Ghent which made Indians lost land and their alliance with Britain.

Arthur Wellesley, Duke of Wellington

leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain

Poor grain harvest

leads to bread inflation

Robert Peel

led the fight to repeal the Corn Laws 1846

Ten Hours Act of 1847

limited the workday to 10 hours for women a and children who worked in factories

Sun King

louis 14, absolutism

Reformation Parliament

made England not under the authority of the pope and made Henry the head of the Church of England

Edict of Worms

made Martin Luther an outlaw

Presidential Coup

made himself the president

Johannes Gutenberg & Printing Press - movable type - 1440

made spreading information more efficient

Courts

magnificent households of those such as the signori

"let them eat cake"

maria antoinette

"faith alone, grace alone, Scripture alone" (Justification by faith alone)

martin luther

95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences - 1517

martin luther apparently "stuck them on a door" in response to the indulgences

Tempera (egg tempera on wood)

medium

Frankfurt National Assembly (Frankfurt Parliament of 1848) (Prussian rebellion of 1848)

meeting after the uprising of the German states in 1848

Gender roles

men work and women stay at home with many responsibilities around the house

Last Judgment Wall (of Sistine Chapel)

mike angelo

Peninsular War, 1807 ("Spanish Ulcer")

military conflict between Napoleon's empire and the allied powers of Spain, Britain and Portugal for control of the Iberian Peninsula during the Napoleonic Wars.

Mobilization of French resources (Levee en Masse)

military conscription following the French Revolution

George Danton

minister of justice and leader of the sans-culottes

Nicholas I (1825-1855)

most repressive; led to mass emigration of jews; caused the Crimean War; slogan: orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalism

Napoleon's Hundred Days

napoleon escapes--> war resumes-->napoleon is exile

Battle of Lepanto - Philip II

naval engagement in the waters off southwestern Greece between the allied Christian forces of the Holy League and the Ottoman Turks during an Ottoman campaign to acquire the Venetian island of Cyprus. The battle marked the first significant victory for a Christian naval force over a Turkish fleet and the climax of the age of galley warfare in the Mediterranean

Nine Years War

often called the War of the Grand Alliance or the War of the League of Augsburg

Charles II

older son of Charles I; ruled England after Oliver Cromwell and passed habeas corpus

Defense of the Seven Sacraments - 1521

one of the most successful pieces of Catholic polemics produced by the first generation of anti-Protestant writers by Henry VIII

Germans in Austria = 1/3

only 1/3 of population German

The Great Exhibition

opened May 1, 1851 in Hyde Park in London, England; showcase the industrial advances made around the world; held in building called the Crystal Palace

National Workshops

opened by the provisional government, gave work to the unemployed

Anticlericalism

opposed to clericalism or to the interference or influence of the clergy in secular affairs

Tory Government (Tory Ministry of British Parliament)

opposed to whigs. party was opposed to parliamentary reforms. politcal party in britain that supported traditional political and social institutions

Edict of Nantes (1598)

peace in france

Russian Revolution of 1905

peaceful massive procession of workers against the Czar at Winter Palace, troops opened fire and killed hundreds

Gentry

people of good social position, specifically (in the UK) the class of people next below the nobility in position and birth.

Victorian Britain

period of Queen Victoria's reign before her death; considered a model of middle class society and believed in hard work, which worked for everyone to have positive results

Gun Powder Plot

plan that catholic extremists planned to blow up the king and parliament

Great Famine (Ireland: 1845, 1846, 1848, 1851 potato crop)

plant fungus ruins nearly all of Ireland's potato crop

"...Blood and Iron"

policy of German unification put forth by Bismarck; belief that industry & war would unify Germany and give dominance

[Change in mortality]

population explosion

The Holy Office

powerful instrument of the Catholic Reformation, Committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all catholics, had power to arrest, imprison, and execute, destroyed heresy

System of Patronage

practice in which the political party winning an election rewards its campaign workers and other active supporters by appointment to government posts and by other favours

Louis XVIII (1815-1824) and his Constitutional Charter of 1814

preserved liberties gained in the French Revolution

5 Billion Francs, Alsace and Lorraine

provinces on the border of Germany and France, lost by France to Germany in 1871; regained by France after WWI

To not "make windows to men's souls"

queen elizabeth on religion of individual people

Fauvism - Henri Matisse

redefined pure color and form as means of communicating the artist's emotional state (one of the painters)

Times of Troubles

referred to the events that ensued upon the death of Ivan IV the Terrible in 1584 and ended with Michael Romanov's succession to the Russian throne in 1613

Flemish (Flanders)

region of Belgium

The parlements

regional courts who had judicial rule over royal policy in their regions; they would approve royal decrees before they took effect

Deism (Temple of Reason / Cult of the Supreme Being)

rejects the supernatural aspects of religion, such as belief in revelation in the Bible, and stresses the importance of ethical conduct

Act of Supremacy of 1559

revived the antipapal statutes of Henry VIII and declared

Desiderius Erasmus - The Praise of Folly

satire of greedy merchants, pompous priests, querrelsome scholas - wished to reform Church from within

Anne Boleyn

second wife of King Henry VIII

English Reformation

series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church

Republic of the United Provinces of the Netherlands

seven northern provinces of the Netherland

1882 Law - Gender Equality Married Womens Property Act-

significantly altered British law regarding the property rights granted to married women, allowing them to own and control their own property

Lower middle class

small shopkeepers, teachers, nurses, and white collar employees- clerks, secretaries, salespeople, and lower bureaucrats

Upper middle class

social class that consists of high income members of society who are well educated but do not belong to the elite membership of the super wealthy

Catholic League

sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern) Catholics as the Holy League, was a major participant in the French Wars of Religion

[Unification of Germany (1862-1870)]

started by Otto von Bismarck and the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 that expelled Austria from German politics and resulted in North German Confederation and legalization of Bismarck's previous spending; concluded with war with France

Germaine de Stael - On Germany (1810)

started movement of enthusiasm in German writing

Charles X (1824-1830)

succeeded Louis XVIII; more conservative and sympathetic to the ultraroyalists; ignored the demands of the people for ministerial responsibility. Issued the July Ordinances. Dissolved the legislature.

Cosimo de Medici

supported education and the arts, made many business connections in Europe; from florence italy

Open Field System

system of farming that divided the land to be cultivated by the peasants of a given village into several large fields, which were in turn cut up into long, narrow strips-fields open and not enclosed into small plots by fences or hedges-large field as community-same pattern of plowing, sowing, and harvestin

Putting out system

system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England

German Confederation

the 38 independent German states

Calvinism

the Protestant theological system of John Calvin and his successors, which develops Luther's doctrine of justification by faith alone and emphasizes the grace of God and the doctrine of predestination

Absolutism

the acceptance of or belief in absolute principles in political, philosophical, ethical, or theological matters

Parlement of Paris

the body of law; the judicial branch in France

Book of Common Prayer

the book of services and prayers used in the Anglican Church

St. Peter's Basilica

the cathedral where Michelangelo painted the Last Judgment

Act of Supremacy of 1559 (and Act of Uniformity)

the deed that King Henry VIII named himself head of the church in England

Papal Infallibility

the divine guarantee that the pope's official statements of doctrine regarding faith and morals are free from error

Separations of Powers and Checks & Balances

the division of government among legislative,executive and judicial branches

[Consubstantiation] (look up)

the doctrine, especially in Lutheran belief, that the substance of the bread and wine coexists with the body and blood of Christ in the Eucharist

Mercantilism

the economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism

The Empire / The Holy Roman Empire - Golden Bull

the first "constitution" that allowed electors for the holy roman empire

James I

the first Stuart to be king of England and Ireland from 1603 to 1625 and king of Scotland from 1567 to 1625; he was the son of Mary Queen of Scots and he succeeded Elizabeth I; he alienated the British Parliament by claiming the divine right of kings

Maxim Machine Gun

the first automatic machine gun; invention that allowed conquest of the interior of Africa

El Salvador; capital is San Salvador

the first island that Christopher Columbus discovered

War of Devolution

the first phase of louis iv's wars; (1667-68) saw Louis XIV's French armies overrun the Habsburg-controlled Spanish Netherlands and the Franche-Comté, but forced to give most of it back by a Triple Alliance of England, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.

Albert of Mainz & Indulgences

the guy who directed tetzel to sell the indulgences

Johanne Tetzel & Indulgences

the guy who sold the indulgences

Glorious Revolution - William III (William of Orange/King of England)

the last genuine revolution in Britain. Because there was little armed resistance in England to William and Mary, the revolution is also called the Bloodless Revolution

Svorza Famiy

the main family of milan when it was still a city state

Emanuel Sieyes

the man who wrote what is the third estate

Subsistence level

the minimum income needed to maintain life

Book of Common Prayer

the official service book of the Church of England and, with some variation, of other churches of the Anglican Communion. It was compiled by Thomas Cranmer and others and first issued in 1549

Silesia

the part of Austria that Frederick the Great captured, and it started the War of Austrian Succession

Midwifery

the practice of assisting in childbirth

Absenteeism

the practice of regularly staying away, clerics often avoided their jobs before the Reformation, clerics paid a poorer priest a fraction of his collected earnings to cover the responsibilities

Augsburg Confession

the primary confession of faith of the Lutheran Church and one of the most important documents of the Lutheran Reformation

Philadelphia System of prisons (isolation)

the prison system by which prisoners were kept rigorously separated from each other at all times

Russification

the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire

Self determination

the right of people to choose their own form of government

Law of universal gravitation

the scientific law that states that every object in the universe attracts every other object

Alexander II (1855-1881) "Czar Emancipator"

the son of Nicholas I who, as czar of Russia, introduced reforms that included limited emancipation of the serfs; also ended the Crimean War

Protectionism

the theory or practice of shielding a country's domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports.

Empiricism

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume

Jane Seymour

the third wife of King Henry VIII. She married him in 1536, but died soon after the birth of their son Edward

Chiaroscuro

the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting

Venice & Genoa

the two main trading ports in italy

Bull-baiting & cock fighting

the violent acts that counted as sport; cromwell banned it, but charles ii allowed it again

Queen Ann's War (in America)

the war (1702-13) in which England and its American colonies opposed France and its Indian allies. It constituted the American phase of the War of the Spanish Succession. British Dictionary definitions for Queen Anne's War Expand

Germ Theory Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch, Joseph Lister

theory formed by Pasteur which replaced the miasmatic theory; stated that specific diseases are caused by specific living organisms

David Ricardo - Iron Law of Wages

theory proposed by English economist David Ricardo suggesting that the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above the subsistence level (minimum wage for survival)

Puritans in Parliament

this group believed the marriage of the king's son to a Spanish princess therefore aligning with Hapsburgs was an abomination

"elected" (saved) - [the elect]

those who were decided by god to go to heaven before birth

James Edward

thought that he could be elected and take

Anabaptists, Quakers, Congregationalists

three kinds of protestant groups that were more outsiders...people who did not believe in baptising, pennsylvania, and people who belived there was no need for an actual church building, but just the people to worship

Laws of planetary motion

three laws conceived by Johannes Kepler to describe the shape of planetary orbits and the speed at which they travel

Consumer revolution

time period during which the desire for exotic imports increased dramatically due to economic expansion and population growth

Brumaire Coup

transfers executive power to Napoleon

Treaty of Dover - the end of the Triple Alliance

treaty between England and France

Herbert Spencer "survival of the fittest"

twisted and convoluted the words of Darwin to match the "Survival of the Fittest"; meaning the strongest, smartest, ones with the means should dominate society.

Bohemia

unconventional (in an artistic way)

Union of Utrecht

unifying the northern provinces of the Netherlands, until then under the control of Habsburg Spain

Baruch Spinoza

utch philosopher and theologian whose controversial pantheistic doctrine advocated an intellectual love of God. His best-known work is Ethics

Relics

valued holy objects from the past

Influence of coal

very important resource for fuel in industrial rev

[Franco-Prussian War (1871)]

war between France and Prussia; seen as German victory; seen as a struggle of Darwinism; led to Prussia being the most powerful European nation. Instigated by Bismarck; France seen as the aggressor

War of Jenkins Ear (1739)

war between england and spain; it was eaten by the bigger austrian succession war, however it was a result of the south sea bubble, and it happened over seas--an ear was lost

Thirty Years War

war waged in the early seventeenth century that involved France, Spain, Sweden, Denmark, Austria, and numerous states of Germany. The causes of the war were rooted in national rivalries and in conflict between Roman Catholics and Protestants

Italians Wars

wars fought between city states for the control of Italy

Jansenists

was a Catholic theological movement, primarily in France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination

Ferdinand Magellan - The Pacific

was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Castilian (Spanish) expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522,

Ulrich Zwingli

was a Swiss Protestant leader in the Reformation

Protestant Union

was a coalition of Protestant German states that was formed in 1608 by Elector Palatine Frederick IV to defend the rights, lands and person of each member

Louis XIII

was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1610 to 1643 and King of Navarre (as Louis II) from 1610 to 1620, when the crown of Navarre was merged with the French crown

English Civil War

was a series of armed conflicts and political machinations between Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") and Royalists ("Cavaliers") in the Kingdom of England over, principally, the manner of its government

The Fronde

was a series of civil wars in France between 1648 and 1653, occurring in the midst of the Franco-Spanish War, which had begun in 1635

Peace of Westphalia

was a series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years' War over succession within the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Eighty Years' War between Holland and Spain for Dutch independence

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre - 1572

was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion

Irish Rebellion

was an uprising against British rule in Ireland lasting from May to September 1798

New Model Army

was formed in 1645 by the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, and was disbanded in 1660 after the Restoration

Michel de Montaigne & Cultural Relativism

was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre

Dutch West Indian Company

was set up to send settlers to North America to set up a colony

Peace of Paris, 1815

was signed on 20 November 1815 following the defeat and second abdication of Napoleon Bonaparte; The 1815 treaty had stronger punitive terms than the treaty of the previous year. France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, and the country's borders were reduced to their 1790 level. France was to pay additional money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be built by neighboring Coalition countries.

1492 - Granada

was taken from the muslims by the spanish monarchy

French Phase - Cardinal Richelieu

was the chief of government under King Louis XIII. He achieved two difficult goals in his career: establishing absolute monarchy in France and breaking the political power of the Huguenots, or French Protestants

War of Spanish Succession

was the first world war of modern times with theatres of war in Spain, Italy, Germany, Holland, and at sea. Charles II, king of Spain, died in 1700 without an heir. In his will he gave the crown to the French prince Philip of Anjou

Charles II of Spain ( King Charles II ("the Sufferer"))

was the last Habsburg ruler of Spain. His realm included Southern Netherlands and Spain's overseas empire, stretching from the Americas to the Spanish East Indies.

Single Point Perspective and Leading Lines

ways to show depth in art

Emigrees

wealthy people who fled France

Salons

wealthy women met

Wars of the Roses

were a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. They were fought between supporters of two rival branches of the royal House of Plantagenet, the Houses of Lancaster and York

Huguenot oppression

were opporessed by the catholics, especially catherine de medici

Politique

were those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else.

Law of 22 Prairial

what law was passed which gave robespierre more power to arrest and execute enemies of the revolution in june 1974

Indulgence

what people bought to get them out of purgatory--the place between the after life and earth

Catherine of Sienna

what saint was first doctor of church who was female and is the patron of rome and the other place in her name

Medium

what the painting's made of

Pluralism / Dualism

when a clergyman has more than one position

Separate spheres (gender)

women became associated with taking care of the home and children

Paris Women's march on Versailles

women stored Versailles in search of fair bread prices and equal rights

Women ruled the house

women were responsible for everything around the house including twice-a-day food shopping, penny-pinching, economizing, the growing crusade against dirt, and child rearing

Norway 1905

won independence from Sweden

King James version of the Bible - 1611

wut

First Estate - .5%

yall know

Second Estate - 1.5%

yall know

Third Estate

yall know

Greece 1830

year that Greece got its independence

Kingdom of Italy (1860)

yeppers

Tabula Rasa (John Locke)

"Blank Slate" duh

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Franco-Dutch War

(1672-78), the second war of conquest by Louis XIV of France, whose chief aim in the conflict was to establish French possession of the Spanish Netherlands after having forced the Dutch Republic's acquiescence.

Edmund Burke

(1729-1797) Member of British Parliament and author of Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), which criticized the underlying principles of the French Revolution and argued conservative thought.

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

William Wordsworth

(1770-1850), literary romanticist, used language of ordinary speech, wrote poems about simple subjects, simplicity and love of nature

Robert Owen - New Harmony

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Rudyard Kipling: White Man's Burden

(1864-1936) English writer and poet; defined the "white man's burden" as the duty of European and Euro-American peoples to bring order and enlightenment to distant lands and westernize other colonies; take care of the "uncivilized"

Population explosion of 1700s

(Malthus) Population increases geometrically (x), while food production increases arithmetically (+)

Maria Theresa of Austria, 23 years old

(r. 1740-80) Daughter of Charles XI of the Austrian Habsburgs, she was to succeed him after his death by way of the Pragmatic Sanction. When Frederick II seizes Silesia out of her grasp, she fails to return the province to the Austrians, but successfully manages to preserve Habsburg power. She won support from her subjects, as well as the Magyar nobility in supporting her in the war.

Nobility of the Sword / Robe

- the old fashioned nobility who gain their power by fighting for land. There was constant conflict between them and nobility of the robe.

The Constitution of Year One

- thermidorian wanted a new constitution , freedom of the individual

"with a whiff of grapeshot, I dispersed the crowd"

-Napoleon

"Terror is nothing but prompt, severe, inflexible justice... it is, therefore, and emanation of virtue"

-Robespierre

Newton's three laws of motion

1. object in motion stays in motion 2. force equals mass times acceleration 3. every action has an equal and opposite reaction

[Following the 1722 Black Death outbreak]

1/3 population dead

Bill of Rights

1689, no law can be suspended by the king; no taxes raised; no army maintained except by parliamentary consent. Established after The Glorious Revolution.

King George's War

1744 and 1748. England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.

Hotel des Invalides

17th Century; Mansart; French Baroque; burial site of napoleon

Romanticism

19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.

Margaret of Valois

1st wife of Henry IV(Henry of Navarre); patron of science and literature

House of Lords and House of Commons

2 sides of the british parliament

Danish Phase - Christian IV of Denmark

2nd phase, Catholic victory

Middle middle class

30 percent, its members include owners of small businesses and farms, independent professionals (small town doctors and lawyers), clergy, teachers, nurses, firefighters, social workers, police officers

Four humors

4 diseases

Dutch East Indian Company

A Dutch trading company founded in 1602 to protect Dutch trading interests in the Indian Ocean

Legislative Assembly

A French congress with the power to create laws and approve declarations of war, established by the constitution of 1791.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French man who believed that Human beings are naturally good & free & can rely on their instincts. Government should exist to protect common good, and be a democracy

Constitutional Monarchy

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Society of Jesus

A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.

Spanish Fury

A Spanish Fury was a vindictive, rampant bloody pillaging of cities in the Low Countries by mutinous Spanish troops, that occurred in the years 1583-1589 during the Dutch Revolt.

Liberalism ("classical liberalism)

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity

Nicolo Machiavelli - The Prince

A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and says how a ruler is able to keep power and manage to keep it disregarding enemies.

May Day

A celebration dedicated to a one-day strike for marches and demonstrations

Berlin Conference of 1884

A conference of the European powers to establish guidelines for the partitioning of Africa

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Social Darwinism

A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "survival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.

Civil Constitution of the Clergy

A document, issued by the National Assembly in July 1790, that broke ties with the Catholic Church and established a national church system in France with a process for the election of regional bishops. The document angered the pope and church officials and turned many French Catholics against the revolutionaries.

Carnival

A fair or show with food stalls, parades, rides, and other ways to have fun.

Centripetal force

A force that causes an object to move in a circle

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Cabinet

A group of advisers to the president.

Assembly of Notables

A group of nobles and aristocrats invited by the king of France to discuss reform of the government.

Henry VIII

A king of England in the early sixteenth century. With the support of his Parliament, Henry established himself as head of the Christian Church in England, in place of the pope, after the pope refused to allow his marriage to Catherine of Aragon to be dissolved

Versailles - the Palace of Versailles

A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France in Versailles, near Paris. The palace, with its lavish gardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known.

Palace of Versailles

A large royal residence built in the seventeenth century by King Louis XIV of France, near Paris. The palace, with its lavishgardens and fountains, is a spectacular example of French classical architecture. The Hall of Mirrors is particularly well known. The peace treaty that formally ended World War I was negotiated and signed here as well.

Lorenzo de Medici (the magnificent)

A leader of Florence, he used his power and wealth to become a great patron of the arts (helping to grow the Renaissance).

Louis XVIII's Constitutional Charter

A liberal Constitution which said economic and social gains made by sections of the middle class and peasantry during French Revolution were protected, great intellectual and artistic freedom permitted, and parliament with upper and lower houses was instituted.

William Gladstone - Whig

A liberal prime minister who supported Robert Peel, free trade, the repeal of the Corn Laws, and efficient administration; lowered taxes and governmental expenditures

Guillotine

A machine for beheading people, used as a means of execution during the French Revolution.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs.

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Diet of Worms - 1521

A meeting of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V's imperial diet at Worms in 1521, at which Martin Luther was summoned to appear. Luther committed himself there to the cause of Protestant reform, and his teaching was formally condemned in the Edict of Worms

Experimental method

A method of investigation used to demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships by purposely manipulating one factor thought to produce change in another factor.

Geocentric

A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars.

Mississippi Company

A monopoly on trading privileges with Louisiana in North America. Took over management of French national debt. Issued shares of its own stock in exchange for government bonds.

Enclosure

A movement in England during the 1600s and 1700s in which the government took public lands and sold them off to private landowners--contributing to a population shift toward the cities and a rise in agricultural productivity.

Zionism

A movement to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine

National Convention

A national meeting of delegates elected in primaries, caucuses, or state conventions who assemble once every four years to nominate candidates for president and vice president, ratify the party platform, elect officers, and adopt rules.

Jan van Eyck

A northern renaissance painter, painted the picture of Arnolfini and his wife

Frankfurt Parliament (1848)

A parliament that met in Frankfurt Germany in order to decide on the aspects of the New Germany. The main controversy was how large the new country was to be, and how to decide what groups should be included; attempt to unify Germany

Community controls

A pattern of cooperation and common action in a traditional village that sought to uphold the economic, social, and moral stability of the closely knit community.

Renaissance Man

A person who is successful when it comes to working, and overall universal, knew how to dance, fight, sing, write poetry, and how to create art, and well educated with the classics.

People's Charter (1839, 1842, 1848)

A petition sent to Parliament, demanding voting rights for all men, vote by secret ballot, annual elections, and pay for reps in parliament

Republicanism

A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.

skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Deism

A popular Enlightenment era belief that there is a God, but that God isn't involved in people's lives or in revealing truths to prophets.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Protestant

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church

Pieta

A sculpture by Michelangelo of Mary and Jesus

Martin Luther

A sixteenth-century German religious leader; the founder of Protestantism. Luther, a priest of the Roman Catholic Church, began the Reformation by posting his Ninety-five Theses, which attacked the church for allowing the sale of indulgences

Janissary Corps

A soldier of the Ottoman Empire in an elite guard organized in the 1300s and abolished in 1826.

Purgatory

A state of final purification or cleansing, which one may need to enter following death and before entering Heaven

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Nationalism - the impact on the Austro-Hungarian Empire

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Enlightened absolutism

A system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Diplomatic Revolution of 1756

A term applied to the reversal of longstanding diplomatic alliances which were upheld until the War of Austrian Succession and then reversed in the Seven Years' War.

Economic nationalism

A term used to describe policies which emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital. It opposes globalization in many cases, or at least it questions the benefits of unrestricted free trade.

Utilitarianism

A theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Bentham argued that this principle should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system.

"Golden Age"

A time in a culture of high achievement in arts, literature, and science. Generally occurs in times of peace.

Council of Blood

A tribunal, officially known as the 'Council of Troubles', established by the duke of Alba

Serfdom

A type of labor commonly used in feudal systems in which the laborers work the land in return for protection but they are bound to the land and are not allowed to leave or to peruse their a new occupation. This was common in early Medeival Europe as well as in Russia until the mid 19th century.

Pacification of Ghent

A union between Catholic provinces and Protestant provinces against Spain. It declared internal regional sovereignty in matters of religion.

Wet nursing

A widespread and flourishing business in the eighteenth century in which (usually lower class peasant) women were paid to breast-feed other women's babies. In the latter half of the 18th Century this practice became less common as attitudes toward raising children changed

First International - the International of Socialists

AKA the International Working Men's Association. It was an eclectic gathering eventually headed by Karl Marx, who used the First International to spread his ideas about socialism and the need for revolution in the capitalist society

Marxists and Socialists - The First International

AKA the International Working Men's Association. It was an eclectic gathering eventually headed by Karl Marx, who used the First International to spread his ideas about socialism and the need for revolution in the capitalist society

National Convention 1793

Abolished monarchy, now a republic

Second Peace of Paris, 1815

After Napoleon's final defeat, restored Louis the 18th to the throne, France looses some territory, especially along the Rhine, France is forced to pay 700 million francs to the Quadruple Alliance, as well as house armies of occupation for the next 5 years

The Great Fear

After an angry mob of French citizens stormed and destroyed the Bastille, a prison, rebellion spread from Paris into the countryside. From one village to the next, wild rumors circulated that the nobles were hiring outlaws to terrorize the peasants. A wave of senseless panic called the Great Fear rolled through France.

North German Confederation

After the Austro-Prussian War, the German states north of Main River organized into this organization controlled by Prussia.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

After the February Revolution in Paris in 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected President in France simply on the basis of name recognition among the newly enfranchised voters. He soon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III. France prospered under him for two decades.

Austrian Empire (Vienna, Austria rebellion of 1848)

After the Turks were defeated in 1687, all of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia came under Hapsburg rule, thus establishing in southeastern Europe, this empire.

States General

Also known as Federal Assembly, handled foreign affairs and wars, but no sovereign authority

Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) (1866)

Also known as the Seven Weeks' War. This war was between Austria and Prussia, with Italy helping Prussia. It was over control of the German Confederation. Prussia won, and created the North German Confederation, of which Austria was not a part, and Italy received Venetia.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Foundling homes

Although these homes for unwanted infants, established with funding from governments and charities, were receiving up to 100,00 children annually in 1800, there still were insufficient places for all of the abandoned babies

Henry Stanley

American journalist who traveled Africa in search of Dr. Livingstone; helped King Leopold II establish the Congo Free State.

Dual Monarchy (1866) (Compromise of 1867 - The Ausgleich)

An 1867 compromise between the Germans of Austria and the Magyars of Hungary to resolve the nationalities problem by creating the Empire of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary, with a common ministry for finance, foreign affairs, and war

Whig Parrty

An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer responsible for the European discovery of America in 1492

John Wycliffe & the Lollards

An Oxford Professor came up with the following doctrines: 1) the bible is the supreme authority, 2) clergy should hold no property, and 3) transubstantiation has no biblical basis. Lollards are a group of people who took these doctrines and radicalized them after his death.

Combination Acts, 1799 (unions)

An act passed by Britain that outlawed the association of workers, as a result of the French Revolution. It did not prevent trade unions, though.

FACTORY ACT of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Concordat [with Pope Pius VII] of 1801

An agreement made with Pope Pius VII to restore relationship with the Church

Giotto

An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

Post-Impressionism

An artistic movement that expressed world that could not normally be seen, like dreams and fantasy.

Impressionism

An artistic movement that sought to capture a momentary feel, or impression, of the piece they were drawing

Estates General

An assembly that represented the entire French population through three groups, known as estates; King Louis XVI called this in May 1789 to discuss the financial crises.

Natural philosophy

An early modern term for the study of the nature of the universe, its purpose, and how it functioned; it encompassed what we would call "science" today.

Consumer economy

An economy that depends on a large amount of spending by consumers

Austro-Hungarian Empire

An empire that included Austria and Hungary. Austria let the Hungarians (who wanted freedom) become a separate kingdom, but kept them linked to Austria

Ursuline Order of Nuns

An enormous prestige for education of women, it taught them to be good mothers and wives, it spread very quickly through Europe

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements

Holland

Another name for the Netherlands; Amsterdam

heresy

Any belief that is strongly opposed to established beliefs

Luddites

Any of a group of British workers who between 1811 and 1816 rioted and destroyed laborsaving textile machinery in the belief that such machinery would diminish employment.

Baroque art

Art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit.

Karl Marx & Friedrich Engles - The Communist Manifesto (1848)

Atheistic lawyer, who became the father of Marxian Socialism, wrote the Communist Manifesto based on Utopian socialism; book outlined how every society in the world would eventually reach communism

Chartist movement

Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the right to vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed

Austro-Prussian Rivalry

Austria was excluded from the Zollverein. Meanwhile, the Prussian economy was blooming. Austria feared a united Prussian state

Battle of Austerlitz, 1805 (Battle of the Three Emperors)

Austria, Russia, Sweden, Britain = Third Coalition; Napoleon defeats Austria and Russia; proved France to be superior on land (due to national army)

Hapsburg

Austrian empire family

Prince Clemens von Metternich

Austrian member of the nobility and chief architect of conservative policy at the Congress of Vienna (1773-1859)

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austrian minister, believed in the policies of legitimacy and intervention (the military to crush revolts against legitimacy). Leader of the Congress of Vienna

William I

Authoritarian emperor of Germany who made Germany the strongest military and industry power in Europe, though he had a two-house legislature

Excommunication

Banishment from the church

Heliocentric

Based on the belief that the sun is the center of the universe

Constitutionalism

Basic principle that government and those who govern must obey the law; the rule of law

1830 Belgium

Belgian Revolution, belgium was able to prosper

Economic Liberalism

Belief in strong government intervention in the economy to promote stability & prosperity (example, Keynesian fiscal policy)

Corsica

Birthplace of Napoleon (Mediterranean)

Simony

Bishops selling positions in the Church; The sin of buying or selling of ecclesiastical offices, sacraments, grace, benefices, or other sacred things.

Kulturkampf (Bismarck "Real Politik")

Bismarck's "battle for civilization," in which his goal was to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church; Church won

Bohemian Phase

Bohemian people regreted their choice of Fernadan as their ruler becasue he attempted to Catholize Bohemia (which happened to be Calvinist because of John Hus), after wards the people elected Frederic the V

Albert of Wallenstein (Albrecht von Wallenstein)

Bohemian soldier and statesman, commanding general of the armies of the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II during the Thirty Years' War. His alienation from the emperor and his political-military conspiracies led to his assassination

Archbishop Thomas Cranmer

Book of Common Prayer 1549, archbishop of the new church

The Republic

Book written by Plato that describes an ideal state with wise philosopher-king leaders, warriors, and masses living in harmony

Index of Prohibited Books

Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe

Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat

Bourgeoisie- middle class who had no privileges and had to pay taxes; Third Estate Proletariat: classless society; group of people rise to power; kill bourgeoisie; classless society

David Lloyd George - Liberal

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Queen Victoria (1837-1901)

British Queen under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power and was against Women's Suffrage; represented loyalty and hard work

Cecil Rhodes

British colonial financier and statesman in South Africa made a fortune in gold and diamond mining; helped colonize the territory now known as Zimbabwe

Poor Law of 1834

British legislation that restricted the number of poverty-stricken eligible for aid

Sir Robert Peel - "Bobbies"

British police force whose primary goal was the prevention of crime. Named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the legislation that created the force.

Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)

British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Union of South Africa

British-controlled but self-governing state of South Africa

Greek Independence of 1830

Broke off from Ottoman Empire

Charles "Turnip" Townsend

Brought crop rotation to England

Crystal Palace

Building erected in Hyde Park, London, for the Great Exhibition of 1851. Made of iron and glass, like a gigantic greenhouse, it was a symbol of the industrial age.

Jan Huss

Burned at the stake for saying the Bible had greater authority than the Pope.

Geneva

Calvinism

Istanbul

Capital of the Ottoman Empire; named this after 1453 and the sack of Constantinople.

Transubstantiation

Catholic doctrine of the Eucharist (ch. 14): that when the bread and wine (the elements) are consecrated by the priest at Mass, they are transformed into the actual Body and Blood of Christ.

Otto von Bismarck (Iron Chancellor)

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria and France and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire

Attitudes toward children after 1760

Changed from a view of indifference to a view of affection.

Diet of Augsburg

Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) sought unity against Turkish/Ottoman threat by attempting to reconcile Catholics and Lutherans

Montesquieu

Checks and balances, seperation of powers

Cardinal Fleury

Chief minister, tried to solve France's financial problems but didn't because France entered the War of Austrian Succesion

Law of Inertia

Choose the other name for Newton's first law of motion

Roman Catholic Church

Church established in western Europe during the Roman Empire and the Middle Ages with its head being the pope.

Communes

Collective farms grouped together to organize farming and plan public services

1848

Communist Manifesto

Seven Years War (1756-1763)

Conflict between major European power with France, Austria and Russia on one side and Britain and Prussia on the othe

Ludwig von Beethoven

Contrasting themes and tones to produce dramatic conflict and inspiring resolutions extended and broke open classical forms of music; music reflected deep feelings; fear, sadness, horror, pain; became deaf over time

Corn Laws of 1815

Corn Laws of 1815 Laws that placed a high tax on imported corn, raising the prices significantly; massive controversy around since this benefitted few and hurt many

Peasant soldiers

Cossacks

The English Church

Created by Henry VIII; kept many Catholic practices but he wanted a legal divorce

White collar

Crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

The Protectorate

Cromwell's nickname

Johann Eck

Debated Luther in public

Tennis Court Oath

Declaration mainly by members of the Third Estate not to disband until they had drafted a constitution for France (June 20, 1789).

Lower infant mortality

Declining family size and lower infant mortality rates. These have encouraged parents to make a greater financial and emotional investment in the fewer children that they now have

Isaac Newton

Defined the laws of motion and gravity. Tried to explain motion of the universe; father of physics

The Encyclopedia

Denis Diderot

"rotten boroughs"

Depopulated areas of England that nevertheless sent representatives to Parliament.

Analytic geometry

Descartes

Cartesian dualism

Descartes, states that there are two kinds of foundation: mental and body. This philosophy states that the mental cannot exist outside of the body, and the body cannot think.

Deductive reasoning

Descartes; a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true

Baldassare Castiglione - Book of the Courtier - 1528

Described the ideal of a Renaissance man who was well versed in the Greek and Roman classics, and accomplished warrior, could play music, dance, and had a modest but confident personal demeanor. It outlined the qualities of a true gentleman.

Copernicus

Devised a model of the universe with the Sun at the center, and not earth.

City States

Different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers; italy used to be made up of these and there was a major war between them

John Cabot and Jacques Cartier

Discovered parts of North America

Johannes Kepler

Discovered planets move in elliptical orbits

Popolo

Disenfranchised common people in Italian cities who resented their exclusion from power.

Balance of power

Distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong (especially in Europe

Partition of Poland

Division of Polish territory among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in 1772, 1793, and 1795; eliminated Poland as independent state; part of expansion of Russian influence in eastern Europe.

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

Georges Seurat - Pointillism

Dots and shit

Waterloo, 1815

Duke of Wellington predicted Napoleon's moves when Napoleon marched against English and Prussia, Napoleon abdicated the throne for the second time

Dutch Golden Age

Dutch farming, advanced shipping, unified political leadership, profitable banking, seaborne empire, religious toleration all factors for success. Decline due to death of William III (stadtholder), decline of naval and fishing industry.

Zollverein (Germans)

Economic customs union of German states established in 1818 by Prussia and including almost all German-speaking states except Austria by 1844

Frederick of the Palatinate

Elector Palatine (1610-23), and, as Frederick I (Czech: Fridrich Falcký), King of Bohemia (1619-20); for his short reign he is often nicknamed the Winter King

Guild system

Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master).

"What is the Third Estate"

Emmanuel Sieyes

Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire (1729-1796)

Denis Diderot

Encyclopedia

George Stevenson - THE ROCKET, 1830

Engineer who built the first inner city rail lines that used locomotive; Invented the rocket in 1830 it was designed to adapt to Watts steam engine to make fast moving locomotives carrying goods

Anne I

England and Scotland were joined during the reign of

Oliver Cromwell

English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War

Jethro Tull

English inventor advocated the use of horses instead of oxen. Developed the seed drill and selective breeding.

MINES ACT OF 1842

English law prohibiting underground work for all women and girls as well as for boys under ten.

Thomas Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator

George I

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

George II

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

George III

English monarch at the time of the revolution. He was the main opposition for the colonies due to his stubborn attitude and unwillingness to hear out colonial requests/grievances.

Florence Nightingale

English nurse remembered for her work during the Crimean War

Francis Bacon {"twist the lion's tail"}

English statesman and philosopher; precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning

William Blake - "satanic mills"

Engraver with visions, prophetic works and engravings, rebel. (Major works: Songs of Innocence, Songs of Experience, Marriage of Heaven and Hell, The Tiger)

Frederick the Great of Prussia

Enlightened leader, servant of the state

Guiseppe Mazzini

Essential characteristics of a nationality are common ideas, common principles, and common purpose; most important nationalist leader in Italian Unification, known as the soul of Italian unification; wanted to establish a republic

The Directory

Established after the Reign of Terror / National Convention; a five man group as the executive branch of the country; incompetent and corrupt, only lasted for 4 years.

Paris Commune in March, 1871

Established by a group of French radical patriots who refused to give up in the Franco-Prussian War, and wanted to independantly rule Paris

Code Napoleon (Napoleonic Code) - 1804

FRANCE forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.

On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Famous book by Nicolaus Copernicus that was never published due to fear of ridicule from fellow astronomers.

Francesco Petrarch

Father of Humanism

Cardinal Richelieu ("favorite")

Favorite to Louis XIII

Ivan IV (The Terrible)

Feared ruler, brought time of troubles, first Tsar of Russia

Sergei Witte

Finance minister under whom Russia industrialized and began a program of economic modernization, founder of the Transiberian Railroad.

High Clergy

First Estate

Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia (and Piedmont)

First King of Italy, who was originally king of Sardinia. King of a untied Italy. Takes the Piedmont from Austria

Russia, Prussia, Austria and Great Britain

Five great powers which countries were the great powers following the napoleonic era

Congress of Vienna

Following Napoleon's exile, this meeting of European rulers in Austria established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed, as would imperial expansion, and the creation of new countries in Europe.

Second International (1889)

Formed by socialist leaders- a federation of national socialist parties-great psychological impact-delegates met to interpret Marxian doctrines and plan coordinated action

Liberal Party (Whigs)

Formerly known as the Whig Party; Free public education; gave financial support to private and church schools; equal rights for all

Seven Years' War )

Fought between France/Russia and Prussia- Frederick kept fighting against heavy odds and was saved when Peter III took Russian throne and called off the war.

John Calvin

Founder of Calvinism

Puritan "Separatists"

Founders of New England were Puritan separatists who were escaping religious persecution and on the search for religious freedom

Habsburg-Valois Wars

France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states.

Estates

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners

Estates General

France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners. The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Frederick of Saxony

Frederick protected Luther from the pope

"first servant of the State" (Frederick)

Frederick the great, what he called himself

Marquis de Lafayette - National Guard

French General who joined the Continental army during the American Revolution

Royalist Coup, 1795 (Vendémiaire Coup)

French Revolutionaries vs Royalists in streets of Paris under Napoleon

National Assembly

French Revolutionary assembly. Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.

Joan of Arc

French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king

Olympe de Gouges - Declaration of the Rights of Women

French journalist who published the declaration of rights of women and the female citizens.

Claude Monet - Giverny, France

French painter impressionism

Eduarde Manet

French painter, one of the first to do impressionism instead of realism

Pierre Bayle

French philosopher and critic. Considered the progenitor of 18th-century rationalism, he compiled the famous Dictionnaire historique et critique (1697) and championed the cause of religious tolerance

Duke of Sully

French politician. As chief minister to Henry IV, he replenished the treasury and encouraged agriculture and industry

Jean-Paul Marat

French revolutionary leader, journalist, and scientist (Switzerland) who was a leader in overthrowing the Girondists and was stabbed to death in his bath by Charlotte Corday (1743-1793)

Victor Hugo - Hunchback of Notre Dame (1831)

French romantic novel

Tychonic Model

GEOCENTRIC model of solar system

Peter III of Russia

Gained throne in 1762. Peace with Prussia. 220 laws. made Russia bankrupt. acted like an eleven year old. married to Catherine the Great

Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World

Galileo's most famous work; widely available because it was written in Italian versus Latin; perceived as a defense of the Copernican system; caused Galileo to be placed on house arrest

Theodor Herzl - the Zionist movement

German Jewish Politician who advocated the policy of Zionism and the creation of a nation state for all Jewish people

Social Democrat Party

German party that worked to pass laws for improving conditions of the working class. Participated in the Reichstag. Worked for electoral gains, expansion of its membership, and short-term political and social reform.

Electors

German princes who chose the Holy Roman emperor, no real power

Sovereignty and sovereign

Giving the States more rights to choose rulers

Mary (daughter to James) and William (of Orange) - William and Mary (William III and Mary II)

Glorious Revolution

Predestination [no "Free will"]

God has already chosen who will be saved

Signori

Government by one-man rule in Italian cities such as Milan

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Cahiers de dolence

Grievances given to Louis by the people

The Plain

Group in the middle of the Convention who were not directly tied to either the Jacobins or the Girondins.

Aristocracy

Group of the most wealthy and privileged

Charles VII of France

He began France's long recovery after the Hundred Years' War. He made important contributions to France by reorganizing the royal council, strengthening royal finances through issuing taxes; he also remodeled the army, and took France out of an economic depression.

Richard Arkwright - Water Frame

He created a spinning machine that had a capacity of several hundred spindles and used waterpower; it therefore required a larger and more specialized mill — a factory.

Alexander I (1801-1825)

He eased censorship, and promoted education, he talked about freeing the serfs, he then drew back from reform; famous for defeating Napoleon

James Watt - Steam Engine (improved), 1760s

He invented a more efficient steam engine, patented in 1769. It superseded the early models. The steam engine was a breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 that burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump.

James Hargreaves - Spinning Jenny, 1765

He invented a simple, inexpensive, hand-powered spinning machine that was used for textiles in 1765 called the spinning jenny.

Edmund Cartwright - Power Loom

He invented the power loom in order to save on labor costs. But the power looms of the factories worked poorly at first, and did not replace handlooms until the 1820s.

Thomas More

He was a English humanist that contributed to the world today by revealing the complexities of man. He wrote Utopia, a book that represented a revolutionary view of society.

Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte III (1853-1871)

He was a french military and political leader who raised prominence during the French Revolution the directory was in place when he seized power. Political instability of the directory. He promised order after the chaos of the revolution.

Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations - 1776

He was a scottish economist in wealth of nations, he said that the free market should be allowed to regulate business activity

Son, Edward

Henry VIII's only son

Henry II (France)

Henry pursued his father's policies in matter of arts, wars and religion. He persevered in the Italian Wars against the House of Habsburg and tried to suppress the Protestant Reformation even as the Huguenots became an increasingly large minority in France during his reign

George Haussmann

Hired by Napoleon III, responsible for rebuilding Paris. Made wider streets (boulevards) which encouraged expansion and caused less traffic. Also built aqueducts, improved sewers, put zoning laws in place, and created open spaces.

Rene Maupeou

His "coup" provokes Parlements by trying to make the vingtienne tax permanent

Trial of Galileo

His findings frightened the Church because they went against church teachings and authority. He was forced to confess that the ideas of Copernicus were false in order to save his life.

Electors of Brandenburg and Dukes of Prussia

Hohenzollern

Prussia

Hohenzollern family ruled this; bismarck, etc.

Schonbrunn Palace in Vienna

Hohenzollerns family palace Prussia

Schleiswig and Holstein

Holestein was a part of the German confederation, but was ruled by Denmark. Denmark wanted full control of this province, but with the help of Austria, Prussia defeated Denmark. Schleswig and Holstein were to be jointly ruled by Austria and Prussia.

Henry IV - Bourbon Dynasty (Henri le Grand)

Holy Roman emperor and king of Germany (1056-1106) who struggled for power with Pope Gregory VII. Twice excommunicated, Henry appointed an antipope (1084) to crown him emperor, invaded Italy, and was dethroned by his sons.

Marie Therese

Holy Roman empress (1745-1780), archduchess of Austria, and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740-1780) whose reign was marked by the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-1748) and the Seven Years' War (1756-1763)

Jansenism

Ideas of 17th century French Catholics who favored Calvinist interpretation of Christianity just the same.

Bartholomeu Dias & Cape of Good Hope

In 1488, Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias (c. 1450-1500) became the first European mariner to round the southern tip of Africa, opening the way for a sea route from Europe to Asia. Dias' ships rounded the perilous Cape of Good Hope and then sailed around Africa's southernmost point, Cabo das Agulhas, to enter the waters of the Indian Ocean.

Michael Romanov

In 1613 an assembly of nobles chose him as the new czar. For the next 300 years his family ruled in Russia (1613-1633); after the time of troubles

Henry Cort - Puddling furnace

In the 1780s, he developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke. He also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form.

Papal dispensation

In the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church, a dispensation is the exemption from the immediate obligation of law in certain cases

Dreyful Affair

Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason and giving info. to the Germans; led to the rise of anti-semitism

"Jewel" in the British Empire

India's nickname for having a lot of resources/things that the British needed

"sweated industries"

Industries that flourished after 1850 and resembled the old putting-out and cottage industries. Employed women who were paid by the piece. Provided pitiful wages; lacked job security

Tycho Brahe

Influenced by Copernicus; Built observatory and collected data on the locations of stars and planets for over 20 years; His limited knowledge of mathematics prevented him from making much sense out of the data.

Second Industrial Revolution

Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

October Manifesto

Issued by Nicholas II, attempted to quiet strikes, local revolts, promised freedom of speech and assembly, called the Duma into session; full civil rights

"the ends justifies the means"

It is acceptable to do anything as long as the result is what you want.

Sardinia and Piedmont (Italian)

Italian nationalists looked for leadership from this kingdom. it was the largest and most powerful of the Italian states.

Raphael, Titian

Italian renaissance painters; School of athens, Sacred and Profane love

Cardinal Mazarin

Italian-born French cardinal who exercised great political influence as adviser to the regent during Louis XIV's youth

Czechs and other nationalities in the Empire

Italians, Slovenes, Ukrainians, Germans, Hungarians (Magyars), Slovaks

Naples and Siciliy (Bourbon)

Italy

Giuseppe Mazzini - Young Italy

Italy idealistic patriot; preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal suffrage and the will of the people; founded Young Italy

Atoms

JJ Thompson

Maximillian Robespierre

Jacobin leader of the Committee of Public Safety, led during Reign of Terror, got head chopped off by the National Convention

Duke of Buckingham

James I's secret lover. His closeness to James I made many of the members of his court upset. He encouraged James to enforce impositions

"No bishop, no king"

James VI

Strict moral code

John Calvin set up a type of religious-city-state that was run by this

Methodists

John Wesley organized a Holy Club for similarly minded students who were known as "Methodists." He was inspired by the Pietism revival in Germany. The converts formed Methodist cells and eventually resulted in a new denomination. (p.682)

Assembly of Clergy

June 1788

Emperor of Germany

Kaiser Wilhelm

Flight to Varennes

King Louis XVI and his families attempt to escape paris; made it only to Varennes where they were arrested and put on house arrest. End of French Monarchy

William of Orange (William the Silent)

King William III and Queen Mary II of England, who ruled jointly after the Glorious Revolution of 1688 had expelled Mary's father, King James II.

Ferdinand Hapsburg (King of Bohemia, Emperor)

King of Bohemia until the Defenestration of Prague, then became HRE

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which Charles was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Louis XV

King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Louis XVI

King of France (r.1774-1792 CE). In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but he did not grant the reforms that were demanded and revolution followed. Louis and his queen, Marie Antoinette, were executed in 1793.

Frederick I

King of Prussia (1713-1740) who strengthened the army and diversified the economy of his dominion

Nicholas II (1894-1917)

Last tsar of Russia; married his German girlfriend; ordered repression; family man- his son had hemophilia

Benjamin Disraeli - Tory

Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class; added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings

Confederation of the Rhine, 1806

League of German States organized by Napoleon in 1813 after defeating the Austrians at Austerlitz. The league collapsed after Napoleon's defeat in Russia.

Natural Rights - life, liberty, property

Locke believed people were entitled to these

Bourgeois Monarchy

Louis Philippe's government. There was a glaring lack of social legislation and politics were dominated by corruption and selfish special interests. Only the rich voted for deputies, many of which were docile bureaucrats.

"Sun King"

Louis XIV

Execution of Louis XVI - Jan 21, 1793

Louis XVI was killed due to his monarchial views on ruling France, which all of the citizens greatly disagreed with

Restoration of the Bourbon Dynasty

Louis XVIII issued constitutional charter. Granted what most of the French people wanted Promised legal equality, eligibility of all to public office without regard to class Parliamentary government, bicameral Recognized Napoleonic codes Abolition of feudal privileges and manorial rights Restoration of peace.. Louis XVIII was restored under the suggestion of Talleyrand. Louis XVIII because there would be no dispute to his legitimacy to the throne.

Wars of Louis XIV

Louis waged three major wars and revoked (1685) the Edict of Nantes, causing thousands of Huguenots to leave France.

September Massacres

Louis's imprisonment was followed by the September massacres. Wild stories seized the city that imprisoned counter-revolutionary aristocrats/priests were plotting with the allied invaders. As a results, angry crowds invaded the prisons of Paris and summarily slaughtered half the men and women they found.

Reichstag

Lower house of the German parliament which was responsible for making that nation's law

Second Reform Bill of 1867

Lowered the monetary requirements for voting which increased the number of voters from about one million to slightly over two million

Emperor Napoleon

Made himself emperor with the support of the French people

Departments

Major administrative units with responsibility for a broad area of government operations. Departmental status usually indicates a permanent national interest in a particular governmental function, such as defense, commerce, or agriculture.

Mannerism

Mannerism exaggerates such qualities, often resulting in compositions that are asymmetrical or unnaturally elegant

Cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Archduchess of Austria, Holy Roman Empress

Maria Theresa

Albert of Saxe-Coburg/Gotha

Married to Queen Victoria, narrow minded, socially awkward and tactless, organized the Great Exposition; died in 1861 of typhoid

St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre (1572)

Massacre of huguenots by Catholics. May or may not have been planned by Catherine de Medici

Bastille

Medieval fortress that was converted to a prison stormed by peasants for ammunition during the early stages of the French Revolution.

All the coalitions

Meeting of countries to attempt at peace

Sistine Chapel Ceiling

Michelangelo painted on this

Bourgeois

Middle class

sultan

Military and political leaders of the Ottoman empire with absolute authority over a Muslim country

Virtu

Moral excellence and righteousness; an inclination and habitual preference for the good.

Jacobin Club

Most of the people involved in the governmental changes in September 1792 were members of a radical political organization, the Jacobin Club