Surveying, Chapters 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, & 7

Give two disadvantages of using loose-leaf notebooks for recording surveying data. What general information should a field book contain?

1.) Pages can be lost, and "cooked up" notes and easily be inserted. 2.) Project name, location, date, name of members and their duties, as well as instruments utilized, and their serial numbers. Weather conditions should be included as well. Also, the data collected, obviously!

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A configuration of computer hardware and software capable of rapidly storing, manipulating, analyzing and mapping a large amount of wide variety of geographically referent data.

Blunder

A significant mistake caused by human error = Gross error.

What surveying instrument is used to measure angles?

A theodolite, or transit is utilized to measure both horizontal and vertical angles.

Infastructure

All the constructed facilities and systems that allow human communities to function and thrive productively.

The following interpret surveying data:

Architects, Construction Contractors, geologists, urban planners, and civil engineers.

Mean Sea Level (MSL)

Average level of the ocean.

What is one of the most important rules with regard to survey field notes? Why is it important? List three important rules.

Be neat and thorough. This rule is important, because it is a direct reflection of the entire surveying effort.

Route Survey

Consists horizontal and vertical control to obtain topographic data, and to lay out the positions of highways, railroads, streets, pipelines, or any other linear project.

Vertical Control Survey

Consists of elevations of relatively permanent reference points that are determined by precise leveling methods.

Construction/Layout/Location Survey

Consists of marking of the position of new points on the ground.

Surveying is the link between...

Design and Construction

Topographic Survey

Determines the relative horizontal and vertical positions of existing natural and constructed features on a tract of land.

EDM

Electronic Distance Measuring

What are the educational and experience requirements for admission to the Land Surveyor examination?

Four year degree (preferably civil engineering), must include 10 hours of survey instruction, and all degrees must be obtained from an ABET-accredited school, or associate's degree in survey technology, or six years of experience in land surveying that is divided between office and field experience.

Why is surveying characterized as both an art and science?

It is considered an art because you need skill, and experience to survey, and it is considered an applied science because you need to apply mathematics, and physics when collecting data, or during computations.

Will surveying equipment (devices) completely replace conventional field books?

No, because the art and science of application of fundamental principles of surveying accurately cannot be accomplished fully with electronic field book but conventional field books can do it.

Distinguish the difference between plane surveying and geodetic surveying.

Plane surveying does not account for the curvature of the Earth, while Geodetic surveying accounts for the curvature of the Earth.

Why is proper recording of field notes a very important part of surveying practice?

Proper recording of field notes is very important because information could be interpreted incorrectly, and have negative effects.

List and explain the six types of specific surveying applications.

Property Survey: performed to establish the positions of boundary lines and property corners. Route Survey: performed to establish horizontal and vertical control, to obtain topographic data, and to lay out the positions of highways, railroads, streets, pipelines, or any other "linear" project. Hydrographic Survey: a preliminary survey conducted on a body of water to acquire data for mapping the shoreline and for charting water depths of a river, lake, or harbor. Topographic Survey: performed to determine the relative position of already existing natural and constructed features on a tract of land. Construction Survey: performed to mark the new points on the ground. Reconnaissance Survey: a preliminary survey conducted to obtain rough data regarding a tract of land.

What is the basic advantage of using data collector or an electronic field book for recording surveying measurements?

Rapid handling, storing and retrieval of huge data.

Systematic Error ( Mechanical Error, or Cumulative Error)

Repetitive errors that are caused by imperfections in the surveying equipment

GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System)

Satellites which send signals to perform modern geodetic control surveys

Briefly outline the historical development of surveying.

Surveying originated as far back as 5000 years ago in ancient Egypt, and has been utilized too accurately and squarely lay out the Great pyramid in relation to the true meridian. We've gone from using tied ropes, and other primitive tools to EDM's, Total Stations, plumb bob's, and other useful equipment to acquire distance, and angle measurement data in relation to natural, and existing structures.

Most Probable Value

The average value of the different measurements is taken to be the true or most probable value.

What is the basic assumption of plane surveying?

The basic assumption is that the Earth is flat.

Level Surface

The curved surface of the sphere.

Accuracy

The degree of perfection OBTAINED in the survey.

Error of Closure

The difference between a measured quantity and its true or actual value.

Define Surveying. What are its two fundamental Purposes?

The measurement of distances and angles. Purposes:determine relative positions of already existing points or object on or near the surface of the earth. 2nd.) Create, or mark new points for future reference.

95% error (E95)

The most probable error that has a 95 percent chance of either being exceeded or not being exceeded in a particular measurement.

Relative Accuracy

The ratio of the euro of closure to the actual distance. Ex. (1:2,000, or 1:D/C)

Leveling

The relative vertical positions of several points separated by long distances can be determined by a continuous series of level rod observations

Explains how GIS helps communities plan for the future.

The scope of capabilities are able to help communities for the future because the database comprises of maps, aerial photographs, and other sources of vector-based maps

Property/Land/Title/Boundary Survey

This establishes the positions of boundary lines and property corners.

Purpose of surveying

To determine the relative positions of existing objects on or near the surface of the earth. The second is to lay out the positions of new objects that are to be placed on the surface.

What is the basic purpose of statewide professional licensure laws?

To safeguard the public welfare by ensuring that only qualified personas engage in offering professional services to the public.

Accidental Errors (Random Error)

Unavoidable errors in observation that are generally beyond the control of the surveyor.

Total-Station or Electronic Recording Tacheometer

Used to measure and record distances and angles and compute coordinates.

Steel Tape

Used to measure horizontal distances

Level and Level Rod

Used to measure vertical distances or elevations

Is horizontal distance a perfectly straight line? Why?

Yes, because the horizontal distance is acquired after we denote that a surface is level. Also, no, because, we do not account for the curvature of the Earth's surface.

Define Elevation

a vertical distance measured above or below a benchmark or reference surface.

The practice of surveying must...

achieve maximum accuracy with a minimum expenditure of time and money.

Plane Surveying

assumes that the Earth is flat and all measurements are on a flat surface

Horizontal Control Survey

consists of several points placed in the ground by the surveyor, using wooden stakes or concrete monuments.

Horizontal Direction

is the direction perpendicular (at an angle of 90 deg.) to the vertical direction of gravity.

Surveying is an art because...

it is dependent upon the skill, judgement, and experience of the surveyor.

Reconnaissance Survey

preliminary survey conducted to get very rough data regarding a tract of land.

Hydrographic Survey

survey applied to a natural body of water.

Geodetic Surveying

takes into consideration the curvature of the Earth, so a true horizontal distance is actually curved, like the surface of the earth. Used to map large areas and to establish large-scale networks of points on the earth for horizontal and vertical control.

Precision

the degree of perfection USED

Vertical Direction

the direction of gravity, and is equivalent to a difference in height between two points.

Transit or Theodolite

used to measures both horizontal and vertical angles