T&HS study guide exam 4

After taking part in the war, bin Laden returned to Pakistan and joined Azzam in a new venture:

registering all the foreign jihadists in a single computer database.

Operational power in the Tupamaros was vested in the lower-echelon units. Columns were organized for both _____________

combatant (operational) and staff (logistical) functions.

According to the Southern Poverty Law Center (2011), more than _____________ police officers have been killed in confrontations with sovereign citizens.

30

Hamas's military wing, the __________________ , is named after a martyr from the time of the British occupation of Palestine.

Izz el Din al Qassam Brigades

Al Shabaab claimed responsibility for setting off a bomb in Uganda in 2010 during the _________________championships,

World Cup football

Ryan says that ______________ and its associated networks explain revolutionary theory in an ideological manner similar to the IRA.

al Qaeda

Law enforcement's role in national defense is to continue efforts at ______________

community partnerships.

Kayyem and Howitt believe that partnerships are the key to _________________________

community planning.

Michael Vatis (1999) points to another area: _____________. Police agencies need to protect their own information infrastructures

cyber security

The Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)

joined the Shining Path in 1984, although it was much less violent.

Agencies are coming to grips with the concept of homeland security because, in its most rudimentary form, the term means

keeping the country safe.

There is a great deal of tension between theoretical criminologists and ___________ analysts who look for an immediate solution to a specific problem.

practical

The vast majority FBI of violations dealt with ____________________________that agents were not authorized to collect.

storing information from e-mails and Internet service providers

Uruguay's Tupamaros union organizers were composed of_________

sugar workers

As survivalist ideology grew in the 1980s, the free-wheeling fundamentalists turned to a new idea—_____________

the militia movement

As survivalist ideology grew in the 1980s, the free-wheeling fundamentalists turned to a new idea___________

the militia movement .

classical criminologist produce

theories and concepts

The Tupamaros epitomized _____________

urban terrorism.

In weber's ideal, The bureaus work together to produce a _____________outcome.

v

The MeK fought against the revolutionary government of _____________.

Iran

Golan Heights:

Region in Syria overlooking Israel

National Liberation Movement:

The Tupamaros' official name.

Renato Curcio: (b. 1941)

The founder and leader of the Red Brigades in Italy.

Police intelligence systems can be modeled after ________________

academic research.

Palestinian militancy is characterized by ___________

factionalism.

FARC operates in _________________ communities,

peasant

In the 2005 national budget, the DOD was allotted $7.6 billion to enhance the fortification of its bases. In the same budget, the infrastructure for the entire nation received only ________________

$2.6 billion.

The______ have become the most potent Palestinian force in the al Aqsa Intifada.

Brigades

Panama gained independence during a U.S. sponsored revolution in _________________.

1903

The Irish Republican Army raised an estimated _______________ million over a five-year period by smuggling cigarettes.

$100

How long did the cold war last?

1945-1991

Robert Matthews:

1953-1984) The leader of The Order, killed in a shoot-out with the FBI.

In January 2009, AQY became ______________, embracing rebellion in both Yemen and Saudi Arabia.

AQAP

________________intelligence involves general information about a subject and its subdisciplines.

Basic

civil defense:

Citizens engaged in homeland security.

_______________attacks civil society and civilian targets.

Terrorism

Two of Wesley Swift's disciples

William Potter Gale and Richard Butler

ELF targeted its victims with _______________

arson.

The Enlightenment brought an increased demand for _______________

democracy.

Pluchinsky argues that the ________________ stole the extremist agenda.

mainstream

The 9/11 commission criticized the FBI because:

• It did not place resources in intelligence gathering. • The division established to analyze intelligence faltered .• The bureau did not have an effective intelligence-gathering system.

Arafat's frustrations multiplied after the Six Day War in June 1967. After the Arab armies' sound defeat, Arafat's Fatah moved to center stage. An engineer edu-cated in Cairo, the self-made leader of the PLO proposed terrorizing unfortified civil-ian targets (Wallach and Wallach, 1992). Using a group of Fatah warriors known as ____________

fedayeen

Championed by the Bush Administration, the PATRIOT Act is a______________ in the debate pitting national security against civil liberties.

lightning rod

The Law Enforcement Information Network (LEIN)

links agencies to a host of bureaucracies to provide valuable information on everything from vehicle registrations to warrants.

Laws protecting access to abortion have not resulted in a backlash. Studies by William Pridemore and Joshua Freilich found that laws protecting access to abortion had _____________effect.

little

homeland security protects_____________________. It is designed to secure the United States.

lives, property, and infrastructure

Most Southerners were not fighting to preserve slavery; they were fighting to keep the power of _____________governments.

local

The importance of the noncombatant columns cannot be overemphasized—the strength of the Tupamaros came from its ________________ columns.

logistical

Zawahiri and bin Laden expanded al Qaeda and focused on the far enemy. By 1998, the year of a second declaration of war, al Qaeda had become a_______________ conglomeration of ideological cells with a hierarchy in Afghanistan.

loose

Anglo- Israelism , or British Israelism, American right-wing extremists saw white Americans as the representatives of the __________________.Wesley Swift preached this message in a radio ministry from California beginning in the late 1940s.

lost tribes of Israel.

Cyberterrorism is an attractive, ____________ strategy.

low-risk

During the Enlightenment, many Europeans began to question how they were governed, and they sought to increase the political power of the _____________

lower classes.

USA PATRIOT Act of 2001

made significant changes in the structure of federal law enforcement, was passed within weeks of the September attacks.

some ___________ (Islamic schools) in many areas of the world glamorize violence and inspire young people to join terrorist organizations

madrassas

There is an interesting aspect to gender roles in the Naxalite movement. When it first began in 1967, females began protest movements, sometimes resulting in violence. Eventually, many joined the militants in the jungles. Many women regarded their activities as a "__________________," a time that defined their lives.

magic moment

The National Crime Information Center (NCIC)

maintains information on a nationwide basis.

Hamas controlled the ___________ of seats in the Palestinian Parliament, while Mahmud Abbas retained the presidency. This set the stage for a confrontation between Hamas and Fatah.

majority

Another factor inhibiting police cooperation is the legal bureaucracy of criminal justice. For example,

many criminal justice scholars believe that the justice system is actually not a system at all but a multifaceted bureaucracy with intersecting layers—or not. Drawing on earlier research, they refer to the justice system quite humorously as the "wedding cake model." Rather than a smooth flow among police, courts, and corrections, they see a cake in which a large bottom layer represents misdemeanors, a smaller middle layer represents serious crimes, and the smallest tier at the top r epresents a few celebrated cases.

According to Frontline , bin Laden went on the offensive in 1993. Using his contacts in Sudan, he began searching for weapons of ______________. His Afghans sought to purchase nuclear weapons from underground sources in the Russian Federation, and he began work on a chemical munitions plant in Sudan.

mass destruction

Peter Waldmann (1986, p. 259) sums up the Tupamaros best by stating that they became the ______________ of urban terrorism.

masters

Lt. Colonel Hoffman concludes that the disagreement centers on __________________, and that both Bruce Hoffman and Marc Sageman make important points.

methodology

Many times large federal organizations such as the Department of Justice and the Department of Homeland Security attempt to ______________ the dissemination of information about terrorism.

micromanage

by approaching the Horn as a _________________ problem, the United States has actually made the situation worse.

military

military tribunals:

military courts trying combatants outside the civilian court system. Trials take place in front of a board of military officers operating under military law.

Denson and Long found that damage from ecoterrorism reached into the _________________ of dollars.

millions

The Turner Diaries is a diatribe against ____________.

minorities and Jews

Americans define homeland security in several different ways. It has a variety of meanings to different government agencies, private organizations, and interest groups. The best way to define it is to look at the _____________________ of each particular agency dealing with homeland security.

mission

Marc Sageman and Bruce Hoffman are two of the most notable analysts of ______________

modern terrorism.

Maoist terrorism is a form of revolutionary terrorism, and it can be understood within the same framework Martha Crenshaw originally used to define the term. In practice, Maoist groups tend to be ______________ violent than other revolutionary groups.

more

As a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Jimmy Carter's State Department encouraged Arab and other Islamic allies to send money and religious puritans to fight the Soviets in a guerrilla war. The puritans were called _____________ , or "holy warriors."

mujahedeen

The Taliban used _________________ trafficking to support itself in Afghanistan,

narcotics

Some revolutionary groups are sponsored by _______________.

nation-states

Each organization in a network has its own function, and the key to success in a network is sharing information.This leads to the need for two different types of intelligence.

national security intelligence criminal intelligence

Flynn vehemently argues that homeland security should be part of a ______________ to defend the United States.

national strategy

in the summer of 2009, a ___________________entered the Holocaust Museum in Washington, D.C., and began to shoot the patrons.

neo-Nazi

There are four types of chemical agents:

nerve agents, blood agents, choking agents, and blistering agents

obtained by critics of the system, CATIC collected and maintained records on several individuals and groups that had nothing to do with terrorism. In fact, if critics are correct, it gathered and stored information on political dissidents who engaged in _____________ criminal activity (B. Hoffman, 2003). This is an illegal activity. Despite the initial hopes, CATIC closed its doors.

no

during the Enlightenment brought a new way of thinking about citizenship. Ordinary people came to believe that the state existed to protect everybody, not just the ____________

nobles.

All levels of law enforcement form _____________ in a network opposed to terrorism.

nodes

DHS agency has the task of accounting for______________within U.S. borders

noncitizens

The government has the right to conduct wiretaps of ____________ who are suspected of acts that threaten national security

noncitizens

Right-wing extremists fall into three categories:

nonviolent offenders violent defenders violet attackers

Judge Richard A. Posner (2004) argues that the 9/11 Commission Report presents two competing parts. The first, he writes, is an excellent step-by-step analysis of the events that led up to the attacks on September 11 and an explanation of actions after the terrorists struck. The second part of the report is a series of recommendations. Posner says that he paused when he encountered the recommendations because the policies and directions the commission suggested were ________________________

not altogether consistent with the analysis of the first part of the report.

Pakistan is the only Islamic country with ________ capabilities, and it has shared the technology with other nations.

nuclear

Two international issues dominate Pakistan:

nuclear weapons and relations with the United States, and both of these issues are ultimately tied to terrorism.

Iranian officials made contact with the Syrians in 1982. Promising reduced____________to Syria, the Iranians asked for permission to move 1,000 Revolutionary Guards from Syrian territory across its borders and into the Bekaa Valley in eastern Lebanon.

oil prices

Marighella might have been satisfied with this, since his four-stage model did not require coordination. Urban terrorism was to begin with two distinct phases:

one designed to bring about actual violence and the other designed to give that violence meaning.

Police Commissioner Raymond Kelly created two new units, ________________________. Retired Marine Corps General Frank Libutti heads the counterterrorism section, and a former high-ranking CIA official, David Cohen, was selected to head the intelligence section.

one for counterterrorism and one for intelligence

The DOJ has created two intelligence systems,

one in federal prosecutors' offices and the other in law enforcement.

National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC):

organization designed to filter information from the intelligence process, synthesize counterterrorist information, and share it with appropriate organizations.

The Tupamaros were one of the most highly ____________yet least structured terrorist groups in modern history.

organized

IT is defined as threats that originate _____________ the United States.

outside

The Post found that the intelligence community had grown so large that no one could account for its costs. In fact, the number of people involved in intelligence and the number of agencies doing the same work were also unknown. It found that

over 3,000 public and private organizations operated counterterrorism-related programs at 10,000 locations across the United States. The number of top secret security clearances, numbering about 854,000 people, was astounding. Over 50,000 intelligence reports were published each year, and no one agency had the authority to manage the overall operation.

When two movements—the People's Guerrilla Army of the People's War Group and the People's Liberation Army of the Maoist Center of India—joined together in 2004, the Naxalites reemerged with power. A___________rebellion burst onto the scene, and by 2005 the Naxalites were challenging India's police with attacks on police stations and jungle ambushes, producing law enforcement c asualties

pan-Naxalite

For Weber, every aspect of organizational structure was to be aimed at ____________ achieving a goal. In other words, people organize for a purpose and their organization should accomplish that purpose.

rationally

terrorists use symbolic attacks, or attacks on symbols, to achieve _________________________

pragmatic or systematic results.

With the advent of __________motorized patrol, response time became the measure of police effectiveness.

radio-dispatched

American law enforcement has a long tradition of _______________ patrol, that is, responding to crimes and calls for assistance.

reactive

police agencies are required to demonstrate a ________________ of criminal activity before they may collect information.

reasonable suspicion

They were especially critical of "_____________" provisions that had allowed the government to search for information without informing the person who was being investigated

sneak and peek

Despite its tactics of individual masked murders and the elimination of anyone suspected of not supporting the revolution, the Shining Path was committed to _________________

social egalitarianism,

As a result, jihadists believe they can use any method to disrupt their enemies' societies. Stated another way, the target of terrorism is_______________

social order.

Classical, or theoretical, criminologists look for an explanation of _________________, and they search for theories to explain crime or behavior in general.

social phenomena

The main focus of Hezbollah is ?

social service in the form of education, health services, and social security

Karl marx was a

socialist

Hezbollah is a configuration of political actors from the 1979 Iranian Revolution and the Shi'ite community of ______________ Lebanon.

southern

African American groups like the Moorish Nation can be classified as part of the _____________________, as can some Hispanic groups.

sovereign citizen movement

Tupamaros

spurned the countryside, favoring an urban environment. City side-walks and asphalt became their battleground. A decade later, their tactics would inspire revolutionaries around the world, and terrorist groups would imitate the methods of the Uruguayan revolutionaries. The Tupamaros epitomized urban terrorism.

In the 1980s, terrorism was frequently associated with a particular ______________.

state

Two of the issues that keep the NPA in the field are the ________________

structure of political power and the distribution of wealth.

The Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades were organized along military lines and became one of the first secular groups in the Middle East to use______________

suicide bombers.

The primary terrorist tactic is bombing, and Hezbollah has mastered two forms:

suicide bombing and radio-controlled bombs for ambushes.

other savagely from 1983 to 2009, and the LTTE pioneered many methods of terrorist attacks, including the secular use of __________________.

suicide bombings

Asymmetrical war is waged against _______________ , and homeland security is designed to secure symbols.

symbolic targets

Riley and Hoffman say that the left-wing groups had engaged in __________________. Some identified with Marxist-Leninist ideology, whereas others worked against specific political issues, such as U.S. military involvement in Central and South America.

symbolic violence

Ian Lesser (1999, pp. 85-144) outlines three forms of terrorism:

symbolic, pragmatic, and systematic.

The National Strategy for Homeland Security (Office of Homeland Security, 2002, p. 56; U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2004b, pp. 3-34) calls for increasing information sharing among law enforcement agencies by building a cooperative environment that enables sharing of essential information. It will be a "__________________."

system of systems that can provide the right information to the right people at all times

If terrorism prevention is to be successful on the local level, agencies must participate in ______________.

systems

The Internet is also used in____________, reconnaissance, and, sometimes, as a tool to support an attack. Maps, satellite imagery, and diagrams provide ready-made intelligence sources.

target selection

National security intelligence is ultimately designed to protect ______________, not individuals' rights.

targets

The first issue to overcome is building a consensus among police agencies on the _____________ to be accomplished.

task

ATF analysts believe that militias tend to be issue-oriented. Groups unite around ________________

taxes, abortion, gun control, or Christian Identity.

terrorism demands a _____________approach.

team

All levels of law enforcement are faced with the need for _____________ and access to privately owned portions of the infrastructure.

technical specialists

FLETC instructors also teach basic and advanced classes on ______________.

terrorism

Under ___________ rules, however, information can be stored under the auspices of national security

terrorism

The most significant threat of unregulated immigration comes in the form of ________________

terrorism and organized crime.

The modern conflict between Israel and Palestine is based in ____________

terrorism.

The MeK has been designated a foreign ___________________

terrorist organization.

Turner Diaries will come away with an elementary idea of how to become a ______________

terrorist.

The concept of information gathering, analysis, and sharing began with _______________ to the U.S. attorney general. It moved to a working group of executives from all levels of law enforcement.

the Global Advisory Committee

Bell (1974) points out the interesting way Pearse chose to approach the British: He sent a message using a new title, commanding general of the IRA, to the general in charge of the British forces. The IRB had transformed itself into an army:____________

the IRA.

The peace process resulted in two important new bureaucratic structures,

the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC) and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSIN)

Right-wing extremists also turned to an organization that had been created in the wake of the Civil War, _______________

the Ku Klux Klan.

The Revolutionary Guards joined with local Shi'ites to form confederated militia groups. The movement gradually became known as Hezbollah, or_____________

the Party of God

In western Europe, the Tupamaro structure and tactics were mimicked by such groups as

the Red Army Faction and Direct Action and red brigades.

Two terrorist groups appeared shortly after democracy returned to Greece:

the Revolutionary People's Struggle (ELA) and November 17 (N17).

The Harakat Shabaab al-Mujahedeen, better known as al Shabaab, or ______________, emerged after the retreat of the ICU in Somalia. The U.S. government maintains that al Shabaab is the military wing of the ICU, but other analysts see it as one of many offshoots of the ICU confederacy

the Youth

Department of defense (DOD)

the main military role in counterterrorism is to project American power overseas. DOD's military forces take the fight to terrorists in other lands, rather than letting terrorists become a problem within America's borders (Barnett, 2004, pp. 299-303). It also augments civilian defense and provides special operations capabilities. In some cases, military intelligence can also be used in counter-narcotics operations. Military forces can be used to protect the borders when ordered by the president.

al Qaeda

the organization included an intelligence component, a military committee, a financial committee, a political committee, and a committee in charge of media affairs and propaganda.

Enlightenment:

An eighteenth-century intellectual movement following the Scientific Revolution. Also called the Age of Reason, the Enlightenment was characterized by rational thought and the belief that all activities could be explained.

Terrorism grew among radical groups beginning about 1965, and although there were some sensational activities, terrorists did not routinely target the United States until ___________

1982.

Modern right-wing extremism came to fruition around_______________ and has remained active since that time.

1984

Intifada:

1987-1993 uprising in Palestinian areas; al Aqsa Intifada began in 2000

As Hamas challenged the PLO for power, Arafat disavowed terrorism in ______ and called for peace.

1988

They published the Hamas Charter in ____________, declaring that Palestine was a God-given land, from the Jordan River to the Mediterranean. There could be no compromise with the Israelis, and Israel could not be allowed to exist. Unlike Arafat's PLO, Hamas would fight Israel with religious zeal.

1988

Yemen did not become a unified country until____________, and its internal divisions have created an environment where AQAP can grow.

1990

Federal counterterrorist laws were toughened after the _______________. President William Clinton supported legislation to increase the government's power to limit civil liberties in the face of terrorism.

1995 Oklahoma City bombing

The small Himalayan nation of Nepal experienced a ruthless Maoist rebellion from ___________________.

1995 to 2005

Seated in front of a camera with Zawahiri and al Qaeda's security director, Mohammed Atef, bin Laden declared war on the United States in _______________. He followed this by having his religious council issue two religious rulings, called fatwas, in 1998, though few Muslims recognized the authority of the council's religious scholars and bin Laden had no theological credentials.

1996

the Arizona Vipers allegedly planned to blow up federal installations in ______, and many of them eventually pleaded guilty to possessing illegal explosives.

1996

As Peter Bergen (2001, pp. 195-235) says, al Qaeda transformed after 2001. It became what he calls al Qaeda _________________, a group that, he believes, became a decentralized alliance of al Qaeda terrorists spread throughout the world. The movement never had mass appeal, however, because its theology was unsound despite its constant references to Islam.

2.0

Fourth Amendment:

Particularly applicable to law enforcement and homeland security, it limits government search and seizure, including the elements of arrest.

The Abu Nidal Organization ( black june) evolved into an international group operating in more than ____ countries. It faded from significance by the 1990s, and Abu Nidal was murdered in Iraq in 2003.

20

Violent antiabortionists began with bombing and arson attacks more than _______ years ago, and they have expanded their tactics since then.

20

According to Chalk, Pakistan officially banned the LeT in ____________, so it operates under a series of different names.

2002

Before ____________, FLETC was responsible for training all federal law enforcement officers except special agents from the FBI and DEA. These agencies have their own training academies at the Marine Corps base in Quantico, Virginia.

2003

The DHS was created from the Office of Homeland Security in _______ as a direct result of the 9/11 attacks.

2003

Congress approved the creation of DHS by uniting ______agencies in 2002, but many other governmental organizations also focus on homeland security

22

According to the Council on Foreign Relations (2007), N17 was a tiny group, numbering no more than ______members.

25

Only ___________ percent of the urban agencies surveyed reported any left-wing activity;

25

Between 1975 and 2000, no fewer than ___________ revolutionary terrorist groups operated in Greece, of which N17 was the most no-torious.

250

American borders are vulnerable in several areas. Long stretches of unprotected areas along the northern and southern borders are open to infiltration, and more than _______________seaports must be secured.

300

There were nearly _______________ left-wing groups in Italy that appeared between 1967 and 1985, and most of them had a Marxist-Leninist orientation.

300

The mujahedeen were not united at the end of the Soviet-Afghan War. Up to ____ different groups fought the Soviets, with six major mujahedeen guerrilla armies controlling most operations.

31

Between 1978 and 2001 federal law enforcement officers applied for ______________ FISA warrants. They were all granted.

4,275

It takes about _____________ kilograms to make a crude nuclear bomb.

40 to 60

Pridemore and Freilich also found that about _____________ of the clinics in the United States had experienced some form of attack, vandalism, or harassment.

40%

Turkey has suffered _______________ deaths from terrorism since 1980.

40,000

Brian Jenkins (2010) found that _______________ publicly recorded attacks or attempted attacks came from homegrown jihadist terrorists between September 11, 2001, and December 2009.

46

Civilian industries around the globe have created more than _____________ tons of HEU.

50

Nearly________________percent of the scientific and medical personnel employed by the federal government retired before 2010.

50

The Basque region of France and Spain has been a source of separatist terrorism for more than ____________ years. Primarily located in Spain, the Basque region extends over the Pyrenees into France.

50

The 9/11 Commission said that more than ___________ million people cross U.S. borders each year, and 330 million of them are foreigners.

500

As a result women terrorists are responsible for___________ percent of all political assassinations.

65

Currently, ______ centers collect and analyze information, coordinating that information with DHS.

72

13, American policing is localized. With more than _____________state, local, and tribal law enforcement officers in the United States, agencies must cooperate to transform organizations.

800,000

The Council on Foreign Relations (Hanson, 2009) writes that FARC had about _______________ guerrillas at its strongest point.

9,000

Before ____________, the FBI was designated as the lead agency for investigating cases of terrorism in the United States.

9/11

They maintain that the _________________was established to investigate the attacks but that it had neither the expertise nor the capability to reform intelligence gathering

9/11 Commission

According to the DOJ (U.S. DOJ, 2007), "There are ______ United States Attorneys stationed throughout the United States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

93

The manual of the Army of God (n.d.) includes "___________________" It discusses low-level tactics such as gluing locks, shutting off water, and slashing tires. These are the tactics of radical ecologists in Germany (Horchem, 1986), but the manual does not credit a source of inspiration for the suggested tactics.

99 Ways to Stop an Abortionist.

Two types of private-sector organizations participate in homeland security__________________. The health care system and energy sector are also part of the infrastructure of homeland security.

: businesses providing critical infrastructure and businesses centered on security technology and service

Carlos Marighella (1911-1969):

A Brazilian communist legislator and revolutionary theorist. Marighella popularized urban terrorism as a method for ending repression and eliminating U.S. domination of Latin America. He was killed in a police ambush in São Paulo in 1969.

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP):

A Christian, Naiaf Hawatmeh, created the DFLP in 1969 when he broke away from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. This Marxist-Leninist group seeks a socialist Palestine and was closely associated with the former Soviet Union. In 2000, the group joined Arafat in Washington, D.C., to negotiate with Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak. As a reward, the U.S. Department of State took the DFLP off its list of terrorist groups. The DFLP currently limits its attacks to the IDF

Mohammed Fneish:

A Hezbollah politician and minister of energy in the Lebanese prime minister's cabinet.

Leon Trotsky:

A Russian revolutionary who led foreign affairs in Stalin's government and later became the commander of the Red Army. He espoused terrorism as a means for spreading White revolution. He was thrown out of the Communist Party for opposing Stalin and was assassinated by communist agents in Mexico City in 1940.

Tupac Amaru: (?-1572)

An Inca chieftain who led a revolt against Spain in the sixteenth century. His story has inspired many liberation and democratic movements in South America.

Muslim Brotherhood:

An Islamic revivalist organization founded by Hassan al Banna in Cairo in 1928

process orientation:

Paying more attention to the man-ner of achieving organizational goals than achieving them. Process is important when it focuses on ethical and legal requirements. Process orientation goes beyond legal and moral norms, and it becomes dysfunctional when an organization's goal is conceived as maintaining procedures.

Red Brigades:

An Italian Marxist terrorist group that had its most effective operations from 1975 to 1990. It amended the centralized Tupamaro model by creating semiautonomous cells.

In 1986, a grand " _____________ " toppled a long-term repressive leader and promised to bring real democracy. The promise failed.

People Power Revolution

field contacts

People encountered during normal patrol or investigative operations. Law enforcement officers frequently gather information from such people. The Nationwide SAR Initiative standardizes such information.

The International Crisis Group says that the ICU is simply a ________________ who are tired of constant warfare and criminal activity in Somalia.

tribal confederation of leaders

By the end of the ___________century, Hezbollah became one of the strongest nonstate groups in the Middle East (Ranstorp, 1994). It became the most technologically sophisticated nonstate actor in the first decade of the twenty-first century

twentieth

Pakistan has _____________ groups associated with jihadist networks.

two

nt a nuclear weapon. Over the past few years several leaders have plainly stated that it would not be in Iran's interest to build nuclear weapons, and the Ayatollah Khomeini declared that such weapons were _____________

un-Islamic.

Essentially, mission and ________ of homeland security mean the same thing, but there are many different understandings of homeland security because agencies have differing missions.

understanding

Todd Hinnen (2004) says that the Internet is used most frequently as a communication device and that sending ______________ is the most common usage for terrorists.

unsecure e-mail

Gurr later developed a typology of domestic terrorism. It included _______________

vigilante terrorism from the extremist right, insurgent terrorism of various revolutionaries, and transnational terrorism from foreigners fighting on American soil.

Marighella believed the basis of revolution was ________________.

violence

Ronald Osborn (2007) argues that the Shining Path was hyper-Marxist/Maoist group, unique among all groups in Latin America because of its proclivity for ______________

violence.

Revolutionary terrorism involves ____________ for the purpose of changing the political structure of government or the social orientation of a country or region.

violent activity

Before 2001, al Qaeda maintained a command hierarchy. After 2001, its leaders ran _____________and inspired autonomous jihadists around the globe

virtual networks

In an effort to stop Palestinian attacks, the government of Ariel Sharon proposed an idea that dates back to Hadrian of the Roman Empire. The Israelis began constructing a massive________________.

wall

As Michael Howard (2002) states, calling our struggle with terrorism a "_____________" creates a variety of conceptual problems. In addition, Americans have become used to military metaphors for other social problems such as "wars" on drugs or poverty.

war

The LeT traditionally defined its operations around the Jammu and Kashmir conflict. Its major terrorist operations include:

• 2009 swarm attack on the Sri Lankan cricket team in Lahore• 2008 multiple attacks in Mumbai • 2006 attack in Varanas i• 2005 series of bombs in Delhi • 2002 massacre in Kaluchak • 2001 attack on Indian national parliament • 2000 attack on Red Fort in Delhi • 1993 Mumbai bombings, resulting in 300 deaths 2005 subway bombing in London

Ciovacco says that the following seven themes are present in most Al Qaeda media releases:

• A call to jihad • The clash of civilizations • Apostate ( takfiri ) Muslim regimes • U.S.-Israeli friendship • Muslim unity • American strategic weaknesses • American exploitation of Muslim oil

civil liberties:

Individual rights granted to citizens under the U.S. Constitution.

Gaza Strip:

Palestinian strip of land along the Mediterranean

rural movements were complemented by labor violence and the introduction of anarchism from the ___________

left.

A federal law designed to prevent political interference with the decisions and actions of governmental organizations.

1978 Civil Service Reform Act:

Camp David Peace Accords:

1978 peace agreement between Egypt and Israel

The Soviet-Afghan War

1979-1989

The LTTE pioneered the use of secular suicide bombings, beginning in 1987, and it created a special suicide squad known as the ___________________.

Black Tigers

The Tupamaros were nominally guided by a _________________, which had authority in all matters of policy and operations.

National Convention

Western efforts to support Islamic reformers came to fruition in _________________. In December of that year, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to bolster a failing communist regime. According

1979.

Joseph Kony:

(b. 1961) The leader of the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda. His group has branched out to several other nations in central Africa. He is wanted by the International Criminal Court for crimes against humanity.

Marwan Barghouti:

(b. 1969) A leader of Fatah and alleged leader of the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades. A Brigades statement in 2002 claimed that Barghouti was their leader. He rose to prominence during the al Aqsa Intifada, but he is currently held in an Israeli prison.

According to the________________ (2010), AQAP evolved from earlier organizations in the Arabian Peninsula.

National Counterterrorism Center

According to Denson and Long, most violence associated with ecoterrorism has taken place in the American West. From 1995 to 1999, damages totaled ___________________. Crimes included raids on farms, destruction of animal research laboratories at the University of California at Davis and Michigan State University, threats to indi-viduals, sabotage of industrial equipment, and arson.

$28.8 million

The NPA's income averages about _____________million per year

$30

After the September 11 attacks, the federal government immediately budgeted __________ to protect the aviation industry.

$4.8 billion

Hezbollah's international branch appears to have three major functions:

(1) In Europe and in the United States, Hezbollah raises money to support operations ( United States of America v. Mohamad Youseff Hammoud et al ., 2002). (2) Iran uses Hezbollah as an extension of its own power. Hezbollah protects Iranian interests in Lebanon and projects an Iranian-influenced military presence in other parts of the Middle East. Hezbollah also acts as a buffer between Iran and Israel. (3) Hezbollah has established a strong presence in South America. It uses this base to raise funds through legitimate and illegitimate methods, conduct propaganda, and launch terrorist operations.

Robert Taylor (1987) found two primary weaknesses in U.S. systems:

(1) Intelligence is not properly analyzed, and (2) agencies do not coordinate information.

Reid Sawyer and Michael Foster (2008)stated that U.S. policy should be aimed at striking at a network. They suggest a four-fold strategy:

(1) Understand the nature of the network threat, (2) disrupt al Qaeda communications, (3) neutralize sanctuaries for leadership, and (4) deny opportunities to link networks.

The Taliban seized control of Kandahar in 1994 and controlled 95 percent of the country by 1997. After the American offensive in Afghanistan in October 2001, many members of the Taliban retreated into the Federal Administered Tribal Area (FATA) of Pakistan. They used this area for two primary purposes:

(1) as a base for launching anti-NATO attacks into Afghanistan and (2) to form a new Pakistani movement, the Tehrik-e-Taliban or Pakistani Taliban

Recent court decisions have emphasized the importance of _____________. Despite the recent increase of executive power, the courts still have the right to review national security laws.

(1) balanced power among the branches of government and (2) maintenance of civil rights

Brent Smith (1994; Smith and Roberts, 2005) places terrorist groups into three broad categories:

(1) right-wing extremists, (2) left-wing and single-issue terrorists, and (3) international terrorists.

Diminyatz says that the failure to protect the southern border presents four major national security threats:

(1) terrorism and weapons of mass destruction (WMD), (2) drug trafficking, (3) human smuggling, and (4) infectious disease.

Debra West (2005) says that the United States faces differing terrorist threats in the Horn of Africa, and each threat requires a different policy response. The most obvious threat comes from the ability of terrorist groups to take immediate action. From bases in the Horn, they attack American interests and stage operations. Another threat is the ability of terrorist groups, especially jihadists, to organize in the region. They are able to do this because of two other factors:

(1) unstable political environments and (2) a population that supports terrorism against the United States and its allies.

Max Weber:

(1864-1920) One of the major figures of modern sociological methods, he studied the organization of human endeavors. Weber believed that social organizations could be organized for rational purposes designed to accomplish objectives.

Francisco Franco:

(1892-1975) Leader of the nationalist forces during the Spanish Civil War and the fascist dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975.

Yasser Arafat:

(1929- 2004) The name assumed by Mohammed al Husseini. Born in Cairo, he was a founding member of Fatah and the PLO. He merged the PLO and Fatah in 1964 and ran a terrorist campaign against Israel. After renouncing terrorism and recognizing Israel's right to exist, Arafat was president of the Palestinian National Authority from 1993 to 2004.

King Hussein:

(1935-1999) King of Jordan. King Hussein drove the PLO from Jordan in September 1970. After his death his son Abdullah assumed the throne.

Ahmed Yassin:

(1937-2004) One of the founders and leaders of Hamas. Yassin originally started the Palestinian Wing of the Muslim Brotherhood but merged it into Hamas during the Intifada. He was killed in an Israeli-targeted assassination.

Abdel Aziz Rantisi: .

(1947-2004) One of the founders of Hamas along with Ahmed Yassin. He took over Hamas after Israeli gunships assassinated Yassin. He, in turn, was assassinated by the Israelis a month after taking charge

Imad Mugniyah:

(1962-2008) The leader of the international branch of Hezbollah. He has been implicated in many at-tacks, including the 1983 U.S. Marine and French paratrooper bombings. He is also believed to have been behind bombings of the U.S. embassy in Beirut and two bombings of Is-raeli targets in Argentina. He was assassinated in Damascus in February 2008.

Nasir al Wuhayshi:

(age unknown) The spiritual leader of AQAP and a former aide to Osama bin Laden. Wuhayshi escaped from a Yemeni prison in 2006 to form AQY. In 2009, he joined his group with dissidents in Saudi Arabia to form AQAP.

Hassan al Turabi:

(b. 1932) A Sudanese intellectual and Islamic scholar. He served in the Sudanese government during the time bin Laden was in exile in Sudan.

Mahmud Abbas:

(b. 1935) The president of the Palestinian Authority since 2005, founding member of Fatah, and an executive in the PLO.

Musa Abu Marzuq:

(b. 1951) The " outside" leader of Hamas, who is thought to be in Damascus, Syria. He is believed to have controlled the Holy Land Foundation.

Khalid Meshal:

(b. 1956) "secret leader. " One of the " outside" leaders of Hamas, in Damascus, Syria, Meshal became the political leader of Hamas in 2004. After the 2006 election he continued to lead in exile.

Vernon Wayne Howell:

(or David Koresh, 1959-1993) The charismatic leader of the Branch Davidian cult.

The Communist Manifesto

, written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848.

Modern European terrorism emerged in the______________as an extreme reflection of left-wing activism.

1960s

Modern revolutionary terrorism reached its zenith in the _________________

1960s and 1970s.

Arafat merged Fatah into the PLO in ___________.

1964

Greece was ruled by a military junta from _________________, and the roots of Greek revolutionary terrorism can be traced to this time.

1967 to 1974

Left-wing terrorist groups dominated terrorism in the United States from about _______________. Fueled by dissatisfaction with the Vietnam War, violent radicals broke away from student protest movements.

1967 to 1985

Left-wing terrorist groups dominated terrorism in the United States from about __________________

1967 to 1985.

On March 21,__________, Israel sent a combined tank and mechanized infantry unit into Jordan to raid the Palestinians, backing the attack with helicopters and artillery.

1968

Under the intelligence reform law of 2004, all intelligence coordination must take place in the

National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)

In May 2004 the ABC news service reported that the terrorist organization al Qaeda, operated by Osama bin Laden, had ______________fighters poised throughout the world and that the group was ready to strike Western interests. The report's source was the United Kingdom's Institute for Strategic Studies, as originally reported by the Reuters news service.

18,000

the Confederacy was defeated in___________,

1865

Arafat created a new group called the Black September. Using German leftist allies, Black September began planning a strike against the Israelis. It came, with German terrorist help, in Munich at the _______________. Black September struck the Olympic Village and took most of the Israeli Olympic team hostage, killing those who tried to escape. German police moved in, and the world watched a drawn-out siege.

1972 Olympic Games

Although Western analysts date the origin of Hezbollah to ______, the organization claims that it was formed in 1985.

1982

The second phase of the Klan came in the________________ as it sought political legitimacy. During this period, the KKK became popular, political, and respectable. It collapsed, how-ever, in the wake of a criminal scandal.

1920s

Syria was under French rule from _______________

1922 to 1946.

The FBI, with an eye on the court system and a director's promise to fight terrorism within the law, conducted an internal audit to make sure that its actions were legal. The audit found that the FBI might have violated its own rules or federal laws in national security investigations more than ____________ times since 2002.

1,000

Pakistan became a country in____________ as part of the political settlement when the British departed India. Officially, it was to be a Muslim country, but unofficially, its first leader, Mohammed Ali Jinnah , was quite happy to have an independent democracy of landed elites,

1947

Several factors plague DHS intelligence:

1. It is relatively powerless in the intelligence community. 2. DHS does not maintain terrorist watch lists. 3. The CIA has the leading role at the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC), formerly the Terrorist Threat Integration Center. 4. The CIA and FBI compile the president's daily intelligence briefing. 5. DHS intelligence has been slow to develop its mission.

Nasrallah's Management of Image What is Hezbollah? Judith Harik (2004) says the answer to this question depends on the audience. For the four audiences below, Hassan Nasrallah has four different answers.

1. Jihadists: He uses militant language and speaks of holy war. 2. Nationalists: He avoids jihad analogies and calls on Sunnis, Shi'ites, Christians, and secularists to fight for Lebanon. 3. Pan-Arabic: He points to Israel as a colony of the West and denounces Europe's imperial past. 4. International: He cites UN resolutions and claims that Israel violates international law.

Unfortunately, Uruguay's Tupamaros promise started to fade in ___________. The export economy that had proved so prosperous for the country began to crumble. Falling prices for exported goods brought inflation and unemployment, and economic dissatisfaction grew.

1954

As events unfolded, three factors became prominent in Middle Eastern violence: (1) questions about the political control of Israel and Palestine, (2) questions of who would rule the Arab world, and (3) questions concerning the relations between the two main branches of Islam—Sunnis and Shi'ites. Stated another way, these problems are the following:

1. The Palestinian question (control of Palestine) 2. Intra-Arab rivalries and struggles 3. The future of revolutionary Islam

The Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) has trained more than_____________________ state, local, and tribal officers since 9/11 in the BJA State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training (SLATT) program

100,000

as a result of the maoist, Over the next ten years, _____________ people would be killed, and 100,000 peasants would be displaced.

12,000

Sheik Omar Abdel Rahman: (b. 1938)

A Sunni Islamic scholar linked to the Egyptian IG. He came to the United States in 1990 even though his name was on a State Department watch list. He was arrested and convicted of conspiracy after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing. He is currently serving a life sentence in the American federal prison system.

USS Cole :

A U.S. Navy destroyer attacked by two suicide bombers in the port of Aden, Yemen, on October 12, 2000. Seventeen American sailors were killed in the attack.

Raúl Sendic: (1926-1989)

A Uruguayan revolutionary leader. Sendic founded the National Liberation Movement (MLN), popularly known as the Tupamaros. Following governmental repression in 1973, he fled the country. Sendic died in Paris in 1989.

Islamic Courts Union (ICU):

A confederation of tribes and clans seeking to end violence and bring Islamic law to Somalia. It is opposed by several neighboring countries and internal warlords. Some people feel that it is a jihadist organization, but others see it as a grouping of clans with several different interpretations of Islamic law.

Haqqani network:

A family in the tribal area of Pakistan that has relations with several militant groups and the ISI. The Haqqani family is involved in organized crime, legitimate businesses, the ISI, and terrorism groups. It is the major power broker in the tribal region.

Department of Homeland Security (DHS):

A federal agency created in 2003 by Congress from the Office of Homeland Security after the attacks of September 11, 2001.

Government Management Reform Act of 1994:

A federal law designed to prevent political interference in the management of federal governmental organizations and to increase the efficiency of management.

Protocols of Zion

A forged document written in czarist Russia allegedly explaining a Jewish plot to control the world. It was popularized in the United States by Henry Ford. It is frequently cited by the patriot and white supremacy movements. Jihadists also use it as evidence against Jews.

Arab-Israeli Wars:

A generic term for several wars

Sheik Mohammed Hassan Fadlallah: (1935-2010)

A grand ayatollah and leader of Shi'ites in Lebanon. The spiritual leader of Hezbollah. He was the target of a 1985 U.S.-sponsored assassination plot that killed 75 people.

Transitional Federal Government (TFG):

A group established to govern Somalia in 2004 until a permanent government could be established. It was backed by the United Nations, with American support, and the African Union.

near enemy:

A jihadist term referring to forms of Muslim governments and Islamic law ( sharia ) that do not embrace the narrow-minded philosophy of Sayyid Qutb.

far enemy:

A jihadist term referring to non-Islamic powers or countries outside the realm of Islam.

Plan Colombia

A joint effort by the United States and Colombia to move against three different groups: FARC, the National Liberation Army (ELN), and the United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC).

USA PATRIOT Act:

A law passed in October 2001 that expands law enforcement's power to investigate and deter terrorism. Opponents claim that it adversely affects civil liberties; proponents claim that it introduces reasonable measures to protect the country against terrorists. The act was amended and renewed in 2006, and the ability to collect and analyze domestic intelligence remained part of the law. Provisions for allowing roving wiretaps, increased power to seize evidence, and increasing wiretaps were approved in 2011.

Abbas Musawi: (1952-1992)

A leader of Hezbollah, who was killed with his family in an Israeli attack in 1992.

enemy combatants:

A legal term used to describe non-state paramilitary captives from Afghanistan. The term was later applied to all jihadist terrorists by the Bush Administration. The Obama Administration maintained detention centers after ordering the closing of Guantánamo shortly after President Obama took office in January 2009.

People Power Revolution:

A mass Philippine protest movement that toppled Ferdinand Marcos in 1986. Marcos ruled as a dictator after being elected as president in 1965 and declaring martial law in 1972. When Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (president, 2001-2010) assumed the presidency in January 2001, her government proclaimed a second People Power Revolution.

roving wiretaps:

A method of quickly intercepting disposable phone or Internet traffic. A roving wiretap allows law enforcement officers to monitor new connections without returning to court for another search warrant. The final aspect of the law preserved by the Obama Administration deals with eavesdropping.

Jammu and Kashmir:

A mountainous region in northern India claimed by India and Pakistan. It has been the site of heavy fighting during three wars between India and Pakistan in 1947-1948, 1971, and 1999. Kashmir is artificially divided by a line of control (LOC), with Pakistani forces to the north and India's to the south. India and Pakistan made strides toward peace after 2003, but many observers believe that the ISI supports jihadist operations in the area.

Third Position

A move-ment started after the Branch Davidian standoff at Waco. It attempts to unite left-wing, right-wing, and single-issue extremists in a single movement.

Terrorism Screening Center (TSC):

A multiagency operation in West Virginia that evaluates information gathered from a variety of governmental sources.

Fourteenth Amendment:

A person cannot be deprived of freedom or property by the government unless the government follows all the procedures demanded for legal prosecution.

Survivalist:

A person who adopts a form of right-wing extremism advocating militant rejection of society. The members advocate a withdrawl from society in preparation for a coming internal war. Secluded in armed compounds, they hope to survive the coming collapse of society.

Abimael Guzmán: (b. 1934)

A philosophy professor who led the Shining Path from 1980 until his arrest in 1992. Guzmán is serving a life sentence in Peru.

New World Order:

A phrase used by President George H. W. Bush to describe the world after the fall of the Soviet Union. Conspiracy theorists use the phrase to describe what they believe to be Jewish attempts to gain control of the international monetary system and, subsequently, to take over the U.S. government.

National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)

A plan to share criminal intelligence among the nation's law enforcement agencies. It suggests minimum stan-dards for establishing and managing intelligence operations within police agencies.

Balfour Declaration:

A policy statement by the British government in N ovember 1917 that promised a homeland for Jews in the geographical area of biblical Israel. Sir Arthur Balfour was the British foreign secretary.

Militia Movement:

A political movement started in the early 1980s, possibly spawned from survival-ism. Militias maintain that the Second Amendment gives them the right to arm themselves and form para-military organizations apart from governmental control and military authority.

Militia Movement:

A political movement started in the early 1980s, possibly spawned from survival-ism. Militias maintain that the Second Amendment gives them the right to arm themselves and form para-military organiztions apart from governmental control and military authority.

White Supremacy:

A political philosophy claiming that white people are superior to all other ethnic groups.

highly enriched uranium (HEU):

A process that increases the proportion of a radioactive isotope in uranium (U-235), making it suitable for industrial use. It can also be used to make nuclear weapons. Nuclear weapons are made from either HEU or plutonium.

Eric Rudolph: (b. 1966)

A right-wing extremist known for bombing the Atlanta Olympics, a gay night club, and an abortion clinic. Rudolph hid from authorities and be-came a survivalist hero. He was arrested in 2003 and received five life sentences in 2005.

The 9/11 Commission recommedations

A single agency with a single format, the commission recommended, should screen crossings. an investigative agency should be established to monitor all aliens in the United States. The commission also recommended gathering intelligence on the way terrorists travel and combining intelligence and law enforcement activities to hamper their mobility.

Shaba farm region:

A small farming region in southwest Lebanon annexed by Israel in 1981. When Israel withdrew from southern Lebanon in 2000, it remained in the Shaba farm region, creating a dispute with Lebanon, Hezbollah, and Syria.

Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ):

A small group emerging from the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt in 1979, forming in the Gaza Strip in 1981. Whereas the Brothers spoke of an international Islamic awakening, the PIJ felt that the struggle could be nationalized and had to become violent. The PIJ leaders were enamored with the 1979 Iranian Revolution, and even though they were Sunnis, they sought contact with Iran's revolutionary Shi'ites. The PIJ operates out of the Gaza Strip and forms alliances of convenience with other organizations. It has grown closer to Hamas since the al Aqsa Intifada. The PIJ seeks to destroy Israel and establish an Islamic state in Palestine. The group has strong links to the United States.

national security intelligence:

A system of agencies and networks that gather information about threats to the country. Any threat or potential threat is examined under the auspices of national defense intelligence. Unlike criminal intelligence, people and agencies gathering defense information do not need to suspect any criminal activity. The FBI is empowered to gather defense intelligence.

peace dividend:

A term used during President William Clinton's administration (1992--2000) to describe reducing defense spending at the end of the Cold War

working group:

A term used in the federal government for a group of subject matter experts who gather to suggest solutions to common problems.

Cultural Revolution:

A violent movement in China from 1966 to 1976. Its main purpose was to rid China of its middle class and growing capitalist interests. The Cultural Revolution ended with the death of Mao Zedong.

Anders Breivik: (b. 1979)

A violent right-wing extremist who went on a one-day killing spree in Norway in July 2011. He detonated a bomb in Oslo and went on a shooting spree at a Labor Party youth camp for political reasons.

The plot was followed by an attempted bombing in Times Square by a Pakistani-trained homegrown terrorist in 2010, according to __________________

ABC News

Regional Crime Gun Cen-ters (RCGC):

ATF intelligence centers similar to RICs but focused on the illegal use of firearms.

Alvaro Uribe won both the election and widespread popular support by augmenting Plan Colombia. He promised that he would bring FARC and the ELN to the negotiating table while dismantling the underground governmental counterterrorists of the __________________.

AUC

While in Afghanistan, bin Laden fell under the influence of ____________ , a doctor of Islamic law.

Abdullah Azzam

During the American Civil War, ____________imprisoned opponents without informing them of charges, suspending the writ of habeas corpus

Abraham Lincoln

Sabri al Banna, created the _____________, a group that evolved into a global mercenary organization

Abu Nidal Organization

The PLF's most notorious action was the hijacking of an Italian luxury liner, the _________ , in 1985.

Achille Lauro

mission creep:

Adding too many secondary tasks to a unit. Too many jobs divert a unit from its primary mission.

Al Qaeda was born in the last stages of the Soviet-Afghan War, and it grew until the U.S. offensive in _______________ in October 2001, when U.S. forces struck the al Qaeda and Taliban forces

Afghanistan

Rachel Bronson (2005) says the religious nature of Saudi Arabia was an asset during the cold war. For nearly a half century the kingdom's antisocial stance kept the country in the U.S. political orbit. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, supported the emergence of revolutionary socialism in the Islamic world. This drove the Saudis deeper into the U.S. camp. When the Soviet Union invaded _______________ in 1979, both the Saudis and the United States saw an opportunity to strike back. They would support Muslim resistance to the atheist invader

Afghanistan

bin Laden's mujahedeen fighters, or "_________________," as he called them,

Afghans

PLF factions

After the Six Day War in June 1967, the PLF merged with two small radical groups to form the Popular Front for the Liberation of Pales-tine, but Jabril broke away and formed the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, General Command . The PFLP-GC split in 1977 after Syria backed Lebanese Christians in the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), and the anti-Syrians formed a new group, reviving the PLF name.

Historians often call the eighteenth century the _____________ or the Enlightenment . Jonathan Israel

Age of Reason

The story of Hamas is tied to the late Sheik ___________ . Born in 1938, Yassin grew up in Gaza under the influence of the Muslim Brotherhood. He believed that Islam was the only path that could restore Palestine, and he preached reform and social welfare. Many Palestinians in Gaza began to follow Yassin's powerful call. When he told followers to secretly gather weapons in 1984, they obeyed, but it cost him his freedom.

Ahmed Yassin

A command council is respon-sible for leadership, and terrorist operations are divided into six geographical areas.

Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

total criminal intelligence (TCI):

All criminal intelligence gathered and analyzed for intelligence-led policing. Rather than focusing on one type of issue, such as terrorism, agencies focus on gathering information about all potential crimes and social problems.

Sayyid Imam al Sharif: (b. 1951)

Also known as Dr. Fadl, one of Egypt's leading militants in the 1970s. While jailed, he embraced Islam and renounced the violence of al Qaeda-style militancy. He is viewed as a traitor by violent jihadists. He has provided much of the information about religious militancy, and he continues to publish works denouncing it. Still maintaining anti-Western and anti-government views, he sees jihad as a necessary part of Islam. Al Qaeda's version, he claims, violates the morality of Islamic law.

Margherita Cagol: (1945-1975)

Also known as Mara Cagol, the wife of Renato Curcio and a member of the Red Brigades. She was killed in a shoot-out with Italian police a few weeks after freeing her husband from prison.

He was quick to seize on the United States' reaction to September 11, claiming that Colombia's contribution to the war on terror would be the elimination of these three groups.

Alvaro Uribe

In the NPA, while girls are recruited at a young age, all as-pects of their lives are controlled. Dubbed "__________" for the mythic race of Greek female warriors, they are not allowed to engage in any activity, including romantic liaisons, without permission of the male leaders

Amazonas

Critics argue that _________________ very presence gives al Shabaab power. If the United States withdraws, they counter, other Muslims will strike al Shabaab. Al Shabaab officially joined al Qaeda in 2012.

America's

A common misconception is that the ______________was based on terrorism.

American Revolution

The Council on Foreign Relations (Fletcher, 2008) states that the MeK was responsible for attacking a number of Western targets in the 1970s and for supporting the 1979 ______________ takeover in Tehran.

American embassy

Both intelligence-gathering and law enforcement organizations operate within the _______________

American political system.

One of the incubators for homegrown jihadists is the _____________________

American prison system.

total criminal intelligence (TCI):

An "all crimes" ap-proach to the intelligence process. The same type of intelligence that thwarts terrorism works against other crimes and community problems.

Aryan Nations:

An American antigovernment, antiSemitic, white supremacist group founded by Richard Butler. Until it was closed by a suit from the Southern Poverty Law Center, the group sponsored a Christian Identity Church called the Church of Jesus Christ, Christian.

John Walker Lindh: (b. 1981)

An American captured while fighting for the Taliban in 2001 and sentenced to 20 years in prison.

Christian Identity:

An American extremist religion proclaiming white supremacy. Adherents believe that white Protestants of western European origin are the true descendants of the ancient Israelites. Believers contend that Jews were spawned by Satan and that nonwhites evolved from animals. According to this belief, white men and women are the only people created in the image of God.

William Potter Gale: (1917-1988)

An American military leader who coordinated guerrilla activities in the Philippines during World War II. Gale became a radio preacher and leader of the Christian Identity movement after returning home.

Anwar al Awlaki: (1971-2011)

An American-born Muslim cleric who worked to build U.S.-Muslim relations after 9/11. He became increasingly militant and called for attacks on America. He was arrested in Yemen in 2006 and released in 2007. In 2009, he swore allegiance to AQAP

Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA):

An American-led counterterrorist unit combining military, intelligence, and law enforcement assets of several nations in the Horn.

COINTELPRO:

An infamous FBI counterintelligence program started in 1956. Agents involved in COINTELPRO violated constitutional limitations on domestic intelligence gathering, and the pro-gram came under congressional criticism in the early 1970s. The FBI's abuse of power eventually resulted in restrictions on the FBI.

No-go areas:

An informal term to describe geographical areas that the duly empowered government cannot control. Security forces cannot routinely patrol these places.

World Islamic Front against Jews and Crusaders:

An organization created in 1998 by Osama bin Laden and Ayman al Zawahiri. It represents a variety of jihadist groups that issued a united front against Jews and the West. It is commonly called al Qaeda.

al Aqsa Intifada:

An uprising sparked by Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount with a group of armed escorts in September 2000. The area is considered sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Muslims were incensed by the militant aspect of Sharon's visit because they felt he was invading their space with an armed group. Unlike the 1987 Intifada, the al Aqsa Intifada has been characterized by suicide bombings.

al Aqsa Intifiada:

An uprising sparked by Ariel Sharon's visit to the Temple Mount with a group of armed escorts in September 2000. The area is considered sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Muslims were incensed by the militant aspect of Sharon's visit.

Basic information:

Analysts begin work after obtaining an in-depth, multi- disciplinary education.

Applied information:

Analysts gather information about a specific problem.

Analyzed information:

Analysts produce intelligence based on analyzed information.

Real-time information:

Analysts receive actual information as it is forwarded from the field.

Within the The New Jersey State Police (NJSP),The Intelligence Bureau is the largest division, composed of six units.

Analytic unit casino intelligence electronic surveillance Liaison Computerized Services Unit service unit street gang unit

On July 22, 2011, ______________ placed a time bomb in Oslo, Norway. It exploded, killing eight people and wounding more than 200, but it was only a diversion. Breivik went to a small island where a number of teenagers active in Norway's liberal Labor Party were attending a summer camp. Dressed as a police officer, he called the children together. Then, to the world's horror, he began methodically shooting them. Sixty-nine people died on the island, 33 under the age of 18.

Anders Breivik

RISS expanded operations in April 2003 by creating the

Anti-Terrorism Information Exchange (ATIX).

Although they do not use this information in criminal prosecutions, they are authorized to pass the information to agencies charged with national security.

Anti-Terrorist Assistance Coordinator (ATAC).

Each U.S. attorney's office has an

Anti-Terrorist Assistance Coordinator (ATAC).

Soviet camp. When he died in September 1970, _____________ his successor, questioned the policy of moving closer to the Soviets. By 1972, he had thrown the Soviets out, claiming that they were not willing to support another war with Israel. Coordinating activities with Syria, Sadat launched his own war on October 6, 1973, the The Yom Kippur War

Anwar Sadat,

AQAP claimed responsibility for the attempted downing of a Northwest airliner outside Detroit on Christmas Day, 2009. It also sheltered the American violent preacher, ________________ , the man who inspired homegrown terrorism and other AQAP attacks on the United States.

Anwar al Awlaki

intelligence product:

Any outcome or output of analyzed information that can be used by law enforcement agencies, military units, or security forces to take an immediate action.

_______________________ information, with the specificity the researcher seeks, requires both in-depth knowledge about a specific topic and the latest information from the discipline.

Applied

_______________________ intelligence involves gathering basic information about a target and real-time information about its current activities.

Applied

In 1959, _______________ formed Fatah, a guerrilla organization, to wage a campaign against the Israelis.

Arafat

In an effort to stop Palestinian attacks, the government of ________ proposed an idea that dates back to Hadrian of the Roman Empire. The Israelis began constructing a massive wall.

Ariel Sharon

Legal and illegal settlements in Palestinians lands; in 2004 Israeli Prime Minister______________proposed withdrawing from the Jewish settlements

Ariel Sharon

By the late 1980s, several leftist groups had formed coalitions such as the __________________

Armed Resistance Unit

Al Qaeda runs its own media outlet, _____________ (the Cloud), to support its media campaign. As Sahab continually streams video to the Internet from its production studio in Pakistan, and al Qaeda augments As Sahab by releasing selected television footage to mainstream Arab media outlets, according to Marc Lynch

As Sahab

Jeanne Cummings (2002) points to two primary weaknesses.

As much as a year after September 11, the federal government had failed to provide funding to state and local governments State emergency planners complain that they received little federal direction and no federal money

______________ are staging a revolt in Baluchistan , and two major religious parties resent Pakistan's relationship with the United States. Bombings, kidnappings, and terrorist assaults by multiple groups are commonplace.

Baluchs

task orientation:

As used in this text, the ability to stay focused on the primary mission of an organization.

When the _____________ were threatened with invasion, they were often willing to suspend the rules of democracy in favor of protection. They shifted from the structure of open democracy to grant more authoritarian power to leaders in times of crisis, and the power would last until the threat abated

Athenians

Despite Greece efforts, a new group emerged in 2003—Revolutionary Struggle (EA). Its campaign began with the bombing of an_______________ courthouse.

Athens

The ____________ was guided by the message of Karbala, and he removed Islamic scholars and political leaders who disagreed with his message. He believed that the Iranian Revolution was the first step in purifying the world. Israel needed to be eliminated and returned to Islamic rule.

Ayatollah Khomeini

Iran's foreign policy under the_____________Revolutionary Guards was designed to spread religious revolutionary thought throughout the Muslim world.

Ayatollah Khomeini's

__________________ was a Palestinian scholar who was influenced by Qutb's writings. He came to believe that a purified form of Islam was the answer to questions of poverty and the loss of political power. He had been working for the Palestinians in the mid-1970s, but he became disillusioned with their nationalism and emphasis on politics over religion.

Azzam

in November 1989, _____________was killed by a remote-controlled car bomb. Whether the assassination was by Egyptian radicals or perhaps by bin Laden him-self, the result was that bin Laden and Zawahiri became the undisputed leaders of al Qaeda.

Azzam

_______________ wonders what would happen if terrorists seized some of this material. He points out that nuclear waste is a ready-made dirty bomb.

Ballard

East Pakistan revolted in 1971 and formed the new country of ________________.

Bangladesh

The militant religious climate has spawned the birth of ul-Jihad ul-Islami (Islamic Jihad), a local group that John believes is the Southeast Asian wing of al Qaeda. Of more concern, he says, is the creation of the Harkat ul-Jihad (HJ; Jihad Organization), a clone of ul-Jihad ul-Islami. In addition to terrorist violence, these groups threaten to bring a larger revolution to________________.

Bangladesh

The ports of _______________have become centers for international crime, including drug trafficking and illegal weapons trade, and the country has a strong internal jihadist movement. Wilson John (2005) concludes that this makes Bangladesh an ideal place for militant religion to emerge.

Bangladesh

Ali says that both the democracy and the myth of a unified country were short-lived. The ethnic Bengals left Pakistan in 1971 to form the country of_____________________

Bangladesh.

At the state and regional levels, efforts must be made to assemble, categorize, and analyze information and place it within national and international contexts.This results in a four-step process:

Basic information applied information real-time information analyzed information

Emerging as a linguistic group between 4,000 and 3,000 years ago, the Basque region challenges popular notions of Spanish nationalistic history.

Basque

Francisco Franco , the leader of fascist forces. After achieving victory in 1939, Franco forcibly campaigned against _____________ national identity. Franco completely incorporated the Basque region into Spain, banning its language and expressions of national culture.

Basque

The Spanish Civil War brought Franco to power, and he violently sought to eradicate Basque culture. This caused a surge of nationalism and resulted in the formation of a ______________ in Paris in the 1950s.

Basque shadow government

The ethnic ______________ left Pakistan in 1971 to form the country of Bangladesh.

Bengals

The first ten amendments, known as the ___________ , further limit the power of government.

Bill of Rights

______________________terrorists negotiated transportation to Libya, but while they were on the way to the aircraft designated to fly them from Germany, the German po-lice launched a rescue operation. Plans immediately went awry. Reacting quickly, terrorists machine-gunned their hostages before the German police could take control.

Black September

Arafat blamed the Israelis for King Hussein's actions, and he wanted to strike back. He could not control terrorists in the many PLO splinter groups, so he created a new group after King Hussein's September attack. He called the group_______

Black September.

The ________________ killed thousands, assassinated prominent political figures, such as Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and President Ranasinghe Premadasa of Sri Lanka, and murdered moderate Tamils who opposed their cause.

Black Tigers

_________________ agents are usually absorbed through the respiratory system

Blood and choking

Terrorism in Northern Ireland no longer grabs attention as it did in the past. The major campaigns are over and the groups have disbanded. Still, the situation re-mains volatile. Unionist and Republican activists carried out 124 attacks against each other in 2009, and two British soldiers were killed during the same year (Pantucci, 2010). In January 1972, British paratroopers opened fire on Catholic protestors in Londonderry on a day that became known as ____________

Bloody Sunday.

the ______________ (named for President Reagan's press secretary, who was disabled by a gunshot wound to his brain in an assassination attempt on Reagan) caused many conservatives to fear federal gun-control legislation.

Brady Bill

If Stern is correct, the __________________ gave new life to the fading right-wing movement, and a shift in the religious orientation of the extremist right helped to rejuvenate their ranks.

Brady Bill, Ruby Ridge, and Waco

Robert Matthews , for example, founded a terrorist group called the ____________ (the Silent Brotherhood), or The Order, based on Turner's fictional terrorist group.

Brüder Schweigen

Critics level harsh attacks against public bureaucracies, making the following points:

Bureaucracies work toward stagnation. Innovation, creativity, and individuality are discouraged .• Career bureaucrats are rewarded with organizational power . Therefore, they look for activities that provide organizational power instead of solutions to problems. • Public bureaucracies do not face competition.• Within a bureaucracy, it is better to make a safe decision than the correct decision .• Bureaucratic organizations protect themselves when threatened by outside problems .• Bureaucrats postpone decisions under the guise of gathering information .• Policies and procedures are more important than outcomes in bureaucracies .• Centralized bureaucracy increases paperwork .• As bureaucracies grow, simple problems result in complex solutions.

_______________ retired from an engineering career, moved to Idaho, and formed the Aryan Nations

Butler

Conservative political candidate and pundit Patrick Buchanan summarizes one view on immigration.

By allowing the unregulated flow of immigrants from the southern border, Buchanan argues, the United States opens the door to terrorist infiltration.

_____________was unique in state and local law enforcement. It combined machine intelligence, that is, the type of information that can be gathered by computers and other automated devices, with information coming from a variety of police agencies. The information was correlated and organized by analysts looking for trends. Future projections were made by looking at past indicators. Rather than simply operating as an information-gathering unit, CATIC was a synthesizing process.

CATIC

According to a report from_____________ (Raghavan, 2010), government attempts to centralize its power and American activities against AQAP are backfiring. Yemeni military officers think that both are strengthening AQAP.

CBS News

When it was originally established at the end of World War II, the ____________ was supposed to be the agency that would coordinate all U.S. intelligence data, but the head of the agency, as director of central intelligence, never received the political authority to consolidate the information-gathering power. In addition, the CIA was to operate apart from U.S. criminal law and was not officially allowed to collect data on Americans inside the United States

CIA

as American troops were preparing to enter Iraq in 2003, there was a tremendous dispute between the ___________ and the military about the validity of intelligence coming out of Iraq

CIA

The ODNI is a new concept in intelligence gathering. It coordinates information from national security and military intelligence. These agencies include the__________________________

CIA, the National Security Agency, the Defense Intelligence Agency, the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, and the National Reconnaissance Office.

in the 1950s the CIA tested drugs on Americans without their consent or knowledge; the FBI's counterintelligence program, _______________________ exceeded the authority of law enforcement in the name of national security.

COINTELPRO

California also introduced a new concept in statewide intelligence systems, the_____________________. Formed after September 11, this statewide intelligence system was designed to combat terrorism.

California Anti-Terrorism Information Center (CATIC)

In Northern Ireland, law enforcement officials and terrorism analysts realized that the IRA made a _________; that is, it developed an organized crime network to finance its operations

Capone discovery

European leftists were influenced by events in Latin America, as well as by revolutionary leaders such as ____________. The Red Army Faction (RAF)—known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang in its early days— began a campaign in Germany, followed by copycat groups and more long-term terrorist organizations in other countries.

Carlos Marighella

_________________was not seeking to dismantle intelligence operations; he wanted to protect Americans from their government. The president tried to correct the abuse of power and end the scandal of using covert operations against American citizens.

Carter

Nechaev (re-print 1987, pp. 68-71) laid down the principles of revolution in the "_________________." His spirit has been reflected in writings of the late twentieth century.

Catechism of the Revolutionary

_______________ are usually easier to deliver than biological weapons, and they are fast acting.

Chemicals

Large urban agencies established units to deal with terrorism, and they frequently operated in conjunction with the federal government. The reaction to Oklahoma City expanded such units. _______________ had experienced various forms of terrorism for years.

Chicago, New York, Washington, D.C., Miami, and Los Angeles

Barkun says that a new religion, ______________, grew from the extremist perspective. Starting with a concept called Anglo- Israelism , or British Israelism,

Christian Identity

_________________ is a strange blend of Jewish and Christian biblical passages and is based on the premise that God was the white male Deity (J. White, 1997, 2001). It is a religion of racial supremacy, and its theology is based on a story of conflict and hate. According to this theology, Jews have gained control of the United States by conspiring to create the Federal Reserve System. The struggle between whites and Jews will continue until whites ultimately achieve victory with God's help. At that point, the purpose of creation will be fulfilled.

Christian Identity

Women played an indirect role when racial terrorism emerged in the South after the ___________________

Civil War.

_____________ refers to the individual freedoms people have under a system of law.

Civil liberties

_____________ refers to protection from governmental power. The basic freedoms and protections that should be granted to all people are known as ______________.

Civil rights, human rights

Tanzim Brigade:

Claiming not to be directly involved in terrorism, the Tanzim Brigade is the militia wing of Fatah.

Domestic terrorism was addressed during the ______________administration (1994-2000) by enacting federal legislation to combat it and by introducing federally supported training for state, local, and tribal law enforcement.

Clinton

Hezbollah 2000-2004

Coalition Hezbollah forms temporary alliances with others in the September 2000 Palestinian uprising against Israel (the al Aqsa Intifada).

The FARC and ELN emerged as revolutionary groups in ______ They formed alliances with drug cartels, and their influence spread beyond Colombia. They remain operational, but their effectiveness is believed to have been reduced.

Colombia.

Andrew Feickert (2005) says that the _____________ has been so successful that some observers believe it should be used as a model for the war on terrorism.

Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA)

When the _______________ first began to operate in 2002, it sought three terrorist organizations and 25 supporters. By 2004, it had killed or captured 65 terrorists and had identified 550 probable supporters.

Combined Joint Task Force, Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA)

_______________ helps solve the problem, Hewitt says, because it is the most effective method of preventing terrorism. In other words, the nature of policing provides a de facto definition.

Community policing

The ______________ is the law of the land in the United States. It establishes procedures for government and provides for civil liberties.

Constitution

___________________ are the two buzzwords of the day. This is a charge not only to federal bureaucracies but to the FBI and CIA, which are to create a cooperative, sharing atmosphere with thousands of state and local law enforcement agencies.

Cooperation and sharing

Research by the ________________ (2004) concludes that most Arabs find Hezbollah to be a source of inspiration.

Council on Foreign Relations

The deistic religion of the Creativity movement. It claims that white people must struggle to defeat Jews and non-white races.

Creativity

___________________ is gathered by law enforce-ment and prosecuting attorneys. It cannot be gathered, analyzed, or stored without a reason to believe that a crime is about to take place or has taken place

Criminal intelligence

Scholars have debated the political orientation of the Shining Path almost from its inception. Led by a philosophy professor, Abimael Guzmán, the group was deeply influenced by China and its _____________

Cultural Revolution.

Puerto Rico

Currently, the population is divided among three opinions. Some desire Puerto Rican statehood. Others want to create an independent country, and some of these people favor a Marxist government. A third constituency wants to maintain commonwealth status.

____________________ in the DHS, on the other hand, uses its agents to secure U.S. borders and points of entry, with customs agents collecting revenue.

Customs and Border Protection

The main agencies responsible for border protection include ________________. The Transportation Security Administration (TSA) has supporting responsibilities at international airports inside the U.S.

Customs and Border Protection, ICE, and the Coast Guard

The ______________ has a limited but critical role in homeland security. Currently, the main military role in counterterrorism is to project American power overseas. DOD's military forces take the fight to terrorists in other lands, rather than letting terrorists become a problem within America's borders (Barnett, 2004, pp. 299-303). It also augments civilian defense and provides special operations capabilities. In some cases, military intelligence can also be used in counter-narcotics operations. Military forces can be used to protect the borders when ordered by the president.

DOD

in time of war, the military organizations in the _______________ play the leading role. The DOD has also assumed counterterrorist functions. It does this in two ways. First, DOD operates the U.S. Northern Command to ensure homeland security.

DOD

According to ____________ (2002, pp. 341-342), domestic terrorism includes violent right-wing extremists, the Ku Klux Klan, paramilitary organizations (or militias), abortion clinic bombers, violent anti-immigrant groups, and others who use violence in the name of race or ethnicity.

Daniel Levitas

_________________ have one common base—they protect the established order. Their purpose is to stop social change, and they terrorize those who threaten their position.

Death squads

Hamas was formed in _______________ at the beginning of the first Intifada (Isseroff, 2004). Yassin was disappointed with the secular direction of the PLO and wanted to steer the resistance movement along a religious course. Several technically trained university graduates—engineers, teachers, and Islamic scholars—joined the movement.

December 1987

On ______________, Israel kicked off Operation Cast Lead, a devastating air and artillery assault on

December 27, 2008

From 1967 to 1982, the PLO was characterized by internal splintering. Arafat found that he could not retain control of the military wing, and several groups split from it. These groups included the ____________________

Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine; the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine; and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, General Command.

In the autumn of 2004, the _________________held a conference on special operations that combined the military's counterterrorism efforts with American law enforcement's.

Department of Defense (DOD)

The creation of the _____________ involved one of the most massive reorganizations of government in American history

Department of Homeland Security (DHS)

Know-Nothings:

Different groups of American nationalists in the early nineteenth century who championed native-born whites over immigrants.

Dr. Ayman al Zawahiri was born into a prominent Egyptian family in 1951. An intelligent, high-achieving student, he fell under the influence of violent religious philosophy in high school after being exposed to militant interpretations of Islam. His passion and intolerance grew in college as he studied at Cairo's al Azhar University. One of his mentors was Sayyid Imam al Sharif , also known as _______________.

Dr. Fadl

In his popular historical work _______________ , Robert K. Massie (1991) points to the hysteria in Great Britain and Germany during the naval race before World War I.

Dreadnought: Britain, Germany and the Coming of the Great War

American embassy takeover:

During the Iranian hostage crisis, revolutionary students (Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK)) stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran with the support of the Iranian government. They held 54 American hostages from November 1979 to January 1981.

As Bruce Hoffman (1998, p. 60) points out, terrorism worked. The_____________ won a political victory without achieving a military one.

EOKA

According to the FBI (Jarboe, 2002), supporters of ecoterrorism and animal rights and opponents of genetic engineering came together in the United Kingdom in 1992. The new group called itself the _______________.

Earth Liberation Front (ELF)

The alliance has been responsible for more than 600 criminal acts since 1996. Its tactics include sabotage, tree spiking, property damage, intimidation, and arson, resulting in tens of millions of dollars of damage.

Earth Liberation Front (ELF)

1973 Yom Kippur War:

Egypt and Syria strike Israel to regain occupied territories; Egypt is initially successful, but its major army is surrounded in a counterattack

Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ). specifically targeted the _______________ government (Keats, 2002).

Egyptian

Taliban differs from al Qaeda's infatuation with a violent interpretation of a twentieth-century militant________________

Egyptian theologian.

________________________is a tool for dealing with weather disasters and industrial accidents.

Emergency planning

bacterial weapons:

Enhanced forms of bacteria that may be countered by antibiotics.

Attorney General ____________ tried to move a set of trials from military tribunals in Guantánamo Bay to New York City, only to back away from efforts to do so.

Eric Holder

Fed up with violence, a group of clans formed the ICU Somalia to impose Islamic law and bring order to the country in early 2006. The United States, alarmed that this move represented a takeover by the jihadists, supported an _____________ invasion of Somalia in December 2006.

Ethiopian

When British military units began arriving from the Suez Canal Zone in 1954, increasing British presence on the island, Grivas had had enough. Disregarding the Turkish Cypriot desire to partition the island into Greek and Turk sectors, he created an organization to overthrow the British, the ______________________

Ethniki Organosis Kyprion Agoniston (National Organization of Cypriot Fighters, EOKA).

George Bisharat (Bisharat et al., 2009), writing for an American law journal, argues that the Israeli response was illegal under international law. Two primary factors weigh against Israel.

Even though the military response was designed to be overwhelming, the massive response produced hundreds of civilian casualties. In addition, Israel effectively occupied the Gaza Strip.

As Clarke stated in his testimony, the _____________ should not have been the lead agency for infrastructure protection; that role is more suited to technological specialists.

FBI

If police in America are to become part of homeland defense, the relationship between the ____________ and state and local law enforcement must improve

FBI

In the United States, however, the lead agency for counterterrorism is the _______________

FBI

Many federal law enforcement agencies openly resent the _____________, and this attitude is frequently reciprocated.

FBI

The Bush Administration argued that counterterrorism is mainly a military problem. In the United States, however, the lead agency for counterterrorism is the ___________

FBI

The Department of Justice (DOJ) maintains several functions in the realm of counterterrorism. The most noted agency is the_______________ (FBI, n.d.).

FBI

Law enforcement agencies that report to the director of national intelligence include the

FBI's National Security Branch, the DOE's Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, the DHS's Office of Intelligence and Analysis, the Department of the Treasury's Office of Intelligence and Analysis, and the Drug Enforcement Administration's Office of National Security Intelligence

_____________, the target of an attempted U.S.-sponsored assassination, was a charismatic spiritual leader.

Fadlallah

In 1959, Arafat formed __________, a guerrilla organization, to wage a campaign against the Israelis. He advocated the use of small-unit tactics and terrorist actions, patterned after the Irgun Zvai Leumi.

Fatah

The al Aqsa Brigades were formed to put___________ at the center of the new Intifada.

Fatah

In June 2004 some of the leading figures in the Palestinian territories formed the __________________ to investigate the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades and Arafat's relation to them. This enraged some in the Brigades because they believed that Arafat was manipulating the entire investigation. Claiming that Arafat had abandoned them, disgruntled members of the Brigades sur-rounded his house and threatened him. If Arafat controlled the Brigades, his hold may not have been very tight

Fatah General Council

Fatah:

Fatah began as the military wing of the former PLO and was Yasser Arafat's strongest military muscle. Formed in the early stages of the PLO, Fatah was part of an underground organization formed in 1959. It emerged in the open in 1965 after making terrorist attacks against Israel in 1964. Fatah rose to prominence after the 1967 Six Day War because it became the only means of attacking Israel.

goal displacement:

Favoring process over accomplishments. Process should be reasonable and efficient. Too much focus on the process, however, interferes with completion of job tasks.

The Taliban seized control of Kandahar in 1994 and controlled 95 percent of the country by 1997. After the American offensive in Afghanistan in October 2001, many members of the Taliban retreated into the__________________ of Pakistan.

Federal Administered Tribal Area (FATA)

Many DHS employees are employed in law enforcement tasks and have arrest powers. In the new Homeland Security structure, these special agents and federal police officers are trained at the ________________ in Glencoe, Georgia.

Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC)

The Disenchanted Island ,

Fernandez explains the island's relationship with the United States from the Puerto Rican point of view.

Los Macheteros

Fernandez explores the reasons for terrorism carried out by Puerto Rican nationalists in the United States

The bureau also maintains_______________Intelligence offices in its local agencies

Field

The DOD has also assumed counterterrorist functions. It does this in two ways.

First, DOD operates the U.S. Northern Command to ensure homeland security. This is the second function of DOD. When civilian authorities request and the president approves it, military forces may be used to support civilians in counterterrorism

The Aspen Foundation (Van Dongen, 2012) believes that the rebellion is far from over for three reasons.

First, India is one of the most underpoliced countries of the world. Second, reversing their previous public posture, the Naxalites have begun providing social services to the poor inside the Red Corridor. Finally, the most important reason the rebellion continues is that the fundamental issues which caused the unrest have not been addressed.

Tactically, police and security forces should keep two issues in mind:

First, a beat police officer is usually the first responder to domestic terrorism. Second, the investigation techniques used in large, sensational terrorist incidents are the same techniques a local agency would use to investigate a stink bomb placed in the locker room of a high school football team.

Tactically, police and security forces should keep two issues in mind:

First, a beat police officer is usually the first responder to domestic terrorism. Second, the investigation techniques used in large, sensational terrorist incidents are the same techniques a local agency would use to investigate a stink bomb placed in the locker room of a high school football team.

the ACLU charges the attorney general with trying to gut the role of immigration courts. The ACLU expresses two concerns.

First, after September 11, the attorney general ordered the detention of several hundred immigrants. He refused to openly charge most of the detainees and refused to make the list known for several months. In addition, Attorney General Ashcroft sought to have the rules for detaining and deporting immigrants streamlined. He wanted to make the process more efficient by decreasing the amount of judicial review involved in immigration and naturalization cases.

Magnus Ranstorp (1998) argues that the two declarations reveal much about the nature of al Qaeda and bin Laden.

First, bin Laden represented a new phase in Middle Eastern terrorism. He was intent on spreading the realm of Islam with a transnational group. Second, he used Islam to call for religious violence. Finally, bin Laden wanted to cause death. C

Flynn says that America has made two crucial mistakes.

First, homeland security has been separated from national security. Second, the infrastructure is vulnerable to attacks.

Law enforcement and intelligence agencies present their systems in a positive light, but critics point to two types of failures. .

First, intelligence processes have been ineffective Second, the government has abused its authority in the past.

Al Shabaab has influenced America in two ways.

First, it has spawned a policy debate. The second policy concern deals with the Somali diaspora in the United States.

William Dyson (2011) looked at data from terrorism cases from 2008 to 2011. He found that American law enforcement officers had a tremendous success rate in both investigating terrorism cases and stopping terrorist or extremist attacks. The reason this has happened is twofold.

First, law enforcement personnel, through training and awareness, were recognizing possible indicators and warning signs of terrorism. Second, police officers reported this information, and it was being shared by fusion centers and other intelligence agencies.

Torin Monahan and Neal Palmer (2009) also have concerns. They argue that fusion centers have three weaknesses.

First, not only is there a lack of evidence demonstrating the efficacy of fusion centers; their research shows the homeland security system is ineffective and expensive. Second, the expansion of responsibility from terrorism prevention to dealing with all hazards represents a task beyond law enforcement's mission. Finally, the massive amount of information centralized in fusion centers threatens civil liberties.

If state and local agencies shift to offensive thinking and action, two results will inevitably develop.

First, police contact with potential terrorists will increase. Second, proactive measures demand increased intelligence gathering, and much of the information will have no relation to criminal activity.

Mazzei argues that the conditions giving rise to death squads develop when several factors coalesce to form a favorable environment.

First, political elites must be entrenched in a society and have a vested interest in maintaining societal structures, and these elites have a history of employing armed force to protect their positions. a reform movement that threatens to break up elite power structures and redistribute wealth and power. Third, the government must be either unwilling or unable to stop the reform movement. Finally, hard-liners among the political elites break away from their mainstream counterparts, based on the belief that moderate political elites are too soft and unable to stop the reform movement.

Human rights intersect terrorism and homeland security in two controversial areas.

First, terrorist attacks on innocent civilians violate the human right of people to exist apart from political violence against innocent people. Second, governments must respect the human rights of their opponents.

Despite the systems and networks that were developed to share information, many agencies still were not part of the information-sharing process. ________________ came about to correct this.

Fusion centers

________went on to form several right-wing associations, including Posse Comitatus.

Gale

chemical weapons present four problems.

First, terrorists must have a delivery mechanism; that is, they need some way to spread the chemical. The second problem is related to the first. Bombing is a popular tactic, but the heat of most explosives incinerates the chemical agents. It takes a lot of chemicals to present a threat. Finally, weather patterns, air, and water can neutralize a chemical threat. Chemical weapons are most effective when used in a confined space, and they are difficult to use effectively in large outdoor areas.

Several researchers have looked at the relationship between the United States and the mujahedeen during the Soviet-Afghan War Their research points to several important conclusions.

First, the United States helped Saudi Arabia develop a funding mechanism and underground arms network to supply the mujahedeen. Second, the United States agreed to give most of the weapons and supplies to the ISI, which built mujahedeen groups with little American participation. Third, Islamic charities flourished in the United States, and their donations supported the mujahedeen. Finally, when the Soviets left Afghanistan in 1989, the United States rejoiced and abandoned war-torn Afghanistan.

Much of the power of the PATRIOT Act was preserved in 2011 when the Department of Justice argued for the continuation of three key provisions.

First, the attorney general asked for permission to continue roving wiretaps The second provision deals with evidence.

According to Porzecanski, the group was not willing to move outside Montevideo to begin a guerrilla war for several reasons.

First, the group was not large enough to begin a guerrilla campaign. Second, the countryside of Uruguay did not readily lend itself to a guerrilla war because unrest grew from the urban center of Uruguay. Third, the peasants were unwilling to provide popular support for guerrilla forces. Finally, Montevideo was the nerve center of Uruguay.

Guzmán led the Shining Path in a twofold strategy.

First, the guerrillas operated in rural areas, trying to create regional military forces. Second, Guzmán attempted to combine Mao Zedong's ruthless revolutionary zeal with the guerrilla philosophy of Che Guevara.

Protection of the infrastructure does not result automatically with the acquisition of technical expertise equivalent to that of industrial specialists; it comes when specialists in crime fighting and protection establish critical links with the public and private organizations in maintaining America's infrastructure. Connections should be developed in two crucial areas

First, the police should be linked to the security forces already associated with infrastructure functions. Second, state and local law enforcement agencies must establish formal and informal networks with the organizations in their jurisdictions, and these networks should expand to a cooperative federal system.

several issues hold the right-wing extremism movement together.

First, the right wing tends to follow one of the forms of extremist religion. The name of God is universally invoked, even by leaders who disavow theism (a belief in God). Second, the movement is dominated by a belief in international conspiracy and other conspiracy theories. Followers feel that sinister forces are conspiring to take away their economic status and swindle them out of the American dream. The primary conspiratorial force was communism, but after the fall of the Soviet Union, it became the United Nations. The extremist right believes that a conspiracy of Jewish bankers works with the United Nations to create a New World Order in which Jews control the international monetary system. Finally, right-wing extremists continue to embrace patriotism and guns. They want to arm themselves for a holy war

Although the centers were operating by the beginning of the twenty-first century, Carter reports that they had some drawbacks.

First, their focus tended to be on local crimes and issues. There were few efforts to share information on a larger, more systematic scale. Second, no funding was available to expand the operation of the centers.

sovereign citizens tend to hold some common beliefs.

First, they believe that they can declare themselves free of American citizenship as well as laws and taxes. This can develop in a variety of manners. For example, some people believe that using an odd signature declares that they are free citizens. Some other people write letters to government officials declar-ing that they are no longer citizens of the United States. One popular belief is that the United States did not have citizens after the American Revolution, but constitutional amendments added after the Civil War tricked free citizens into accepting American citizenship. If you are aware of that fact, you can simply opt out of the government. Still another group believes there is a missing 14th Amendment to the Constitution, an amendment allowing them to declare themselves free of citizenship.

Maoist groups exhibit three striking differences from most other revolutionary terrorists.

First, they practice ruthless domination in the areas they control, and they rule by terrorism. Second, Maoist groups have a reputation for maintaining internal discipline. They purge and control their own members. Finally, and most important, Maoist groups follow the revolutionary philosophy of Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong.

the lead agency for counterterrorism is the FBI (Best, 2001). The FBI has several charges in this realm.

First, under Director Robert Mueller, its charge is to prevent terrorism. Second, it is to coordinate intelligence-gathering and intelligence-sharing activities with the Border Patrol, Secret Service, and CIA. Third, it is to operate as a partner of state and local law enforcement. Finally, because the FBI is in the Department of Justice (DOJ), it is to coordinate its activities with DHS and the Department of Defense (DOD).

The FBI has several charges in this realm.

First, under Director Robert Mueller, its charge is to prevent terrorism. Second, it is to coordinate intelligence-gathering and intelligence-sharing activities with the Border Patrol, Secret Service, and CIA. Third, it is to operate as a partner of state and local law enforcement. Finally, because the FBI is in the Department of Justice (DOJ), it is to coordinate its activities with DHS and the Department of Defense (DOD). Under the intelligence reform law of 2004, all intelligence coordination must take place in the National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)

He finds it hard to believe that in 2004 the United States spent more money every three days to fight the war in Iraq than it did in three years to protect the seaports.

Flynn

Branch Davidians:

Followers of Vernon Wayne Howell, also known as David Koresh. They lived in a compound outside Waco, Texas.

Some DHS policies have not been popular with other countries.

For example, DHS implemented a policy of fingerprinting and photographing visitors from some other countries; some of America's closest allies were exempted from the process.

Sageman (2008b) responded in the next issue of ________________. He says that Hoffman fundamentally misrepresented his argument and that Hoffman cited information that did not appear in his book.

Foreign Affairs

Racial profiling has not helped the police control drugs, Colb argues, and it violates the Due Process Clause of the ______________ . Yet the scope of September 11 calls into question previous assumptions about profiling.

Fourteenth Amendment

The idea of using militant reformers against the Soviet Union was born in ______________. The French intelligence community knew that Islamic militants hated the communists for several reasons and, therefore, suggested to intelligence counterparts in Washington and London that militant Islamic reformers might be used against communist regimes.

France

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

French anarchist. He is appalled by violence and believes humans can live without governments in ideal communities

In December 1992, a bomb exploded in a hotel in Yemen that had been housing American troops. According to _____________ (1999), U.S. intelligence linked the attack to bin Laden.

Frontline

PBS's ___________ (2002) conducted an interview with a Palestinian leader code-named Jihad Ja'Aire at the height of the first bombing campaign. Ja'Aire claimed that he and all of the other Brigades commanders were under Arafat's control.

Frontline

Attorney____________ordered the FBI to create more Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs). The attorney general also used his prosecutors, the U.S. attorneys who represent the government in the federal court system, to create Anti-Terrorism Task Forces (ATTFs) in all the nation's U.S. attorneys' offices. The name was changed to Anti-Terrorist Assistance Coordinators (ATACs) in 2003. All these federal efforts were based on the assumption that local, state, and federal agencies would work together.

General Ashcroft

Bill Stanton (1991, pp. 78-82) says that in 1978 the KKK led the way into the modern era when it emerged in _______________as a paramilitary organization.

Georgia and North Carolina

Brüder Schweigen:

German for silent brothers , the name used by two violent right-wing extremist groups, Brüder Schweigen and Brüder Schweigen Strike Force II. The late Robert Miles, leader of the Mountain Church of Jesus in Michigan, penned an article about the struggle for white supremacy, "When All of the Brothers Struggle."

The deputy leader of the Red Mosque, Abdul Rashid Ghazi, was also killed, and a group of students vowed to take revenge in his name. This spawned the _________________and a series of suicide attacks in several areas of Pakistan, beginning in 2009.

Ghazi Brigades

For example, a good manager takes care of employee needs so that employees can accomplish their tasks. ________________occurs if a manager emphasizes employee needs over a unit's purpose.

Goal displacement

The most well-known case of Posse Comitatus resistance involved __________________, who killed three law enforcement officers in North Dakota and Arkansas before being killed in a shoot-out.

Gordon Kahl

bureaucracy:

Governmental, private-sector, and nonprofit organizations. It assumes that people organize in a hierarchy to create an organization that will solve problems.

The detention facility at _____________, Cuba, became a lightning rod for domestic and international criticism of Bush policies.

Guantánamo Bay

Sixth Amendment:

Guarantees the right to an attorney and a speedy public trial by jury in the jurisdiction where an alleged crime occurred. The amendment also requires that a suspect be informed of any changes.

First Amendment:

Guarantees the rights to speech, assembly, religion, press, and petitioning the government.

___________ are assigned to militias that operate along Israel's northern border, especially in the Shaba farm region

Guerrillas

According to___________________ (2002, p. 25), Zawahiri became the brains behind a new operation. Using bin Laden's notoriety and charisma among the Afghan mujahedeen, he transformed the organization. Zawahiri knew from experience that an umbrella-style organization was difficult to penetrate. He persuaded bin Laden that this was the type of organization to take control of Afghanistan and spread the new Islamic empire.

Gunaratna

The United States has a long history of political violence, but until recently few scholars characterized it as "terrorism." Three exceptions were ________________

H. H. A. Cooper (1976), J. Bowyer Bell (Bell and Gurr, 1979), and Ted Robert Gurr

There are two methods for constructing a nuclear device. The simplest method is to use _____________. Rarely used in military weapons today, it was the type of bomb used at Hiroshima, and it can be built without the assistance of a nuclear state. The second method involves plutonium, and it is much more complicated.

HEU

In an effort to stop Palestinian attacks, the government of Ariel Sharon proposed an idea that dates back to _______________of the Roman Empire. The Israelis began constructing a massive wall.

Hadrian

In the)____________ case, previously discussed, courts ruled that the defendants were entitled to contest the basis of their arrests. The government cannot hold a person without a hearing in order to ensure that an arrest is justified by probable cause.

Hamdi

The ___________________ runs its own militias, shadow governments, protection rackets, legitimate businesses, and terrorist groups. Dating back to the Soviet-Afghan War, leaders of the Haqqani clan are the major players in Pakistan's tribal region.

Haqqani network

Supporters point to the condemnation by _____________, Hezbollah's spiritual leader, of the September 11 attacks as un-Islamic, refusing to call the hijackers "martyrs" and maintaining that they committed suicide while murdering innocent people

Hassan Fadlallah

Richard Clarke, a former special advisor to the president with an impressive bipartisan service record, testified before the Senate Subcommittee on the Judiciary on February 13, 2002 .

He outlined many of the threats facing the nation's infrastructure, painting a grim picture. Most computer systems are vulnerable to viruses, Clarke believes, because computer users will not pay for proper protection. The government has made efforts to partially address this problem, but more protection is needed. Clarke says that the nation's power system and the technological organizations that support it are vulnerable to disruptions. The Internet and other computer networks that support these systems are also vulnerable to attack. Pointing to the railroad industry as an example, Clarke shows how many low-tech organizations have imported high-tech support systems. If you shut down electrical grids and computers, Clarke maintains, you'll shut down transportation and communication

It has also created the organizational style that jihadist groups such as the Egyptian Islamic Group, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad, the Armed Islamic Group in Algeria, and al Qaeda would use.

Hezbollah

It was also involved in the 1985 hijacking of a TWA flight , during which an American was murdered, and two bombings in Argentina in 1992 and 1994 . It has been responsible for a campaign of suicide bombings, the murders of Lebanese Christians, international arms smuggling, and a host of international crimi-nal activities, including crimes in the United States.

Hezbollah

______________kidnapped, tortured, and murdered the CIA station chief in Beirut, as well as a marine colonel working for the United Nations. Judith Harik

Hezbollah

A separate international group, _____________, operates outside the domestic structure

Hezbollah International

Hezbollah:

Hezbollah is the Iranian-backed Party of God, operating from southern Lebanon. The local branch of the group forms alliances of convenience with other organizations participating in the al Aqsa Intifada. The international branch is believed to run the most effective terrorist network in the world.

The current major operational groups are

Hezbollah, Hamas, and the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades.

The RICs eventually evolved into

High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area intelligence centers—HIDTA-RIC.

The future militants called their organization the Red Brigades, and Curcio's 1970 group of militants became known as the __________________

Historical Nucleus.

________________________, the author of several noted studies on terrorism, including Inside Terrorism (revised 2006), directed counterterrorism research at the RAND Corporation for many years before joining the faculty at Georgetown University.

Hoffman

Prepared responses, the ____________________contends, are proactive

IACP

The _______________(2001) believes that local law enforcement agencies will become the hinge on which all local efforts pivot. It will be the job of local law enforcement, the IACP says, to coordinate activities from a host of agencies throughout local jurisdictions all through the United States.

IACP

The___________ America's largest association of state and local police executives, has traditionally favored the civil role of policing over a militaristic approach.

IACP,

Since 1916, the______ has been permeated with socialist revolutionaries and with nationalists who reject some aspects of socialism.

IRA

Feeling oppressed by all sides, Catholics and Republicans in ulster looked for help. They found it, partly, in the form of the _______________

IRA.

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) has been especially effective because of its relationship to the _____________

ISI.

_________________ are part of Colombia's problem with terrorism.

Illegal drugs

Few analysts of terrorism—indeed, few scholars, politicians, soothsayers, or prophets—predicted three key events that changed the political landscape of Europe and the world.

In 1989, the Berlin Wall came down, leading to the reunification of Germany. To the south, new nations emerging from the former Yugoslavia took up arms and resumed a centuries-old struggle. The Soviet Union dissolved,

Hamas:

In December 1987, a few days after the first Intifada began, the Islamic Resistance Movement (Harakat al Muqawama al Islamiyya, or Hamas) was formed. It was composed of the Palestinian wing of the Muslim Brotherhood. The Brothers advocated an international Islamic movement, and most of them did not sup-port violence. Hamas differs from the Brothers' position in that it has localized the Islamic struggle and accepts violence as a norm. Hamas is organized as a large political union, and its primary mission is to oppose the PLO; today, it represents an alternative to the Palestine National Council. Its military wing is called the Izz el Din al Qassam Brigades, named for a martyr in the 1935 Arab Revolt against the British in Palestine.

Georgios Karyotis (2007) explains Greek counterterrorism policy by examining three phases of recent history.

In the first phase, Greek security forces simply did not consider terrorism to be a problem. point, the Greek political system deemed terrorism to be a problem, but instead of developing a strong security policy, Greek politicians debated the issue of terrorism until 1999. Karyotis says that the third phase of the Greek response came in 1999, when authorities accepted the reality of the threat and developed security mechanisms to deal with it.

Cole and Dempsey point to four cases that illustrate their fears.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the FBI trampled the rights of suspects and citizens through COINTELPRO, its counterintelligence program. Second, from 1981 to 1990, the FBI overreacted against U.S. citizens who expressed sympathy for revolutionaries in El Salvador. The FBI even designated friends of activists as "guilty by association." Third, in the 1990s, Muslims and Palestinians were targeted by investigations even though there were no reasonable suspicions that they were involved in a crime. Finally, during the 1990s, political investigations of radical environmentalists and others expanded.

Hamas in the United States

In the summer of 2004, the Department of Justice charged several people with terrorist activities, including money laundering, threatening violence, possessing weapons, and a series of other related crimes. The indictment charges the suspects with being members of Hamas .• In October 2003, law enforcement officers found small Cincinnati grocery stores raising millions of dollars for Hamas through price fraud .• In September 2003, agents seized two men in the Virgin Islands after they left the mainland to launder money for Hamas .• In Dearborn, Michigan, law enforcement officials charged two men with bank fraud. The alleged purpose was to raise money for Hamas.

criminal intelligence

Information gathered on the reasonable suspicion that a criminal activity is occurring or about to occur. It is collected by law enforcement agencies in the course of their preventive and investigative functions. It is shared on information networks such as the Regional In-formation Sharing System (RISS). Unlike national defense intelligence, criminal intelligence applies only under criminal law. Agencies must suspect some violation of criminal law before they can collect intelligence.

actionable intelligence:

Information that law enforcement agencies, military units, or other security forces can use to prevent an attack or operation.

Another area concerning DHS is infrastructure protection such as ;

Information, energy, communication, transportation, and economic systems are vulnerable to terrorist attack.

Hoffman, the author of several noted studies on terrorism, including _______________ (revised 2006), directed counterterrorism research at the RAND Corporation for many years before joining the faculty at Georgetown University.

Inside Terrorism

The _________________ has also become a forum for spreading tactical advice, bomb-making instructions, and theological debates

Internet

A new group, Hezbollah, began forming in Lebanon. A popular uprising in 1987, the ___________ , gave rise to a new group, Hamas.

Intifada

Hamas emerged from the first________________. It embraced the principles of religious law and expressed disgust for the secular policies and corruption of the PLO. It formed a large organization and mastered the art of suicide attacks.

Intifada

in ancient Persia (modern ___________________), the British approached the Russians with another deal. Iran would be divided into three parts, a northern area controlled by Russia, a southern zone under British rule, and a neutral area in between. When the war ended in 1918, the entire Middle East was controlled by the British, French, and Russians, but it was a powder keg

Iran

Hezbollah September 2006

Iran begins to rebuild Lebanese infrastructure.

In 1959, Arafat formed Fatah, a guerrilla organization, to wage a campaign against the Israelis. He advocated the use of small-unit tactics and terrorist actions, patterned after the ______________

Irgun Zvai Leumi.

The _________________ , for example, represented a coalition of groups wanting to rule Somalia under Islamic law.

Islamic Courts Union (ICU)

It was connected with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and with plans for further attacks in New York City. also responsible An attack on a group of tourists in Luxor

Islamic Group

In phase one of the development of Hezbollah, from 1982 to 1985 (see Timeline 9.1, "Phases of Hezbollah"), the Hezbollah umbrella covered many terrorist groups, including a shadowy organization known as _______________.

Islamic Jihad

and Iran joined the fighting after the revolution of 1979, establishing a new terrorist organization called _____________. Endemic civil war raged in Lebanon as dozens of terrorists slipped across the border to attack Israel

Islamic Jihad

Hezbollah guerrillas simply refer to themselves as the "________________." The military wing is a small part of the organization.

Islamic resistance

Hezbollah July 2006

Israel launches offensive in Lebanon.

Hezbollah August 2006

Israel withdraws, Hezbollah claims victory.

1948 - 1949:

Israel's War of Independence

Planning

It enhances the gathering, organizing, and analyzing of information

Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF).

It has ties with jihadist movements and seeks to create an Islamic state under strict interpretations of Islamic law. Philippines

Newkirk sees a number of problems with such intelligence. First, the surveillance itself is scandalous.

It is not lawful to spy on American citizens engaged in political activity. Second, the fusion of information leads to a threat to civil liberties. Various levels of law enforcement shared this information with intelligence units and private corporations. This was conducted with murky lines of authority and a lack of public accountability. Finally, the government has no right to maintain security files on innocent people.

John Wolf (1981, p. 31) believes that an executive committee of the Tupamaros controlled all activities in Montevideo. The executive committee was responsible for two major functions.

It ran the columns that supervised the terrorist operations, and it also administered a special Committee for Revolutionary Justice.

Hamas passed another milestone in the campaign against Israel:

It used a female suicide bomber in a joint operation with a newer group, the al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

Modern revolutionary terrorism

It was a global movement expressing dissatisfaction in the wake of anticolonialism.

Maoist terrorism

Its goal is to establish a communist society similar to that of revolutionary China.

The _______________system might well serve as an outstanding example of law enforcement cooperation.

JTTF

Lashkar Jihad was formed to fight Christians in the east. A more sinister group, ___________________, was formed with the purpose of bringing Indonesia under strict Islamic law. Both groups had contacts with al Qaeda

Jamaat Islamiyya

The LeT has also launched numerous attacks in __________________

Jammu and Kashmir.

Bin Laden was active in Somalia when U.S. troops joined the forces trying to get food to the area. In October 1993, a U.S. Army Black Hawk helicopter was downed while on patrol in Mogadishu. U.S. Army Rangers went to the rescue, and a two-day battle ensued in which 18 Americans died. In an interview with _______________ (1998), bin Laden claimed that he trained and supported the troops that struck the Americans.

John Miller of ABC News

the FBI also coordinates state and local law enforcement efforts in

Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTFs).

Arafat conducted Fatah operations from ___________________, despite protests from Jordan's King Hussein

Jordan

Arafat conducted Fatah operations from___________, despite protests from Jordan's King Hussein

Jordan

The Freemen of Montana represent another variation. They allegedly terrorized a small town— ________________—by flouting laws as though they were an urban gang.

Jordan, Montana

Despite the attempts to increase executive authority in counterterrorism, several court decisions have reversed policies of the White House. These include the following:

June 2004—Two decisions that allow enemy combatants the right to contest their arrests. April 2006—A decision that prevents U.S. citizens arrested in the United States from being tried outside the criminal court system. June 2006—The military tribunal system established at Guantánamo is declared illegal because it did not have congressional approval. June 2007—A military tribunal dismisses charges against two enemy combatants based on the June 2006 Supreme Court decision.

By 1982, the Israelis had had enough. On _________, a massive three-pronged IDF force invaded Lebanon. The PLO and other militias moved forward to take a stand, but they were no match for the coordinated efforts of IDF tanks, aircraft, and infantry. The Israelis rolled through Lebanon. Soon they were knocking on the doors of Beirut, and Lebanon's civil war seemed to be over.

June 6

One of the chief spokespersons and intellectuals in the socialist camp was the founder of communism,________________

Karl Marx (socialist)

Although a longtime opponent of a national identification system, _________ now says that such a system would not be unconstitutional, provided citizens were not ordered to produce identification without reasonable suspicion.

Katz

Hezbollah 1985-1990

Kidnapping and bombing A terrorist organization is created.

King Gyanendra: (b. 1947)

King of Nepal from 2001 to 2008. After the attack and murder of several members of the royal family, Gyanendra became king of Nepal in 2001. He took complete power in 2005 to fight the Maoist rebellion. In the spring of 2006, he was forced to return power to parliament, and he was removed from power in 2008.

Shortly after the Civil War, hooded ______________ , as they were called, terrorized African Americans to frighten them into political and social submission. This aspect of the Klan faded by the end of the century.

Knight Riders

Antifederal attitudes were common in some circles in the early 1800s. The so-called ___________ operated in the eastern United States before the Civil War

Know-Nothings

Red Mosque:

Lal masjid , located in Islamabad, with a madrassa and a school for women. It taught militant theology. The government ordered the mosque closed in 2007. This resulted in a shootout and a standoff. Government forces stormed the mosque on July 2007, killing more than 100 students. One of the leaders, Abdul Rashid Ghazi, was killed. His brother Maulana Abdul Aziz, the mosque's other leader, was captured while trying to escape in women's clothing. openly called for Musharraf's assasination

Peter Chalk (2010) says that many of the homegrown terrorist threats in Europe, North America, and Australia have_________________ connections.

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)

Shortly after 9/11, the IACP joined with the DOJ to create the _______________________

National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)

_______________________was created in 1993 under the watchful eye of the ISI to strike at Indian targets in Jammu and Kashmir. It is best known for its attacks in India, including a deadly series of attacks in Mumbai in November 2008, and it rejects all forms of Islam except its own interpretation.

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)

According to Senator ___________, President Bush's counterterrorist proposals threatened the system of checks and balances, giving the executive branch of government too much power

Leahy

Baalbek:

Lebanese city in the Bekaa Valley; original headquarters of Hezbollah

The security wing is based in____________ and is responsible for training guerrillas and terrorists. (Supporters of Hezbollah do not make a distinction between guerrilla and terrorist .)

Lebanon

______________has become one of the most violent regions in the area. Ruled by France until 1943, the government of Lebanon managed a delicate balance of people with many different national and religious loyalties.

Lebanon

Their favorite tactic was bombing, but they tried to avoid causing casualties.

Left-wing`

Hezbollah 1990-2000

Legitimacy The group organizes social services, a political party, and a military wing.

Hart argues that al Qaeda has lost its appeal in the Muslim world because of its basic mission. Far from being a religious movement, it pictures itself as the vanguard of a popular uprising that will destroy Western influence and reestablish the caliph-ate. This resembles ____________ more than Mohammed.

Lenin

_____________ (1879-1940), believed that terrorism should be used as an instrument for overthrowing middle-class, or bourgeois, governments. Once power was achieved, Lenin and Trotsky advocated terrorism as a means of controlling internal enemies and as a method for coping with international strife.

Leon Trotsky

Gush Emunim:

Literally, "Bloc of the Faithful"; Jewish group formed in 1974 that believes that God literally promised Jews the Kingdom of David

Waziristan

Literally, the land of the Waziris, a tribal region between the North-West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. Waziri tribes clashed with the Pakistan Army from 2004 to 2006, and they support several jihadist operations in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Al Qaeda and Taliban forces operate in Waziristan.

Ethnic cleansing, child armies, wars by self-appointed militias such as the ________________ , crime and corruption, and internal strife have evolved into sub-Saharan Africa's unique brand of nationalist terrorism. This became better known in the West after a YouTube video on Joseph Kony , the LRA's leader, went viral in 2012.

Lord's Resistance Army (LRA)

Ronald Fernandez (1987, 1996) offers two insightful views of Puerto Rico.

Los Macheteros The Disenchanted Island

The Armed Forces of National Liberation (FALN) began operating in the United States after 1945, and they were joined by other Puerto Rican terrorists in the following decades. One of the most notorious groups was the

Macheteros. Other groups included the Volunteers for the Puerto Rican Revolution (OVRP), the Armed Forces of Liberation (FARP), the Guerrilla Forces of Liberation (GEL), and the Pedro Albizu Campos Revolutionary Forces (PACRF).

In the summer of 2003, PA Prime Minister ______________ brokered a limited ceasefire, asking Hamas, the PIJ, and related groups to end their campaigns. How-ever, the peace effort ended in August after a suicide bombing on a bus in Jerusa-lem.

Mahmud Abbas

In weber's ideal, ____________ in the organization is rationally oriented and devoid of friendship, family, or political influences.

Management

_______________is a form of revolutionary terrorism.

Maoist terrorism

They evicted peasants from their land and set up local governments to redistribute their holdings. The ____________goal was to create a core group of peasant supporters and to terrorize the remaining population into subservience

Maoists (communist)

After the 1982 invasion of Lebanon, the PLO retreated to ____________and the occupied territories.

North Africa

The organization of the Red Brigades was unique in European terrorism. They came closer to matching the _______________a model than did any other group in Europe. They were bound in a loose confederation, with a central committee meeting periodically to devise a grand strategy. A key difference, however, was that whereas the Tupamaros operated only in Montevideo, the Red Brigades existed in a variety of urban centers.

Marighell

In two major works, For the Liberation of Brazil (1971) and The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla (1969), _______designed practical guides for terrorism. These books have had more influence on recent revolutionary terrorism than any other set of theories.

Marighella

The Tupamaros established an urban organization. The active cadre conducted terrorism (robbery, kidnapping, attacking symbolic targets) while waiting on sympathizers to create a revolutionary climate. The organizational structure included firing teams, small units described in _________________ , separated from one another in secretive cells, a command structure, and logistical support.

Marighella's Minimanual

The Afghan Taliban produces millions of fake________________and distributes them through Afghanistan and China.

Marlboros

The ACLU's concern can be illustrated by a case shortly after 9/11—the case of Ali Maqtari.

Married to a member of the armed forces, Maqtari was driving his wife to Fort Campbell, Kentucky, when police stopped him for questioning and detained him without probable cause to believe he had committed a crime. He was held for eight weeks without formal charges, according to the ACLU. After Maqtari was granted a hearing, a court ruled that the government's position was unjustified and he was released

As ______________ (1991, pp. 142-156) says, at some point violence serves to justify violence. This style of thought also asks members of a social group to be sufficiently ruthless with enemies to defeat them and to have the political will for rigorous self-examination.

Martin van Creveld

A BBC News (2003) investigation points to ___________ (currently in Israeli custody) as the commander of fatah

Marwan Barghouti

After World War II, Revolutionary terrorism involved mainly left-wing and ____________ movements; right-wing groups copied these models. Some revolutionary groups are sponsored by nation-states.

Marxist

the symbolic nature of the change came on____________________, when Presi-dent Barak Obama announced that U.S. Navy SEALs had attacked Osama bin Lad-en's compound in Pakistan. The nemesis from 9/11 was dead.

May 1, 2011

According to the Council on Foreign Relations (Fletcher, 2009), the ______________ conducted a number of attacks between the 1970s and 2001. These include hit-and-run military attacks against Iran, assassinations of Iranian officials, attacks on Iranians and foreign countries, and large bombings.

MeK

During the Iranian Revolution, the _________________ assisted in the takeover of the United States embassy. It fought for Saddam Hussein in the Iran-Iraq War; and, in 2003, during Operation Iraqi Freedom, it engaged in combat against American Special Forces. It has a long record of terrorism, dating back to the 1970s.

MeK

in Destin, Florida, several federal agencies sponsored a training session that combined federal law enforcement, military, and intelligence agencies with state, local, and tribal law enforcement. ________________ (2007), then secretary of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) , spoke of the necessity to operate as a multifaceted team of differing organizations to stop terrorism before it occurred.

Michael Chertoff

________________ is an abstract, nebulous concept, which fluctuates according to historical and political circumstances.

Modern terrorism

While bin Laden's fortunes increased in Sudan, Americans were on the move in Somalia. President George H. W. Bush sent U.S. forces to _______________ to end a humanitarian crisis there,

Mogadishu

___________ , a Hezbollah representative in the Lebanese Parliament, told journalist Tim Cavanaugh (2004) that Hezbollah has the right to resist Israeli aggression after Israel's invasion of Lebanon.

Mohammed Fneish

_______________ claims that law enforcement officials break laws in fusion center operations. His studies suggest that officials illegally infiltrate political groups and collect data. Since many investigations are based on nationality or ethnicity, the resulting data helps to inject racism into the intelligence system.

Monahan

Europe experienced revolutionary terrorism from about 1965 to 1990.

Most groups waned after the demise of the former Soviet Union. Ethnic terrorism has emerged as the most likely threat, although single-issue groups may emerge to replace the former left-wing terrorists. N17 followed the path of most revolutionary groups in Europe, except that it lasted until the twenty-first century. The Revolutionary Struggle emerged after the demise of N17 and remains operational in Greece. Anarchist violence has increased recently as a result of the economic crisis in Europe.

Scott Macleod (2008) of Time has no doubt that ___________ was a deadly terrorist. According to one former CIA agent, he was one of the worst the United States has ever faced. They believe that he headed Hezbollah's international wing.

Mugniyah

According to journalist Julie Kosterlitz (2008), the _____________ seems like an organization the United States would like to befriend. It is a group of well- organized Iranian dissidents whose intention is to topple the theocratic government of Iran. It has established a shadow government in exile, called the National Council of Resistance in Iran, and its stated goal is to bring a secular government, a democracy, and women's rights to Iran. On

Mujahedeen-e Khalq (MeK)

It is estimated to have about 3,800 members, and Saddam Hussein used its services during the Iran-Iraq War. It is the largest and most militant group opposed to the Islamic Republic of Iran. The group espouses a mixture of Marxism and Islam, and its original purpose was to overthrow the governments of the Shah and to replace it with a socialist government.

Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK)

Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld changed the members' status in 2004 without a legal review, stating that all members were civilian "protected persons." According to a RAND study

Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK)

Using German leftist allies, Black September began planning a strike against the Israelis. It came, with German terrorist help, in ___________________ at the 1972 Olympic Games. Black September struck the Olympic Village and took most of the Israeli Olympic team hostage, killing those who tried to escape.

Munich

After the first Intifada, Hamas faced an internal power struggle. Yassin was jailed from 1989 to 1997, and during that time, the American-educated ___________ took over Hamas.

Musa Abu Marzuq

_______________ provided the loose connections to Iran.

Musawi

Between 1975 and 2000, no fewer than 250 revolutionary terrorist groups operated in Greece, of which ____________________was the most notorious.

N17

In August 1998, bin Laden's terrorists bombed the U.S. embassies in _______________. The Nairobi bomb killed 213 people and injured 4,500; the Dar es Salaam explosion killed 12 people and wounded 85.

Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Black September:

Named after the September 1970 Jordanian offensive against Palestinian refugees in western Jordan, Black September was the infamous group that attacked the Israeli athletic team at the 1972 Munich Olympics. Israel spent years hunting down and killing the members of Black September. The 1972 attack also prompted the Germans to create a new elite counterterrorist group, Federal Border Guard Group 9

____________ was a practical militarist, organizing Hezbollah into a regional force.

Nasrallah

The KKK had been the brainchild of Confederate cavalry genius General ____________________

Nathan Bedford Forrest

The _____________(2003) defines cyberterrorism as "the use of information technology by terrorists to promote a political agenda."

National Conference of State Legislatures

The plan established norms for collecting, analyzing, and storing criminal intelligence within legal guidelines. It also suggested how information could be shared among agencies. Its primary function was to set mini-mum standards for criminal intelligence so that every American police agency knew the legal guidelines for using criminal information. It also sought to create standards for using technology and giving police officers access to information.

National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)

The Global Intelligence Working Group created the _____________

National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan.

In 1963, the group (Uruguay, Tupamaros) adopted its official name, the ____________

National Liberation Movement (MLN).

_____________broadcast a special report focusing on constitutional issues in December 2001, and matters quickly lined up along party lines. Attorney General John Ashcroft called for the right to deport suspected terrorists after secret hearings, and Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld gave orders to detain accused al Qaeda terrorists without trial. Two such detainees were U.S. citizens. Critics argued that such actions endangered the rights of Americans

National Public Radio

___________________ is gathered to defend the nation. It is not used in criminal prosecutions, and it is not subject to legal scrutiny.

National security intelligence

the ________________Initiative standardizes the manner in which law enforcement information is gathered and stored.

Nationwide SAR

Anthropologist George Kunnath (2006). He believes that this grass-roots movement gained strength because the landlord system had created a virtual feudal state.

Naxalite movement

The Naxalites emerged in a 1967 uprising in West Bengal. Peasants demanding the right to land ownership and better wages staged mass demonstrations with the support of the communist party. Police confronted the demonstrators with deadly force, and protests turned into rebellion. The confrontation occurred in the Indian village of Naxalbari, and the unorganized groups of rebels that gathered in the countryside were known collectively as _______________

Naxalites.

______________agents enter the body through ingestion, respiration, or contact.

Nerve

Congress has designated a site in _______________as the repository for all the radioactive waste from America's nuclear power plants,

Nevada

Congress has designated a site in _______________as the repository for all the radioactive waste from America's nuclear power plants, and all this material must be shipped across the country.

Nevada

Nancy Tucker (2008), a former executive in the intelligence community and now a professor at Georgetown University, suggests that the failure of intelligence analysis is evidenced by two factors: the surprise attacks of September 11 and the analysis of the WMD program in Iraq. Congress created the ________________ to address such flaws.

ODNI

The purpose of the_____________is to unite America's national security intelligence under one umbrella.

ODNI

national intelligence efforts. The 9/11 Commission report suggested sweeping intelligence reforms, including the creation of a single intelligence director. The ____________resulted from those recommendations.

ODNI

After introducing suicide bombers in its initial phase, Hezbollah struck U.S. Marines and the French army in __________________, forcing the withdrawal of a multi-national peacekeeping force. The Marine-barracks bombing resulted in the deaths of 200 Marines, and a second suicide bomber killed 50 French soldiers.

October 1983

Force 17:

Officially known as Presidential Security, Force 17 is an arm of Fatah. It operated as Yasser Arafat's security unit.

If they are to be engaged in homeland security, state and local police agencies will need to expand the role of traditional law enforcement. For example;

On the most rudimentary level, officers could be assigned to security tasks and trained to look for information beyond the violation of criminal law. On a more sophisticated level, police intelligence units could be established to gather and pass on intelligence information. The most effective initial practice would be to train patrol officers, investigators, and narcotics officers to look for indicators of terrorism during their daily activities. This would be an effective method of enhancing intelligence, but critics fear governmental infringement on civil liberties

Law enforcement has a paradoxical role in homeland security.

On the one hand, it participates in a system of national defense. On the other hand, law enforcement's key function is to preserve the rights of citizens.

With Porzecanski, Wolf classifies Tupamaros logistical supporters into two categories.

One group operated in the open and provided intelligence and background information to the noncombatant sections. The other type of supporters worked on getting supplies to the operational sections.

The Anti-Defamation League (2010) says that sovereign citizens also tend to believe that there are two governments.

One is legitimate and devoid of governmental regulation except for English common law. The illegitimate government includes all federal and state governments. Like most right-wing groups, they believe taxes, traffic fines, and other government actions result from a conspiracy of evil.

Several things contributed to the demise of left-wing terrorism in the United States.

One major problem was that the intellectual elites controlled the movement the movement lost its base when student activism began to disappear from American academic life.

North-West Frontier Province (NWFP):

One of four Pakistani states, inhabited primarily by ethnic Pashtuns. Several areas of the NWFP are controlled by tribes, and jihadists operate in the area. Peshawar, NWFP's capital, served as a base for organizing several mujahedeen groups in the Soviet-Afghan War

Max Weber: (1864-1920)

One of the major figures of modern sociological methods, he studied the organization of human endeavors. Weber believed that social organizations could be organized for rational purposes designed to accomplish objectives.

the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

One of the newest jihadist groups grew from the tangled political situation in Yemen, and it maintains cross-border ties with radicals in Saudi Arabia. Andrew McGregor (2010) says that al Qaeda in is the most active group in the jihadist network outside Pakistan.

A three-way debate about the true nature of AQIM has unfolded among counterterrorism experts.

One set of analysts believes that AQIM is emerging as a regional force in West Africa. A second opinion is that it is nothing more than an Algerian group and that its effectiveness is questionable. A third group classifies AQIM in the same way that they look at the Abu Sayuff Group in the Philippines—it is little more than a criminal organization hiding under the rhetoric of al Qaeda.

Nice notes that the literature reveals several explanations for violent political behavior.

One theory suggests that social controls break down under stress and urbanization. Another theory says that violence increases when people are not satisfied with political outcomes. Violence can also be reinforced by social and cultural values. Finally, violence can stem from a group's strength or weakness, its lack of faith in the political system, or its frustration with economic conditions

A union representing DHS employees surveyed 500 border patrol agents and 500 immigration inspectors from the Border Protection and Customs divisions.

Only 16 percent were satisfied with DHS's efforts. The majority of respondents complained of low morale. DHS administrators countered that only rank-and-file personnel completed the survey

Fusion centers:

Operations set up to fuse information from multiple sources, analyze the data, turn it into usable intelligence, and distribute intelligence to agencies needing the information.

Bryan Denson and James Long (1999) conducted a detailed study of ecological violence for the Portland ______________

Oregonian

Hezbollah 1982-1985

Organizing Different groups carry out attacks under a variety of names.

Regional Intelligence Centers:

Originally established to gather drug trafficking intelligence, RICs helped provide the basis for fusion centers.

__________________ was a large part of America's blissful ignorance. The report of the 9/11 Commission (2004, pp. 53-54) notes that bin Laden's reputation began to grow as the mujahedeen searched for a continuing jihad.

Osama bin Laden

Hamas had indeed undergone a transformation, and Khaled Meshal was its new leader, but few were prepared for the impact that this would have on the PA. The transformation began after the 1993________________ and the growing disillusionment with Fatah.

Oslo Accords

The ______________, before the commission's findings, was designed to facilitate intelligence gathering and to ensure intelligence sharing.

PATRIOT Act

The _____________emerged from Egypt in the 1970s. It evolved into a religious organization with the philosophy that while religious law would be implemented after victory, the more immediate objective was the destruction of Israel.

PIJ

The _________________emerged in 1964 and took center stage after the June 1967 Six Day War. Fatah was its main military wing,

PLO

the Israeli raid on Karamah did not eliminate fedayeen; instead, it gave the_____________ an aura of power.

PLO

Although the Taliban is most closely associated with Afghanistan, its core emerged from _________________ after the Soviet-Afghan War

Pakistan

As a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, The United States formed an alliance with ________________, and the Pakistani Interservice Intelligence Agency (ISI) began to train and equip the mujahedeen. When Ronald Reagan became president in 1980, American efforts against the Soviets increased.

Pakistan

Hamas won control of the ________________ government in 2006.

Palestinian

Yassin was released in 1986, and decided that in the future his organization would have a military wing. The ______________would become the nucleus of Hamas

Palestinian Muslim Brothers

Some factors as why left-wing terror faded in Europe.

People who may have been sympathetic to the ideology of left-wing terrorists could not tolerate their violent activities as terrorism increased. left-wing violence waned with the fall of the Soviet Union, and police tactics improved with time, putting many terrorist groups on the defensive (Peacetalk, 2003).The decline of American left-wing terrorism may

_______________ is the key to Mazzei's theory. Paramilitary death squads come into play only when power elites feel that social changes are undermining their societies and that nothing can be done to stop

Perception

He called for the extension of democracy to all classes, to be accomplished through the elimination of property and government. Property was to be commonly held, and families living in extended communes were to replace centralized government.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

Controversy arises when criminal justice systems and the defense establishment begin to __________ their activities.

blend

________ agents burn skin and internal tissue upon con-tact

blistering

David Carter (2008) says that fusion centers evolved from ______________ created to counteract drug trafficking in the 1980s.

Regional Intelligence Centers (RIC)

Fusion centers developed from __________

Regional Intelligence Centers.

Al Qaeda's ability to attack changed after _____________________. It still inspired attacks, and it helped plot different attacks, including a devastating subway bombing in Lon-don in 2005. The United Kingdom and the United States were able to stop an attack against seven Atlantic passenger planes in 2006.

September 11, 2001

This became too much for King Hussein. After Palestinian terrorists hijacked three airplanes and destroyed them in Jordan, the king decided to act. In ____________, Hussein attacked the PLO.

September 1970

Brian Jenkins (1984, 2004a, 2004b) says that there are six tactics of terrorism :

bombing, hijacking, arson, assault, kidnapping, and hostage taking.

______________________ brings resources together in a complex environment to manage multiple consequences.

Planning

According to a recent survey by _______________ , graduates steeped in academic preparation are not as welcome in law enforcement agencies as recruits with military experience (July 2002). Discipline and the willingness to obey orders are more important than individual thinking and creativity

Police: The Law Enforcement Magazine

Terrorists could obtain HEU from nuclear reactors used for:

Power plants Production of medical isotopes Propulsion engines in ice breakers Power source for space vehicles and satellites Research facilities

__________________tend to develop and/or analyze the processes of homeland security networks, intelligence systems, and partnerships

Practitioners

emergency-response plans:

Preparations by any agency to deal with natural, accidental, or man-made disasters. They involve controlling the incident through an organized response-and-command system and assigning various organizations to supervise the restoration of social order.

United States Attorneys are appointed by, and serve at the discretion of, the____________________ of the United States, with advice and consent of the United States Senate. One United States Attorney is assigned to each of the judicial districts, with the exception of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands where a single United States Attorney serves in both districts.

President

The Cole-Dempsey argument is directly applicable to two critical arguments made during the Bush Administration, and both positions are applicable to the idea of increasing executive power as the primary method for countering terrorism.

President Bush and Vice President Cheney maintained that the president has the power to designate certain terrorists as enemy combatants and subject them to trial by special military courts. They also contended that the president has the authority to allow national security intelligence agencies to intercept telephone calls that originate in the United States but are directed to suspected terrorists in foreign countries

Alvaro Uribe: (b. 1952)

President of Colombia, 2002-2010. He was known for his tough stance against FARC and other revolutionary movements.

Alberto Fujimori: (b. 1938)

President of Peru from 1990 to 2000. He fled to Japan in 2000 but was extradited to Peru in 2007. He was convicted of human rights violations and sentenced to prison.

_______________ involves emphasizing the method of accomplishing a task over the completion of a job.

Process orientation

Fifth Amendment:

Protection against arbitrary arrest, being tried more than once for the same crime, and self-incrimination. It also guarantees due process.

Paramilitary organizations, unauthorized armed civilian militias that organize themselves in a military manner, thrive on conspiracy theories. They believe that the U.S. government is leading the country into a single world government controlled by the United Nations and that the New World Order is a continuation of a conspiracy outlined in the _________________ , a document that appeared in this country after World War I, claiming that Jews are out to control the world

Protocols of Zion

After spending ten years in prison following the 1848 revolutions, Bakunin championed ________________ideas of international revolution, according to Richard Jensen

Proudhon's

Violent revolutionaries in Puerto Rico appeared more than 50 years ago.

Puerto Rican nationalists tried to assassinate President Harry S. Truman in 1950; they also entered the chambers of the House of Representatives in 1954, shooting at members of Congress on the floor.

Before the PATRIOT Act, _______________ was used only in criminal investigations.

RISS

_________________ materials are also more resistant to heat than chemicals, so bombs or other heat-producing devices can be used to scatter them.

Radioactive

Sexual assaults in federal prisons were a national problem. Congress became aware of the problem and passed the __________

Rape Elimination Act in 2003.

There were nearly 300 left-wing groups in Italy that appeared between 1967 and 1985, and most of them had a Marxist-Leninist orientation. The best-known group was the _______________, which formed in Milan after Renato Curcio broke away from a left-wing working-class political organization.

Red Brigades

As the Naxalite began to solidify, it formed a __________________, stretching from the northern Nepal border to south-central India. This became a strong geographical base of power.

Red Corridor

group think:

Refers to a bureaucratic process in which members of a group work together to solve a problem; however, innovation and deviant ideas are discouraged as the group tries to seek consensus about a conclusion. Powerful members of the group may quash alternative voices. Intelligence groups tend to resist making any risky conclusion lest they jeopardize their individual careers. Peer pressure creates an atmosphere in which every individual comes to the same conclusion.

Creativity

Rejects Judaism and Christianity altogether (see Creativity Movement , n.d.). Formerly called the World Church of the Creator, the movement changed its name to the Creativity Movement after being challenged by a Christian church with a similar name. Founded by Ben Klassen in 1973, Creatorists claim that the Creator left humanity on its own, and each race must fend for itself. Embracing the urban skinheads , Creatorists call for a racial holy war, or RAHOWA. They produce racially oriented comic books designed to appeal to alienated white youth. They also publish The White Man ' s Bible , which emphasizes racial purity. Creatorists argue that an intervening, loving God is nothing more than an idle lie.

When the nationalistic movement collapsed after the 1967 Six Day War, dreams of an Arab socialist state followed suit. __________________ took the place of socialism and nationalism.

Religious extremism

militarization:

Responding to social problems with military solutions. In law enforcement, militarization is usually characterized by martial law.

The Israeli invasion of Lebanon created an unlikely alliance among Iran's ____________

Revolutionary Guards , secular Syrian Baathists, and southern Lebanese Shi'ites.

Perhaps the best example can be found in the FBI's decision to locate its counterterrorism efforts in its Washington field office. Former FBI executive _________________ (2006, p. 26) says that Washington was the best place to locate counterterrorist headquarters because it positioned the FBI for inevitable turf battles with the CIA and Department of State. Bureaucracies engage in competition, even when they are working toward the same goal.

Richard Marquise

The ___________ incident had a strong symbolic impact on the extremist right. According to K. Stern

Ruby Ridge

Abu Nidal Organization (Black June):

Sabri al Banna (whose code name was Abu Nidal) and Yasser Arafat were once comrades in arms in the struggle for Palestine, but as others broke from Arafat, so too did Abu Nidal's rebel organization, called Black June . In the end, Abu Nidal and his organization became a mercenary group, not only abandoning Arafat but also completely forsaking the Palestinian cause.

A former CIA analyst, ________________developed two of the most widely used public resources about jihadist operations, Understanding Terror Networks (2004) and Leaderless Jihad (2008a).

Sageman

Death squads have been associated primarily with right-wing activities, but they are used across the political spectrum. For example, after the 1979 ________________in Nicaragua, unofficial groups began to crack down on the press and on potential opposition parties. People who opposed the communist regime began to disappear.

Sandinista revolution

Bin Laden's first target was the _________________ government and its "corrupt" royal family.

Saudi

Bin Laden was influenced by________________ thought.

Sayyid Qutb's

In June 2006, JTTF officers in Miami and Atlanta arrested a group of jihadists who were not involved in any network but who, authorities claimed, were plotting to blow up the _______________ in Chicago.

Sears Tower

_________________is a dynamic process that combines intelligence, military, and law enforcement power.

Security

Writing for __________ , Joseph Straw (2009) admits that the tremendous amount of information gathered by the national network of fusion centers could expose innocent citizens to unfair scrutiny

Security Management

Palestine Authority (PA):

Semiautonomous body established after the Oslo Accords

Hezbollah developed under the leadership of three central figures:

Sheik Mohammed Hassan Fadlallah , Abbas Musawi , and Hassan Nasrallah

Mossad , the Israeli intelligence service, is known for its expertise. ____________________, the domestic Israeli security service, is one of the most effective secret police forces in the world.

Shin Beth

_______________, the domestic Israeli security service, is one of the most effective secret police forces in the world.

Shin Beth

A Maoist group, the _______________ ( Sendero Luminoso ), launched a campaign in rural Peru that began in 1980 and lasted for the following two decades

Shining Path

_____________extremists planned assassinations all over the world, including the United States. Several cells were active in North America.

Sikh

According to Azzam, the realm of Islam had been dominated by foreign powers for too long. It was time for all Muslims to rise up and strike Satan. He saw the _______________as just the beginning of a holy war against all things foreign to Islam.

Soviet-Afghan War

High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area:

Specialized RICs in regions experiencing a high level of drug trafficking and drug-related crimes. They evolved from RICs and were the direct predecessor to fusion centers. Some HIDTAs simply expanded to become full fusion centers.

The federal government also envisions three intelligence roles for local governments. David Carter (2005) explains the first two.

State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies need to collect tactical intelligence for the prevention of terrorism and other crimes. They must also use intelligence for planning and the deployment of resources. Chief Gary Vest (2007) explains the third role. Information sharing is at the heart of local intelligence systems.

Violent defenders.

Stockpile survivalist materials and weapons, wait for the U.S. government to attack. Violent defenders call the government the Zionist Occupation Government (ZOG) or the Jewish Occupation Government (JOG) because they believe that it is controlled by an international conspiracy of Jewish financial interests. Common criminal behavior: violent standoffs.

________________ of the PATRIOT Act believe that it will increase federal law enforcement's ability to respond to terrorism and that it will create an intelligence conduit to improve communication among local, state, and federal police agencies (U.S. Department of Justice, n.d.). Supporters believe counterterrorism will be strengthened by combining law enforcement and national defense intelligence.

Supporters

The IRA is organized like most large terrorist groups. It is governed by a ______________ whose members are drawn from IRA battalion or column commanders.

Supreme Council

agencies under the DHS

TSA, US customs and border, ICE, US citizens and immigration services, , US immigration and customs enforcement, secret service, emergency management, coast guard

____________________use military weapons, small-unit tactics, and recognized military small-unit command structures . In the past few years, many of the units have abandoned the blue or brown tactical uni-forms of police agencies for military camouflage, making it virtually impossible to distinguish them from military combat units.

Tactical units

After 9/11, the former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf reaffirmed this relationship, though relations had been strained due to the ISI's support of the _______________.

Taliban

Al Qaeda operates as an international terrorist group while the ______________ form divergent regional militias and use selective terrorism to support guerrilla operations.

Taliban

____________ differs from al Qaeda's infatuation with a violent interpretation of a twentieth-century militant Egyptian theologian.

Taliban

The LTTE (or Tamil Tigers) fought for an independent homeland for nearly 3 million _____________ in northern and eastern Sri Lanka. Formed by Velupillai Pirapaharan in 1976, the Tamil Tigers used terrorism both as a prelude to guerrilla warfare and as a way to support uniformed guerrillas in the field.

Tamils

_______________orientation keeps law enforcement focused on the problem of preventing terrorism.

Task

Nonviolent offenders.

Tend to be high school dropouts, engage in rhetoric or publication, disrupt public meetings, use "constitutional" driver's licenses and permits, use "common law" court documents that they print on their own. Such documents are not valid. Common criminal behavior: fraud schemes.

symbolic targets:

Terrorist targets that may have limited military or security value but represent the power of the state under attack. Terrorists seek symbolic targets to strike fear into society and to give a sense of power to the terrorist group. The power of the symbol also multiplies the effect of the attack.

Waco siege

The 1993 standoff between members of the Branch Davidian cult and federal law en-forcement officers. The standoff ended when FBI agents tried to bring the siege to an end, but Branch Davidian leaders set fire to their compound killing eighty-two of the followers.

Adam Gadahn: (b. 1958)

The American spokesperson for al Qaeda. His nom de guerre is Azzam the American.

Although Pierce himself was not religious, he used a general cosmic theology, presented in a "holy" work called ________________, to place Earl Turner on the side of an unknown deity.

The Book

The Independent Monitoring commission

The IMC investigated claims of both terrorist and governmental abuses, and its actions have resulted in the arrests of Republican and Loyalist terrorists, as well as members of the security forces who acted beyond the law

The New Jersey State Police (NJSP), for example, has an extensive intelligence-gathering apparatus (New Jersey State Police, 2002). The NJSP Intelligence Service Section is made up of three main divisions.

The Intelligence Bureau is the largest division, composed of six units. The Central Security Division Solid waste division

Mossad:

The Israeli intelligence agency, formed in 1951. It is responsible for gathering foreign intelligence. Shin Beth is responsible for internal security.

Rubenstein compared the "Catechism" to Carlos Marighella's ________________ and found no essential differences.

The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla

Rubenstein compared the "Catechism" to Carlos Marighella's ___________________ and found no essential differences.

The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla

Abuza (2003b, pp. 89-120) outlines the formation of three recent terrorist groups in the Philippines.

The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). Abu Sayyuf

These attacks signaled a new phase in al Qaeda terrorism. _________________

The Nairobi and Dar es Salaam

In 2004, the 9/11 Commission issued a report calling for a complete overhaul of the U.S. intelligence system; in response, a law was passed in December 2004. _____________ set standards for a new system of domestic intelligence gathering and analysis.

The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)

In 2009, FBI agents arrested an Afghan-born permanent legal resident of the United States and two friends for planning suicide attacks in New York City. They were tied to groups in Pakistan and had possible links to al Qaeda, according to __________________

The New York Times

and after the invasion of Iraq and the failure to find weapons of mass destruction (WMD). ______________________began operations in April 2005.

The Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI)

Popular Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PDFLP):

The PDFLP is the military wing of the DFLP.

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, General Command (PFLP-GC):

The PFLP was formed in 1967 when George Habash agreed to ally his group with Ahmed Jabril's PLF. Habash, a Christian, assumed leadership of the group, but he soon clashed with the Syrian-oriented Jabril. Syria continued to court Jabril, and he broke from Habash in 1968 to form the PFLP-GC. The PFLP-GC advocates armed struggle with Israel; it became one of the most technically sophisticated organizations in the region. It originally operated from southern Lebanon with support from Syria. By the late 1980s, the PFLP-GC was following the lead of the Abu Nidal Organiza-tion and renting its services to various governments.

Abdullah Azzam: (1941-1989)

The Palestinian leader of Hizb ul Tahrir and the spiritual mentor of bin Laden.

Paul Hill was so excited by Gunn's murder that he successfully publicized it by appearing on ________________ and confronting Gunn's son.

The Phil Donahue Show

In the right-wing novel ________________ (MacDonald, 1980), Earl Turner joins a terrorist group similar to the Tupamaros in Washington, D.C. The author describes the mythical right-wing revolution in terms of Carlos Marighella and the Tupamaros. The right does not give credit to the left, but it does follow its example.

The Turner Diaries

Pierce's most noted novel, ______________ , was written under the pseudonym Andrew MacDonald (1985); it is a fictionalized account of an international white revolution. The work begins as a scholarly flashback from "New Baltimore" in the "year 100," and it purports to introduce the diary that the protagonist, Earl Turner, kept during the "Great Revolution," a mythical race war set in the 1990s.

The Turner Diaries

When arrested, the Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh was carrying a worn copy of ________________

The Turner Diaries .

reasonableness:

The actions an average per-son would take when confronted with certain circumstances. This is a Fourth Amendment doctrine.

Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades:

The al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are based in West Bank refugee camps. Formed after the beginning of the al Aqsa Intifada , the Brigades appear to be Fatah's answer to the jihadists.

Al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades:

The al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are based in West Bank refugee camps. Formed after the beginning of the al Aqsa Intifada , the Brigades appear to be Fatah's answer to the jihadists. Some members are motivated by Hezbollah, suggesting to some analysts that the Brigades have Shi'ite elements.

Red Corridor:

The area of Naxalite violence in India. The corridor runs from Nepal through southern India, and from India's east coast to the central regions.

human rights:

The basic entitlements and protections that should be given to every person.

9/11 Commission:

The bipartisan National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, created after September 11, 2001, in order to investigate the attacks.

pakistan

The country is composed of five major states (four provinces and one territory) divided primarily along ethnic lines. Control of Jammu and Kashmir is disputed with India.

pre-incident indicators:

The criminal and social actions of individuals and groups before a terrorist attack.

separation of powers:

The distribution of power among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government. When powers are separated, there is a balance among the powers. No one branch can control the government.

The first incident of antifederal behavior came shortly after the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) in 1791:

The federal government levied an excise tax on the production of whiskey, and farmers in western Pennsylvania, a major whiskey-producing area, were incensed. The unpopular tax provoked riots and created general disorder. In October 1794, President George Washington mobilized the National Guard of several states and sent the troops to Pennsylvania.

The United States has experienced two styles of homegrown attacks or attempted attacks.

The first involves individuals who become radicalized by personal experiences. This could be caused by any number of things, from listening to radical sermons to being encouraged to commit suicide bombings by family members. The second might involve a similar path to radicalization, but it also involves some type of foreign connection.

John Prendergast and Colin Thomas-Jensen (2007). They argue that the Horn represents the hottest war zone in the world, and it is a region of massive humanitarian crises and ethnic conflicts. Two clusters of conflicts lay at the heart of the matter.

The first involves rebellions in Sudan, particularly in Darfur. These conflicts have spilled into Uganda, Chad, and the Central African Republic. The second cluster of conflicts involves a dispute between Ethiopia and Eritrea over complicated fighting in Somalia.

Intifada:

The first spontaneous uprising against Israel, lasting from 1987 to 1993. It began with youths throwing rocks and creating civil disorder. Some of the violence became more organized. Many people sided with religious organizations, abandoning the secular PLO during the Intifada.

Knight Riders:

The first terrorists of the Ku Klux Klan. Donning hoods and riding at night, they sought to keep newly freed slaves from participating in government and society.

Ben Klassen: (1918-1993)

The founder of the Creativity Movement.

1985 hijacking of a TWA flight:

The hijacking of TWA Flight 847 by a group believed to have links to Hezbollah while it was en route from Athens to Rome. The plane went to Beirut and then to Algeria, where terrorists tortured and murdered U.S. Navy diver Robert Dean Stethem, a passenger on the flight. The plane returned to Beirut, and passengers were dispersed throughout the city. Terrorists released began releasing hostages as the incident continued. After Israel agreed to release 700 Shiite prisoners, the terrorists released the remaining hostages and escaped.

Asif Ali Zardari: (b. 1955) T

The husband of Benazir Bhutto, Zardari, inherited control of the Pakistan People's Party after Bhutto's assassination in December 2007. He was elected president in 2008.T

Arab nationalism:

The idea that the Arabs could create a European-style nation, based on a common language and culture. The idea faded after the 1967 Six Day War.

Eretz Israel:

The land of Israel under King David; many Jewish fundamentalists feel that God has called them to retake this land and expel the Arabs

Baluchistan:

The largest of four states in Pakistan dominated by the Baloch tribe. Many Balochs are fighting a guerrilla war against the Pakistan Army in a dispute over profits from natural resources. The central government is creating a deepwater port and international trade center in Gwadar, Pakistan's principal sea-port, and displacing many Baluchs.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah: (1876-1948)

The leader of the Muslim League and the founder of modern Pakistan. He served as Governor-General until his death in 1948.

Mullah Omar: (b, 1959)

The leader of the Taliban. After the collapse of the Taliban government in 2001, Omar went into hiding.

Ruby Ridge:

The location of a 1992 standoff be-tween survivalists and U.S. federal law enforcement officers in Idaho during which a U.S. marshal and survivalist Randy Weaver's wife and son were killed.

Revolutionary Guards:

The militarized quasi-police force of the revolutionary government during the Iranian Revolution.

Desert Storm:

The military code name for the January-February offensive in the 1991 Gulf War.

Izz el Din al Qassam Brigades:

The military wing of Hamas, named after the Arab revolutionary leader Sheik Izz el Din al Qassam (1882-1935), who led a revolt against British rule.

Desert Shield:

The name of the defensive phase of the international coalition, created by President George H. W. Bush after Iraq invaded Kuwait on August, 2, 1990, to stop further Iraqi attacks and to liberate Kuwait. It lasted until coalition forces could begin an offensive against Iraq in January 1991.

Dome of the Rock:

The place where Muslims believe Abraham (Ibrahim) had a vision of God

Pervez Musharraf: (1943-)

The president of Pakistan (2001-2008). A career army officer, Musharraf took power in a 1999 military coup and declared himself president in 2001. After 9/11 he sought closer relations with the United States, while trying to mollify sources of domes-tic religious strife.

threat analysis:

The process of examining a community to determine the areas that might be subject to attack and the criticality of those areas to the functions of the community.

Sabri al Banna: (1937-2002)

The real name of Abu Nidal. Al Banna was a founding member of Fatah but split with Arafat in 1974. He founded militias in southern Lebanon, and he attacked Western and Israeli targets in Europe during the 1980s. In the 1990s, he became a mercenary. He was murdered in Iraq, probably by the Iraqi government.

Black June:

The rebel organization created by Abu Nidal in 1976. He changed the name to the Fatah Revolutionary Council after a rapprochement with Syria in 1981. Most analysts refer to this group simply as the Abu Nidal Organization.

Wailing Wall:

The remaining western wall of the ancient Jewish Temple in Jerusalem

The structure of the Shining Path organization reveals two interesting social patterns.

The role of families was prominent in day-to-day operations, and the Shining Path was committed to feminism. It actively recruited and engaged the services of revolutionary females, and Guzman's second-in-command was a woman from 1980 until she was killed in 1988

Ayub Khan: (1907-1974)

The second president of Pakistan, from 1958 to 1974. Khan seized control of the government in 1958 and then staged elections. He was the first of Pakistan's many military leaders.

Hassan Nasrallah: (b. 1960)

The secretary-general of Hezbollah. He took over the leadership of Hezbollah after Musawi's death in 1992. Nasrallah is a lively speaker and charismatic leader.

Whiskey Rebellion:

The uprising that took place in 1791 when a group of Pennsylvania farmers re-fused to pay a federal tax on corn used to make alcohol. The rebellion ended when President George Washington sent troops to stop the rebellion.

National Alliance:

The white supremacist organization founded by the late William Pierce and head-quartered in Hillsboro, West Virginia.

Brigades claim their purpose is limited:

Their goal is to stop Israeli incursions and attacks in Palestinian areas, and they intend to punish Israel for each attack.

law enforcement responsibilities during emergency-response

Their primary responsibilities are to respond and restore order, assist emergency and rescue operations, and support health and human services. They are also charged with investigative and prosecutorial actions.

example of Paper terrorism by Sovereign citizens

They file false liens, tying up the property of people who have irritated them. They also write bogus checks or sight drafts against nonexistent accounts. Some sover-eigns, like the two murderers of the West Memphis police officers, defraud people by conducting seminars to tell participants how they can fill out special forms and renounce their American citizenship. They charge hefty fees to attend their semi-nars. Others carry so-called constitutional driver's licenses and vehicle registrations

The Maoist rebels

They had international connections through their leftist positions, yet their specific objectives were aimed only at the national (Nepal) level. They sought to dismantle autocratic, futile social structures and to create a democratically inclusive government. They also sought to end Nepal's monarchy

Women are typically recruited in sisterhoods, an offshoot of Hasan al Banna's Muslim Brotherhood, and radical sisterhoods are prevalent in Europe. Von Knop states that they have three central functions in Germany.

They hold breakfast meetings simply designed for the sisters, and they also have general receptions open to everyone. They also hold fund-raising receptions.

As local agencies become involved in homeland security, they will need to think beyond criminal intelligence. Two new functions become apparent.

They must become involved in assessing terrorist threats in their jurisdictions. They must also learn to recognize possible information that may add to national defense intelligence and develop routines to forward such information.

female terrorist

They were also active in Russia in the nineteenth cen-tury (Verhoeven, 2009, pp. 30-37), and they were involved in attempts to repress the African American population in the United States through the early twentieth century (Blee, 2005). Women took part in rebellions in Ireland (Burleigh, 2009, pp. 20-21). More than 10,000 women joined the ranks of the National Liberation Front in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962 (Kutchera, 1996, 2012). Women played leading roles in the revolutionary terrorism of the 1960s and 1970s, and their representation surged in Western revolutionary groups after 1968 (Neuberger and Valentini, 1996, pp. 22-28; Ness, 2005). They are actively recruited by religious terrorists today (Sofer and Addison, 2012). They have been active in historical and contemporary ter-rorism, but their role has often been overlooked.

Old left-wing extremists and new right-wing extremists began to search for common ground. One philosophy, the ______________ , tried to unite both extremes.

Third Position

Europe had been exhausted by the carnage of the ______________(1618-1648).

Thirty Years' War

intelligence-led policing

This concept is a continuation of community policing, in which police officers anticipate and solve community problems with citizens before an increase in crime and social disorder occurs.

Palestine Liberation Front (PLF):

Three different groups call themselves the Palestine Liberation Front: The Abu Abbas faction, based in Iran, follows the old-style leadership used by Arafat; the Abdal Fatah Ghanem faction received support from Libya; and the Talat Yaqub faction sought favor with Syria. The name used by all three groups comes from Ahmed Jabril, a former Syrian army captain, who formed the first PLF in 1961.

A ________________ magazine article (Calabresi and Ratnesar, 2002) states the issue succinctly: America needs to learn to spy again.

Time

Congress rushed legislation, amending 15 different statutes. The law gives federal law enforcement agencies the right to monitor Internet searches and to keep tabs on individual queries. The government is allowed to conduct roving wiretaps without probable cause in the hope of obtaining information. For many, the provision in ___________ forcing Internet service providers to give information on their users to federal law enforcement agencies is not acceptable.

Title II

Some of the most controversial aspects of the PATRIOT Act appear in

Title II

Under __________ of the safe-streets act , criminal evidence cannot be gathered without prior approval from a federal court, and although a judge reviews a request for surveillance in secrecy, the police must prove that wiretaps or other means of electronic eavesdropping will lead to establishing probable cause for a crime.

Title III

Under __________, criminal evidence cannot be gathered without prior approval from a federal court, and although a judge reviews a request for surveillance in secrecy, the police must prove that wiretaps or other means of electronic eavesdropping will lead to establishing probable cause for a crime.

Title III

The greatest criticism is aimed at the ___________. Although illegal immigration is a hot topic of political debate, the southern border is not secure by any measure.

borders

_______________involves sharing; indeed, TCI does not work unless agencies share criminal intelligence. Sharing information neither poses a threat to civil liberties nor reduces the effectiveness of partnerships. Shared information enhances crime prevention and decreases fear inside a community. It allows the intelligence function to operate effectively when it is accomplished within legal guidelines.

Total criminal intelligence (TCI)

Force Multipliers

Transnational support increases the ability of terrorist groups to move and hide across a nation. Technology allows a small group to launch a deadly attack. Media coverage can make a minor group appear to be politically important. Religion transcends normative political and social boundaries, increasing violence and decreasing opportunities for negotiation.

The new Peruvian government created a ______________, which released a final report in 2003 after a two-year investigation. Two decades of violence had resulted in the deaths of nearly 70,000 people. The Shining Path was responsible for about 54 per-cent of the total death count om | Printed from www.chegg.com

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

The Shining Path would wage a Maoist campaign of terrorism for the next 20 years using his name.

Tupac Amaru

In the early 1960s, a group of revolutionaries called the __________ surfaced in Uruguay

Tupamaros

the MLN adapted the name of the heroic Inca chieftain Tupac Amaru, killed in a revolt against the Spaniards 200 years earlier. Porzecanski notes this story but also suggests the group may have taken its name from a South Ameri-can bird. In any case, Sendic's followers called themselves the ____________

Tupamaros.

The Uighars are ethnic_____________, mostly Sufi Muslims, and they have lived in and governed parts of the Xinjiang province for 200 years (Figure 7.7). Many of them are fighting to become independent from China. Chienpeng Chung (2002) says that the ethnic Uighars are mostly Islamic mystics who are inspired by the collapse of the Soviet Union, not by Osama bin Laden.

Turkmen

Argentina in 1992 and 1994:

Two bombings in Buenos Aires. Terrorists struck the Israeli embassy in 1992, killing twenty-nine people, and the Jewish Community Center in 1994, killing eighty-five people. Imad Mugniya his suspected to have been behind the attacks.

According to the _______________ (2007), IG formed in the early 1970s. It came to the forefront after mujahedeen returned from the Soviet-Afghan War, and it embraced a new style of organization. Instead of a centralized hierarchy, it operated in a loosely structured network spanning several Egyptian cities. It also established foreign wings, and IG was even active in the United States. It was connected with the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and with plans for further attacks in New York City.

U.S. Department of State

The second issue dealt with a botched _______________office attempt to arrest Randy Weaver on a bench warrant at Ruby Ridge in the mountains of Idaho. A white supremacist and adherent of Christian Identity, Weaver was charged with selling illegal firearms to undercover agents from the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Fire-arms (ATF).

U.S. Marshal's

The DOJ is involved in other areas as well (U.S. DOJ, 2006). _________________________investigate and prosecute terrorism cases and coordinate intelligence sharing (see "Build-ing Intelligence Systems"). C

U.S. attorneys

The _____________________ increases the ability of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to share information,

USA PATRIOT Act

Al Qaeda was active in Yemen in October 2000 when it launched a suicide attack on the _________________

USS Cole

China asked for international assistance in clamping down on what the government claims to be its own "jihadist terrorists," _______________ who believe Xinjiang is their homeland. Although the Chinese communists link the Uighars to al Qaeda and the 9/11 attacks, the movement predates al Qaeda by 245 years

Uighar nationalists

In an article on military policy, J. Bowyer Bell (1976, pp. 65-88) criticizes the British army for its initial response. He says that the British army came to______________ with little or no appreciation of the historical circumstances behind the conflict.

Ulster

.2006 renewed patriot act

Under the renewed act, when the government seeks information, the request can be challenged in court. When information is requested in a terrorist investigation, suspects and others involved may talk about it. Suspects may also seek counsel from an attorney. The renewal also requires retailers to maintain information on sales of over-the-counter drugs that could be used to produce methamphetamines. also extends the time suspects can be kept under surveillance and allows the government to seize electronic or other evidence with a warrant. The law also requires Internet and e-mail providers to hand over records. Finally, the renewed law expands the power of federal law enforcement agencies to collect national security intelligence

A former CIA analyst, Sageman developed two of the most widely used public resources about jihadist operations, ___________________

Understanding Terror Networks (2004) and Leaderless Jihad (2008a).

Many Philippine counterterrorist activities have taken place outside the law since 2000. Over 1,700 people have been murdered in extrajudicial executions, and the _______________ has placed the Philippine government on an international watch list for human rights violations

United Nations

Composed of radicals from Earth First!, the Animal Liberation Front (ALF), and other disaffected environmentalists, the group migrated from Europe to the ______________

United States.

Max Weber's ideal bureaucracy rationally organizes people under goal-oriented leaders. Workers and managers are selected only according to their abilities. Most American governmental organizations—the military and some private industry—base their structures on the________________ ideal of bureaucracy.

Weberian

The National Counterterrorism Center (2010) suggests that FARC has been weakened by several setbacks.

Uribe's aggressive counterterrorism policy struck deeply into FARC, and some of its key leaders were killed in military operations. One of the co-founders of FARC died the same year, and in 2009 security forces turned a FARC offensive back. time, government forces also captured Swedish military hardware that had been sold to Venezuela in 1980.

Violent attackers.

Use standard terrorist tactics such as weapons violations, assaults, bombings, arsons, ambushes, and murders. Common criminal behavior: shooting sprees.

Paper terrorism:

Using false documents to clog legal, financial, or bureaucratic processes.

defense in depth:

Using social networks in national defense. It is based on Arthur Cebrowski's idea of operating at all levels of society.

Surveying major agencies throughout the country, ___________argues that infrastructure defense begins at home.

Vatis

al Shabaab began an offensive in central and southern Somalia for the purpose of imposing its narrow brand of Is-lamic law on Somalia. Al Shabaab emerged as one of the most _________________ in the region, and the U.S. Department of State officially dubbed it a foreign terrorist organization in 2008.

Vicious and merciless groups

Stern says that the ____________ also became a symbol for the extremist right even though it had very little to do with the right-wing movement.

Waco siege

while in jail (prison) Sendic described the repression he saw in ____________ , in which he called for revolt in Montevideo.

Waiting for the Guerrilla

According to an analysis in the ___________ (Bravin, 2007), the Bush Administration did not seek such authorization after 9/11 because it feared that Congress would not grant it.

Wall Street Journal

Corporations like __________________ have excellent information-gathering and security systems, and they often share information with governments for the public good. It is quite another matter to hand corporations analyzed criminal and national security intelligence. The problem is that private industry uses information for competition and profit.

Walmart, General Motors, and Apple

Eric Rudolph

Wanted for a string of violent antiabortion acts, Rudolph was finally captured after years of being a fugitive. Rudolph was allowed to play the role of right-wing folk hero, Mason says, after he was taken into custody. She believes that such glorification could lead to a backlash.

Fedayeen:

Warriors who sacrifice themselves and others

fedayeen:

Warriors who sacrifice themselves. The term was used differently in Arab history; the modern term is used to describe the secular warriors of Fatah.

The jihadist movement in Pakistan is strong in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and strongest in the province's tribal area, __________________

Waziristan

Right-wing extremism can be traced to the

Whiskey Rebellion of 1791-1794.

free-wheeling fundamentalists:

White supremacists or Christian patriots who either selectively use Bible passages or create their own religion to further the patriot agenda.

The Monkey Wrench Gang

a 1975 novel by Edward Abbey, told the story of a group of ecologists who were fed up with industrial development in the West. "Monkey wrenching" referred to small acts of sabotage against companies undertaking projects in undeveloped areas. the heroes drive through western states sabotaging bulldozers, burning billboards, and damaging the property of people they deem to be destroying the environment.

In 1998, the Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ) was absorbed into al Qaeda when Osama bin Laden announced that he was forming the ________________________

World Islamic Front against Jews and Crusaders

The current structure of Middle Eastern geography and political rule is a direct result of nineteenth-century European imperial influence in the region and the outcomes of __________________.

World War I

The situation at the end of ______________ set the stage for developments over the next century, and it is the basis for terrorism in the traditional Middle East, defined by the U.S. Navy's Captain Mahan as Israel, Lebanon, Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, and the Arabian Peninsula.

World War I

The modern KKK grew after ________________(1939-1945), becoming, up to the present day, fragmented, decentralized, and dominated by hate-filled rhetoric.

World War II

Zachary Abuza (2003b, pp. 121-187), in an analysis of terrorism in that region, says that jihadist groups began forming in Indonesia in the early 1990s. The International Crisis Group (2004, 2005a) says that these movements had their origins after_____________ when Indonesia gained its in dependence from the Netherlands.

World War II

Civil defense did not develop overnight; rather, it emerged slowly from civilian functions during __________________

World War II.

Hunter

Written by Robert Matthews, tells the story of a lone wolf named Hunter who decides to launch a one-person revolution. He stalks the streets to kill African Americans, interracial couples, and Jews.

Beijing claims that international jihadists, trained in Afghanistan and Pakistan, are attempting to overthrow Chinese rule in the______________ and establish an Islamic state.

Xinjiang (New Frontier) province

In 1968 Cuba hosted revolutionary groups in a training session outside Havana (History Channel, 2000). Several leftist and nationalistic groups and individuals from around the world attended the event, including _____________ (1929-2004), the leader of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).

Yasser Arafat

Skinheads:

Young people or groups who embrace racial hatred and white supremacy.

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP):

a Marxist-Leninist Arab nationalist group that emerged after the June 1967 Six Day War. Egypt initially supported the PFLP but withdrew financing in 1968 when PFLP leaders criticized the Egyptian president. Operating in Lebanon under the command of Wadi Hadad, the PFLP began attacking Israeli airliners in 1968. In 1970, the group staged four hijackings in a six-day period; three of the planes were destroyed in the Jordanian desert in front of international media. Because the PFLP was closely linked to Arafat's Fatah, the Jordanians drove Arafat from their territory in September 1970. In 1975, it allied with Carlos the Jackal, a Latin American terrorist, and the Red Army Faction, a left-wing terrorist group in Germany, to attack an oil ministers' conference in Vienna.

Sergey Nechaev (1847-1882)

a Russian anarchist who even murdered a fellow revolutionary, was absolutely ruthless. He cared nothing for innocent victims, and his purpose was to kill. Laqueur admits that some of the anarchists were violent, but he still draws a distinction. Nechaev and others advocated murder, but they did not conduct attacks that resulted in massive innocent casualties. In this sense, new terrorism—as practiced in the late twentieth century—differs from the old terrorism of the nineteenth century.

Red Army Faction:

a West German Marxist group modeled as Marighella-style urban guerrillas. They were the most violent and active revolutionary group during the heyday of left-wing European terrorism. After German reunification, the records of the former East German secret police led to the demise of the RAF. It was also known as the Baader-Meinhof Gang when it first formed.

Stansfield Turner

a former director of the CIA, to summarize the differences between law enforcement and national security. "Give the FBI a task," Turner once said, "and it will try to complete the mission within the constraints of the law. Give the CIA the same mission, and it tries to complete the task without concern for legality."

Janice Kephart (2005)

a former legal counsel to the 9/11 Commission, believes that the holes in border security come from lax enforcement of existing law. She says that a study of the activities of 94 foreign-born terrorists who operated in the United States from 1990 to 2004 show the inadequacy of enforcement. Two-thirds (2/3) of the terrorists engaged in criminal activities before or in conjunction with their terrorist attacks.

Erich Ludendorff

a member of the German High Command in World War I, extremists began preaching Nordic Christianity in northern Germany in the early 1920s.

Hezbollah is organized in three directorates:

a political wing, a social services wing, and a security wing

John Walker Lindh and Adam Gadahn left the United States to join the jihad overseas. This always leaves the possibility of returning home. If that happens, a new third type of threat could come in a hybrid form:

a returning homegrown jihadist experienced and trained in terrorism.

Yemen suffers from three differing conflicts:

a struggle for control of the central government, a rebellious southern region, and a growing presence of AQAP in the Marib.

Symbols need not only be considered in the _____________. Blowing up a national treasure would entail the loss of a national symbol, but killing thousands of innocent people becomes a symbol in itself.

abstract

Information gathering is comparable to _______________. Before beginning, a researcher needs basic knowledge of a field and an understanding of subdisciplines.

academic research

Radiological devices

act more slowly than most chemicals, but their poison lasts longer and they can be spread like chemicals.

As law enforcement officers collect and forward information, analysts at local fusion centers turn the information into ___________ . This intelligence is forwarded to the NCTC, where it is analyzed with information from all other sources in the network.

actionable intelligence

Suicide bombing became the most important tactic of all the Palestinian terrorist groups at the beginning of the ________________ in September 2000.

al Aqsa Intifada

The __________________ formed from Fatah, embracing religion and suicide attacks. There are many questions about its leadership. Currently, it operates within a network of independent cells having no central command structure.

al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades

Fatah sponsored its own internal groups, including the

al Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, Black September, Force 17, and the Tanzim Brigade.

According to the 9/11 Commission Report (2004, p. 58), bin Laden and Azzam "established what they called a base or foundation (_____________) as a potential general headquarters for future jihad" toward the end of the Soviet-Afghan War

al Qaeda

Kenya is the only sub-Saharan country with known_____________________, but there are many other known jihadist organizations in the Horn. Jihadist activities bleed across Kenya's borders into Somalia.

al Qaeda cells

In February 2006, a group of 23 al Qaeda prisoners escaped from prison in Sanaa, the capital of Yemen, and they created _________________ later that year. The group launched a series of suicide attacks against Yemen's oil facilities in September and posted an Internet statement about the attacks in Novem-ber.

al Qaeda in Yemen (AQY)

Algeria's jihadist civil war in the 1990s spawned the Salafi Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC) in 1998; the GSPC gave rise to a new group,_________________in 2006.

al Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQIM)

It operates primarily along the coastal region outside of Algiers and in the Sahel desert area bordering Mali and Algeria.

al Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQIM)

The NCTC (2010) says that the group began changing its targets in late 2006 and early 2007. Using roadside bombs, it began to attack the energy industry. Through-out 2007, it stepped up activity in Algiers, the capital of Algeria, and it launched an attack against the Israeli embassy in neighboring Mauritania. The group also introduced suicide bombing, and by year's end, more than 30 people in Algiers had lost their lives

al Qaeda in the Maghreb (AQIM)

Following the philosophy of Sayyid Qutb, their enemies were defined as the United States, the West, Israel, and Muslims who refused to accept jihadist theology.

al Qaeda.

Fusion centers continued to evolve with an "_____________" or total criminal intelligence (TCI) mentality

all crime

Carter (2008) shows that fusion centers took the TCI concept one step further by analyzing information about "all threats," and from there analysis went to "__________." The primary mission remains analyzing intelligence to identify terrorist threats, but there is a great redundancy in information. In other words, the information that can be used to prevent terrorism is also useful in identifying criminal and public health problems.

all hazards

As Donald Black (2004) states, the three main ingredients of modern terrorism are:

an angry group of people, or sometimes even a single enraged individual, with the ability to travel and with access to technology that can cause massive casualties.

The intelligence process is very close to basic and applied academic research. It involves the legal recognition, collection, analysis, and distribution of information. Intelligence is "________________________

analyzed information.

the know-nothings organized under such names as the Order of the Sons of America and the Sons of the Star Spangled Banner, these groups were _____________. They felt that Catholic immigrants were destroying American democracy. When confronted by authority, party members would claim to "know nothing," hence their name

anti-Catholic, anti-Irish, and anti-immigration

The police already handle violent and nonviolent criminal activity by politically motivated extremists. The types of activities include:

anti-government crimes from both the left and right, crimes associated with racism, homegrown threats, and single issues.

When people are victims of a bacterial attack, _____________may be an effective treatment.

antibiotics

Al Qaeda, Wedgwood says, has learned that it is best to recruit U.S. citizens for operations because citizens are not subject to ______________

arbitrary arrest.

Female terrorists

are not new to the history of terrorism. It is safe to say that when the term terrorism emerged in late-eighteenth-century France, women were in the forefront. Although they were gradually excluded from full participation in the revolutionary government, they were victims of, witnesses to, and participants in French terrorism (see Proctor, 1990). They were also active in Russia in the nineteenth century (Verhoeven, 2009, pp. 30-37), and they were involved in attempts to repress the African American population in the United States through the early twentieth century

Although Pakistan has restored democracy on occasion, including the election of its current President Asif Ali Zardari , the_________________ stands as the power behind the government.

army

Bin Laden was also involved in _______________. In 1993, his Afghans tried to murder Prince Abdullah (now King Abdullah) of Jordan. U.S. intelligence sources believe that he was behind the attempted assassination of Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak in 1995.

assassination attempts

Faisal Shazad

attempted to detonate a bomb in Times Square. He apparently received training in Pakistan.

Bakunin encouraged bombings and individual assassinations as a means of _____________ the masses to reality.

awakening

Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

began as an offshoot of the Algerian Civil War. It raises money by kidnapping, and according the congressional intelligence sources, it has become al Qaeda's most important financial resource

The Naxalite rebellion

began in 1967 in west Bengal. It started as several communist movements agitating for agrarian reform and peasants rights. The first rebellion was repressed with military and police power. In the second phase, Naxalites began to spread and organize in central India, creating a Red Corridor. The third phase began in 2004 when two major groups united and launched an open rebellion. Its most deadly year was 2010, but the group suffered setbacks in 2011 after one of its main leaders was killed. It remains active, although the level of violence dropped in early 2012.

The commission suggested using a standardized method for obtaining identification and passports with _____________. In essence, the commission recommended standardizing the bureaucratic response for monitoring the entry of foreigners into the United States.

biometric measures

Homegrown terrorism is not an American problem alone, nor is it limited to rad-ical Islam. It is a "________________," in which a person hears a radical message and decides to pursue the radical goal.

bottom-up event

Three issues rejuvenated the extremist right

brady bill. The second issue dealt with a botched U.S. Marshal's office attempt to arrest Randy Weaver on a bench warrant at Ruby Ridge in the mountains of Idaho. the federal siege of the Branch Davidian compound near Waco, Texas. In 1993,

The University of Virginia's Critical Incident Analysis Group (CIAG)

brought law enforcement officials, business leaders, governmental administrators, and academics together to discuss America's vulnerability to symbolic attac

When Israel first faced suicide bombings, the government implemented a controversial policy called ___________ , whose purpose was to destroy the family homes of suicide bombers.

bulldozing

Israel has responded to terrorism with controversial policies. These include _________________________

bulldozing, invasions of Lebanon, constructing a wall to separate Palestinians from Israelis, and targeted assassinations.

A more recent empirical examination suggests that all the recommendations from various agencies and the massive reorganization fostered by the creation of DHS has had less of an impact than originally intended . The primary reason is that it is difficult to change large_____________

bureaucracies.

Critics believe that the organizational problems involving federal, state, local, and tribal law enforcement cannot be handled until the nation's lawmakers restructure their own lawmaking ________________

bureaucracy

Max Weber (1864-1920), one of the founding masters of sociology, coined the term _____________ to describe professional, rational organizations.

bureaucracy

When bureaucracies recover from failure after an attack, people will believe life is getting back to normal and they will continue to function. This is the goal of______________ , Flynn says. Americans must be able to absorb a major attack and continue to function. That, Flynn argues, should be the model for homeland security agencies.

bureaucracy

In Weber's ideal, labor is to be divided into specific functional areas, or________________, and all the bureaus of the organization are to assemble logically to produce the whole.

bureaus

Defense or security intelligence

can be gathered whether the targets are involved in a crime or not.

In order to understand the Maoist problem, it is necessary to remember that Indian society was governed by a rigid _______________ system for centuries.

caste

Michael Collins, leader of the Irish Republican Army (IRA), studied revolutionary tactics from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and developed a method of isolating small units of terrorists. He called the small units ___________

cells

Proudhon disagreed with Karl Marx and other socialists about the role of government. Most socialists saw _________ as a necessary evil.

centralized government

Radiological poisoning and "dirty" radioactive devices are forms of _______________

chemical attack.

Each United States Attorney is the ___________________ of the United States within his or her particular jurisdiction."

chief federal law enforcement officer

Defending against terrorism implies that military force must extend beyond the military. In other words, to defend against terrorism, a nation or culture must use _____________

civil defense

During the cold war various organizations involved in ____________ gradually learned specific missions.

civil defense

Homeland security also involves _____________, that is, citizens engaged in home-land security

civil defense

In a system of __________________, people have a civic responsibility to maintain the system.

civil defense

Changes in how war is fought affect the structure of________________

civil society.

Abu Sayyuf,

claims to be part of the jihadist movement, but it is most closely associated with criminal activity and seems more interested in money than religion. Philippines

The Communist Party of Nepal responded with more "arrests" and "people's trials." If peasants sided with the government, rebels labeled them as "__________________," and they were frequently murdered. If they gave in to rebel demands for food and shelter, governmental forces punished them

class enemies

During the first few years of its existence, Hezbollah acted more or less like a terrorist______________

clearinghouse

Al Qaeda's origins can be traced to the _________________.

cold war

Maoist terrorism is a form of revolutionary terrorism. Its goal is to establish a________________ society similar to revolutionary China.

communist

Bureaucratic changes present challenges, but they also provide opportunities. Two recent national innovations demonstrate this, and both processes are crucial to homeland security

community policing the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP).

The cooperative efforts of _________________ indicate that local law enforcement bureaucracies can meet a challenge and even participate with multiple federal agencies.

community policing and the NCISP

The targets for cyberterrorism include

computers, computer networks, and information storage and retrieval systems.

The country was composed of East and West Pakistan, separated by 1,000 miles of mainland India. The name was derived from a ______________________ and ethnic groups. P stood for Punjab, A for Afghan, K for Kashmir, and S for Sind. Unfortunately, Ali adds, there was no B for Bengal (East Pakistan) or for the massive group of Baluchs in the large state of Baluchistan.

conglomeration of tribes

Although the Bush Administration won some of its early battles to gain more power, the courts have been increasingly limiting executive power (see Expanding the Concept: Court Reversals ). One of the primary reasons is that the president acted without specific _______________

congressional authority

The decision to create DHS was based on this idea

consolidating power is efficient. They argue that a large bureaucracy with a clear mission will empower the security forces to perform their mission.

There are two views concerning the expanded homeland security bureaucracy.

consolidating power is efficient. They argue that a large bureaucracy with a clear mission will empower the security forces to perform their mission. decentralizing power personalizes services helps to develop links to communities. They believe localized, informal offices are more adept at recognizing and handling problems.

radioactive poisoning are not __________________

contagious.

Counterterrorism involves the legitimate legal activities of security forces, but some unofficial groups operate outside the law. When these groups engage in violence, it can be described as ____________________

counter revolutionary terrorism.

From a practical perspective, ______________ depends on the fundamentals.

counterterrorism

The Sageman-Hoffman debate is important because it represents the fundamental thrust of _______________policy.

counterterrorism

When police officers become first responders, _______________ has failed.

counterterrorism

What is the major bureaucratic challenge facing law enforcement?

creating a system where information can flow among the various levels of government, from and through America's police agencies.

The criminal justice system collects ___________ intelligence, not information regarding national security. It collects information when it has reasonable suspicion to believe people are involved in crimes.

criminal

Cole and Dempsey argue that law enforcement should gather intelligence only when there is reason to suspect ___________

criminal activity.

Despite these views, the commission did not blame the FBI for all the intelligence failures. It stated that a series of rulings by the attorney general and mandates from Congress limited the FBI's ability to collect domestic intelligence. As a result, DOJ officials were confused about the relationship between criminal investigations and intelligence operations, and this resulted in a complete separation of the FBI's _______________________________

criminal and national security functions.

Another factor that has improved the understanding of domestic terrorism is the growth of law enforcement's improved _______________ collecting techniques and the way criminal intelligence is examined. Supporting this is new academic research in the field of domestic terrorism and several databases that summarize domestic terrorist activity

criminal intelligence

Among the controversies surrounding the USA PATRIOT Act is the role of _____________, especially law enforcement.

criminal justice

Collecting, analyzing, and storing criminal intelligence requires a ______________. Under the Fourth Amendment, law enforcement personnel cannot collect intelligence without the standard of reasonable suspicion.

criminal predicate

FISA surveillance differs from Title III warrants. Under FISA, various forms of eavesdropping can be used to gather intelligence. A special judicial review is required before surveillance can be initiated, and any evidence gathered during the investigation cannot be used in a _________________

criminal prosecution.

Some people feel that cooperation between state and local law enforcement will result in the ___________ concentration of police power. This attitude was prevalent at the turn of the twentieth century when state police agencies were forming.

de facto

A former deputy secretary of state referred to Hezbollah as the ____________ terrorist group in the world and some officials link it to al Qaeda

deadliest

The purpose of a ________________ is to eliminate opposition when a government is either unable or unwilling to do so.

death squad

In 1968, the Tupamaros ( National Liberation Movement (MLN)) launched a massive campaign of _________________ in Montevideo.

decentralized terrorism

By 1988, Corrado and Evans conclude, the popularity of nationalistic and left-wing terrorism was ____________. They suggest that the pluralism of Western democracies opened the door to peaceful participation in the political system and offered opportunities for change.

declining

Changes in the nature of conflict bring about a need to operate deeply in the social structure. This concept can be called ____________

defense in depth

The idea of ________________ is that all levels of society must become involved in homeland security.

defense in depth

The reason for the initial confusion about policy is that America had no common ____________ of homeland security

definition

Civil rights attorney Nancy Chang (2001) criticizes the PATRIOT Act on the basis of ___________. She points out that the act was rushed through the House and Senate, with no public hearings and no time for public debate.

democracy

The eighteenth-century Enlightenment provided the intellectual climate to sup-port modern _____________.

democracy

Ted Robert Gurr's analysis of group size

demonstrates that larger groups are more effective than smaller groups over time, although most terrorist actions involve only a few people who generate more noise than injury. Terrorism is short-lived because it seldom generates support.

One of the most contentious issues dealt with the _____________of suspected terrorists. The CIA maintained detention facilities in various foreign countries, military forces ran detention centers in Iraq and Afghanistan, and hundreds of people were detained without warrant.

detention

Death squads

developed as a reaction to revolutionary terrorism. The premise behind extrajudicial arrest, torture, and murder is that normative law cannot cope with terrorist violence. People supporting death squads believe that their existence is threatened; therefore, it is necessary to operate outside the law and terrorize the terrorists.

the 9/11 Commission (2004, p. 171) examined claims about al Qaeda's involvement in the diamond trade and came to a different conclusion. The commission found no evidence that________________ were used to support al Qaeda.

diamonds

The Romans would follow a similar course in their republic, creating a ____________ in times of war

dictatorship

The United States formed alliances not only with the democracies of western Europe but with some of the most brutal ___________________ in the late twentieth century, all in the name of anticommunism.

dictatorships

IRA (The Irish Republican Army )

did not reject the notion of governmental control; rather, the IRA wanted to nationalize it. The IRA believed Ireland was entitled to self-government

Revolutionary terrorism

differs from other forms of violence because it occurs outside the normal realm of violent political action. It involves acts of violence that are particularly abominable, and it usually occurs within a civilian population. The violence is symbolic, and it is designed to have a devastating psychological impact on established power.

Kidnapping became so successful that the Tupamaros ( National Liberation Movement (MLN)) took to kidnapping foreign ______________

diplomats.

India has a variety of terrorist problems stemming from political, religious, and ethnic strife . The country has a diverse population, including a religious group known as the Sikhs. Sikh is a Punjabi word meaning "__________." Founded over 500 years ago,

disciple

David Altheide (2007) says that the United States "_______" international terror-ism after the attacks of September 11, 2001.

discovered

Gonzalez-Perez says that women are more attracted to ______________ terrorist organizations than to international groups.

domestic

According to publicly released information (FBI, 2004), the classification system has two basic categories:

domestic terrorism (DT) and international terrorism (IT).

Flynn argues that developing an integrated system against terrorism would reduce the ______________________

drug trade, contraband smuggling, and theft.

The 9/11 Commission (2004, pp. 171-172) dismisses the idea that _____________ were linked to al Qaeda's attack on New York and Washington, D.C. There is no evidence, the commission writes, that indicates bin Laden used underground drug networks or narcotics trafficking to support the September 11 attacks.

drugs

Katz's argument indicates that the balance of powers is a ____________, vacillating according to circumstances.

dynamic system

Chemicals present an attractive weapon for terrorists because they are ____________to control and, unlike biological weapons, the users can avoid the area they attack.

easy

Stephen Ulph (2006a) sees terrorists increasingly using Internet searches to find __________ targets. He believes this trend is notable because terrorists across the globe can unite and research a particular target in a matter of minutes. He also finds terrorist groups attracted to data mining.

economic

David Nice (1988) attempts to build a theory of violence by examining trends in abortion clinic bombings. Though done in 1988, Nice's research remains applicable today. He found that abortion clinic bombings were positively correlated with every theory of violence except the theory of _________________

economic deprivation.

Diminyatz argues that it is possible to secure the border but that it will take major reforms. The major issues involve _____________

economic, social, and political inequities and corruption on both sides of the border.

Sikhism

emphasizes an inner journey to seek spiritual enlightenment, followed by external behavior to live in peace with the world. The religion has enshrined ten great teachers, or gurus, and it embodies elements of Islam and Hinduism

During the Enlightenment, theology, Israel says, lost its monopoly on providing answers to all human questions. This gave rise to science and a new age of discovery. The deductive logic of the former age was gradually replaced by _____________. The late 1600s and early 1700s proved to be an enlightening time.

empirical observation

Title III

empowers federal law enforcement to interact with banking regulators and provides arrest power outside U.S. borders for U.S. agents investigating terrorist financing and money laundering.

Bush and Vice President Cheney maintained that the president has the power to designate certain terrorists as ___________ and subject them to trial by special military courts.

enemy combatants

Guzmán led the Shining Path in a twofold strategy. First, the guerrillas operated in rural areas, trying to create regional military forces. Second, Guzmán attempted to combine Mao Zedong's ruthless revolutionary zeal with the guerrilla philosophy of Che Guevara. The result was a ruthless campaign of violence designed to force peasants into a new egalitarian society. For most guerrillas, terrorism is minimized because it alienates potential supporters. Guzmán's philosophy was different. Anyone who refused to support the Shining Path was considered an _______________

enemy.

Hezbollah is one of the more ___________organizations in the Middle East due to the manner in which it was formed, its historical metamorphosis, and its desire to play a leading role in Lebanon's politics. It grew out of the Iranian Revolution (1978-1979) and maintains close links with Iran.

enigmatic

Yael Shahar (1997)

envisions scenarios in which a computer virus—a program that typically copies itself and moves through a computer system to disrupt a computer or computer network—is implanted in an enemy's computer. He predicts the use of "logic bombs," or snippets of program code that lie dormant for years until they are instructed to overwhelm a computer system. Shahar also believes that bogus computer chips can be sold to sabotage an enemy's computer network. Trojan horses, or malicious programs that seem to be harmless, can contain a malevolent code that can destroy a system, and "back doors" in computer systems can allow terrorists to enter systems thought to be secure. Furthermore, Shahar believes that conventional attacks, such as overloading an electrical system, threaten computer security.

Proudhon, on the other hand, believed that all government was _________________. Proudhon had revolutionary ideals, but he was a man of peace. He believed that anarchy would develop peacefully as people learned about the structure of governments and the capitalist economy.

evil

Anthony Newkirk (2010)

examines a controversial case involving the Maryland State Police to argue that the network of homeland security intelligence operations amounts to an assault on civil liberties. Troopers in a Maryland fusion center gathered data on a wide array of groups from 2005 to 2006. They were able to analyze data from the field using a private software system. In addition, the system allowed the troopers to conduct data mining operations on their targets. The groups under examination included community activists, peace advocates, environmentalists, death penalty opponents, and advocates for immigrants. This resulted in a tremendous amount of data that were placed in numerous files. Newkirk argues that these files were not appropriate because there was no criminal predicate for gathering, analyzing, storing, and sharing the information. One antiwar group had data about political activities stored under the heading "Terrorism: Anti-War Protest." Another entry for an environmental group was stored under "Terrorism: Environmental Extremism." The activities of peaceful political groups, however, are neither terrorism nor subject to government control.

When criminal justice and national security agencies gather information about organizations and people, they do so as an extension of the_____________of government. Any effort to expand executive power will affect the other branches of government.

executive branch

The U.S. Constitution separates the powers of the three branches of government: ____________. This is known as the separation of powers

executive, legislative, and judicial

Advocates of this position believe that state and local law enforcement should be used as extensions of, or the eyes and ears of, America's intelligence agencies. They believe the police should collect information and forward it to the appropriate intelligence unit

eyes and ears

There are two general schools of thought about the role of the police in intelligence gathering.

eyes and ears and traditional crime response and prevention.

Using a group of Fatah warriors known as ________________ , Arafat began to attack Israel.

fedayeen

Although the Civil War had many causes—slavery, farming versus industry, and sectionalism—one of the greatest causes was disagreement over the power of the _____________

federal government.

Suspicious Activity Reporting (SAR), a Department of Justice program designed to systematically analyze information gleaned from law enforcement ____________ , is another issue bothering some social scientists.

field contacts

The Metro-Dade Police Department in Florida developed an effective method, called the _____________, for responding to urban riots after a particularly bad riot in 1980. By 1995, hundreds of U.S. police agencies were using the technique, and it now seems firmly established. The technique calls for responding to a growing disorderly crowd, a crowd that can become a precursor to a riot, with a massive show of organized police force. Officers assemble in an area away from the violent gathering. They isolate the area, providing a route for the crowd to disperse. Then they overwhelm it with military riot tactics. A field-force exercise looks as though a small army has moved into an area using nonlethal violence

field-force technique

After riots in Dade County, Florida, in 1980, local agencies developed ___________________ similar to mutual aid pacts among firefighters.

field-force-deployment plans

DHS also uses technology such as biometric measuring—identification systems based on body characteristics such as _________________—to maintain records on aliens

fingerprints, facial patterns, or DNA

Formerly, the U.S. Coast Guard was under the Department of Transportation (except in time of war, when it is subsumed by the U.S. Navy). It was the ______________agency to be assigned to the DHS.

first

Bustamante and Chaskel (2008) argue that Uribe's most successful military actions came between his _______________

first election and 2005.

When police officers become______________counterterrorism has failed.

first responders,

Human rights

focus on the legal right to exist in a society in which people are free from arbitrary coercion. People have the right to be free, choose their religion, and have a fair trial

Title VII

focuses on police information sharing, specifically targeting a nationwide police investigative network known as the Regional Information Sharing System (RISS).

Jenkins says that the six tactics can be enhanced by _____________

force multipliers

Posse Comitatus

formed as a tax-protest group and engaged in violent resistance to local law enforcement.

Richard Butler

former leader of the Aryan Nations, interacted with the leaders of several white supremacy movements and held an Aryan Congress each year to draw the white supremacists together.

The com-bat striking power of the Tupamaros came from the ________________-person groups in the cells. This organization epitomized Marighella's concept of the firing unit.

four- to six

Hezbollah's ______________ phase brought the organization out of the shadows. Its militia, operating as a guerrilla force, repeatedly struck the Israelis in Lebanon. The success of this action brought political payoffs, and by 1995 Hezbollah developed strong political bases of support in parts of Beirut, the Bekaa Valley, and its stronghold in southern Lebanon. It created a vast organization of social services, including schools, hospitals, and public works. This final change worked. In 1998, Hezbollah won a number of seats in Beirut while maintaining control of the south.

fourth

Al Qaeda has become a ___________—that is, a brand name. Central leadership operates in the tribal areas of Pakistan. It has power because of an alliance with other groups in the area. These include Lashkar-e-Taiba and the Pakistani version of the Taliban.

franchise

Militias are almost always religious, but few embrace Christian Identity, Nordic Christianity, or Creativity. For justification, they rely on __________________quoted out of context. These passages reinforce their issue-oriented positions.

free-wheeling fundamentalism and violent passages of Christian scripture

The majority of right-wing extremists retreated to more conservative churches and relied on individual interpretations of scripture to justify anti-government actions. This group can loosely be described as

free-wheeling fundamentalists

Unlike the hate religions, the ________________do not believe that the American government is part of a conspiracy involving the ultimate forces of evil. They do believe, however, that the federal government and local governments are their enemies and that God will assist them in their confrontation with any form of governmental power.

free-wheeling fundamentalists

Every law enforcement agency—______________________—has some role in homeland security.

from part-time, one-person police departments to the FBI

a typical fusion center may have analysts and agents from several federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies, military personnel, and local police officers and criminal analysts. It merges information—earning the name ___________—into a single process of data analysis.

fusion

Left-wing political leaders in Israel deplore the policy, calling such assassinations "__________________"

gangster murders

The 9/11 Commission Report stated that the DOJ was geared to ______________________. It was not designed to look into additional intelligence after a verdict is rendered.

gather evidence, prosecute, and convict

The FBI categorizes activities on the basis of origin. It is based on the _________________

gathering and sharing of information;

1978 Civil Service Reform Act

gave special executives managerial authority and placed them in performance-based positions.

Suicide bombers capture the public imagination, but females in al Qaeda tend to follow traditional______________ roles within the radical ideology

gender

Al Qaeda runs a _______________ in an attempt to capture the imagination and support of Muslims.

global marketing campaign

Task orientation keeps law enforcement focused on the problem of preventing terrorism. By focusing on the goal, law enforcement agencies avoid three common bureaucratic problems:

goal displacement , mission creep , and process orientation .

Max Weber's ideal bureaucracy rationally organizes people under______________ leaders.

goal-oriented

Hezbollah

grew when Revolutionary Guards joined Shiites in Lebanon after the 1982 Israeli invasion. Beginning as a social movement, it evolved into an umbrella group covering independent operators and its own military wing. It employed suicide bombings and other attacks against Israeli targets.

The ODNI has also been able to attack the problem of ______________ by placing analysts in critical thinking training during the first stages of their careers.

group think

extremists were trying to achieve mainstream political acceptance through issues like _______________

gun control, taxation, and the New World Order

Though Koresh had nothing to do with right-wing extremists per se , he had the right formula:

guns, a survivalist compound, and a belief in a warrior God.

If military forces are to transform themselves in the fashion suggested by Thomas Barnett (2004), law enforcement must seek and find new roles. More than _________________ of the DHS agencies have police power, and state and local governments look to law enforcement to prevent attacks and respond to the unthinkable.

half

Goal displacement

happens when managers begin focusing on issues other than the purpose of the organization.

Spear-phishing

has become one of most common methods of attacking private corporations. It begins with the attackers doing research on employees, generally through social network sites. The attackers devise a strategy to send e-mails to selected targets with lures to get them to open e-mails containing malicious software. The e-mails appear to be sent from close associates of the selected target. When the e-mail is opened, a hacker can enter the system through the portal.

Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)

has emerged as both a major tactical threat and a propaganda machine.

Three interrelated factors were prevalent in the rise of Islamic Group (IG) in Egypt t

he 1981 assassination of Anwar Sadat by religious extremists, the failure of Arab nationalism, and the decline of Arab socialism.

Interservice Intelligence Agency (ISI): T

he Pakistani domestic and foreign intelligence service, created by the British in 1948. Supporters claim that it centralizes Pakistan's intelligence. Critics maintain that it operates like an independent state and supports terrorist groups.

The HSIN allows all states and major urban areas to collect and disseminate information among federal, state, and local agencies involved in combating terrorism. It also

helps provide situational awareness. • facilitates information sharing and collaboration with homeland security partners across federal, state, and local levels .• provides advanced analytic capabilities. • enables real-time sharing of threat information.

According to Risen and Thomas (1998), both murderers in Pensacola felt a specific ______________duty to kill the doctors they confronted.

holy

The question of the suspension of liberty lies at the root of arguments concerning ___________________

homeland security

Palestine Liberation Front (PLF): T

hree different groups call themselves the Palestine Liberation Front: The Abu Abbas faction, based in Iran, follows the old-style leadership used by Arafat; the Abdal Fatah Ghanem faction received support from Libya; and the Talat Yaqub faction sought favor with Syria. The name used by all three groups comes from Ahmed Jabril, a former Syrian army captain, who formed the first PLF in 1961.

Many Africans believe that the United States will ally with governments that support antiterrorist efforts even if they have poor ______________ records.

human rights

Most people believe that all humans enjoy basic rights. They should not be en-slaved, exploited, or subjected to arbitrary abuse such as genocide or unwarranted punishment. These are known as ______________, and they have been articulated by many governments as well as the United Nations

human rights

The NPA is unique due to its_____________ orientation (Coronel, 2007). Most of its power base is in rural Luzon, but it has made inroads in Manila and Mindanao.

ideological

in 2006, the Supreme Court declared that the military tribunal system established for enemy combatants was _____________.

illegal

One controversial issue surrounding border protection involves ______________

immigration.

Weber believed that_______________(bureaucracies) converge to solve the problems of society.

impersonal, professional human groups

As law enforcement officers collect and forward information, analysts at local fusion centers turn the information into actionable intelligence . This intelligence is forwarded to the NCTC, where it is analyzed with information from all other sources in the network. This newly created actionable intelligence is returned to the fusion centers as an _______________ . It can be delivered to patrol officers, deputies, agents, and troopers.

intelligence product

The Maoist rebellion

in Nepal began in 1995 and grew into a major insurrection. A peace treaty in 1995 temporarily brought the Nepalese Communist Party into the government and resulted in limitations on the power of the monarchy. However, Maoist rebels launched attacks in 1996, resulting in a civil war that last until a ceasefire in 2006 and UN monitoring from 2007. The Maoists threatened to renew violence in 2012.

Using Zawahiri's ideas, Osama bin Laden took advantage of America's _________________ and Azzam's waning power. He began to recruit the mujahedeen registered in his computer database for al Qaeda, while Zawahiri organized training camps and cells. Bin Laden also expressed a willingness to work with the Shi'ite terrorist organiza-tion Hezbollah

inattention

The Coast Guard has many duties

including the protection of coastal and inland waterways, environmental protection, the interdiction of contraband, and maritime law enforcement. For counterterrorism, its primary mission is to intercept terrorists and weapons on the high seas. Coast Guard personnel also serve wherever U.S. military personnel are deployed under the command of the armed forces.

terrorism investigations differ from routine crime scenes because terrorists behave differently. This calls for ________________

increased intelligence, long-term surveillance, and informant development.

Title IV

increases border patrols and monitoring of foreigners within the United States and mandates detention of suspected terrorists.

Poverty does not cause terrorism, but social ____________can draw people to revolutionary causes.

inequities

The most important aspect of security, however, is the _____________ that guides security forces.

information

They will not simply let the United States bring the fight to them; they intend to strike, and the safest and most effective way to hit America is to strike its_______________

infrastructure.

Martha Crenshaw (1972), a pioneer in the field, summarized the aspects of revolutionary terrorism early in her career. She says that revolutionary terrorism can be defined as an ___________ in the context of internal warfare or revolution.

insurgent strategy

The Enlightenment was an international _____________movement.

intellectual

Homeland security involves the use of _____________ and law enforcement.

intelligence

The most controversial facets of counterterrorism are symbolized by the USA PATRIOT Act, and the most sensitive aspect of the law deals with _______________

intelligence gathering and sharing.

Brady Bill:

law that limits gun ownership, named for President Ronald Reagan's press secretary after he was disabled by a gunshot in a 1981 assassination attempt on Reagan.

Raw information comes to fusion centers from law enforcement, other government agencies, and the private sector. The raw information is analyzed to reveal patterns of suspicious activity, the behavior habits of known or suspected terrorists, the vulnerability of targets, and the probability of an attack. This information, known as an _______________

intelligence product

One of the most important aspects of DHS operations is communicating with local communities, law enforcement agencies, and private industries as they relate to _____________

intelligence-gathering activities and infrastructure protection.

The purpose of __________________ is to redeploy resources in areas where they are most needed based on the analysis of criminal information

intelligence-led policing

A type of law enforcement in which resources are deployed based on information gathered and analyzed from criminal intelligence.

intelligence-led policing:

Effective counterterrorist policy is based on _____________

intelligence.

Although police agencies have a multitude of other functions, their primary roles in preventing terrorism__________________

involve information gathering and sharing, protecting citizens and property, and investigating criminal conspiracies

pragmatic terrorism

involves a practical attempt to destroy political power;

DT

involves violent political extremism, single-issue terrorism, and lone-wolf activities and occurs within the US

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)

is Latin America's oldest and largest terrorist group. Formed as a military wing of the Colombian Communist Party in 1964, it is probably the most capable terrorist group in South America.

The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

is a continuation of the old religious struggle. Having proposed negotiations with the Philippine government, the MNLF seeks an independent Islamic state.

Symbolic terrorism

is a dramatic attack to show vulnerability;

Turkey

is an enigma in its standing with Europe. The country is 99 percent Muslim and was the home of the last caliphate. Long ago, it was the seat of the Eastern, or Byzantine, Roman Empire, but when its capital Constantinople fell to Mahmet II in 1453, it became the center of Islam.

Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC)

is composed of under-ground government officials who terrorize in the name of security.

Title one of the Patriot act

is designed to enhance domestic security. It creates funding for counterterrorist activities, expands technical support for the FBI, expands electronic intelligence-gathering research, and defines presidential authority in response to terrorism. This section of the law also forbids discrimination against Arabs and Muslims.

Steganography

is frequently said to be one of the Internet's greatest vulnerabilities in light of criminal and terrorist communication. The process refers to embed-ding hidden information in a picture, message, or another piece of information.

Right-wing terrorism is often a response to ______________violence.

left-wing

The Barisan Revolusi Nasional, Coordinate (BRN-C),

is leading the insurgency and carries a jihadist agenda. One of three BRN groups involved in the insurgency, BRN-C is active in southern Thailand's mosques. Running a network of madrassas, the BRN-C has become the training ground for militants and fundamentalists. More than 2,500 madrassa graduates went for further training in the Middle East before returning to Thailand. BRN-C membership is estimated at 1,000, and it controls 18 schools and a number of teachers. Thai security forces estimate that 70 percent of southern villages have at least one cell.

The sovereign citizen movement

is not new, and it is not limited to any racial group or political orientation. The movement is traditionally linked to white supremacists. It was also related to the militia movement of the 1980s, though issues have changed since then.

The Central Security Division

is responsible for New Jersey's counterterrorist mission. Its primary purpose is the prevention of terrorist activities through intelligence operations. In other words, it is a proactive organization designed to prevent terrorism through interdiction.

DHS

is responsible for protecting almost every facet of American life, but it must coordinate its activities with other federal agencies.

Department of Energy (DOE)

is responsible for protecting nuclear materials, power grids, and gas lines.

The Homeland Security Information Network (HSIN)

is set up to connect all jurisdictions with real-time communication. It includes state homeland security officials, the National Guard, emergency operations centers, and local emergency service providers. HSIN provides encrypted communications on a secure network. Designed to combine the criminal information of RISS with critical infrastructure protection, HSIN is designed to unite all the different organizations involved in homeland security

Hezbollah

is the Iranian-backed Party of God, operating from southern Lebanon.

the New People's Army (NPA)

is the longest-running communist insurgency in the world. It is a rural movement that began in 1969 as a response to a Philippine dictatorship. It had as many as 25,000 members in the 1980s In the Philippine

systematic terrorism

is waged over a period of time to change social conditions.

John Cooley (2002, pp. 64-104) believes that the foundation of modern _____________ power grew from the cold war, and he blames the West for incubating the network.

jihadist

The concept was formed in the wake of a jihadist attack, but it has expanded beyond September 11.

keeping the country safe.

Imad Mugniyah

kept close ties with operatives in the Triborder region and Ciudad del Este and also ran a terrorist training camp off the coast of Venezuela. Mugniyah met with al Qaeda, possibly Osama bin Laden, in the mid-1990s and allegedly taught al Qaeda terrorists methods for attacking buildings.

The Shining Path

launched a 20-year terrorist campaign in Peru in 1980. It was a Marxist/Maoist movement that prompted a harsh governmental response. Peru's population was caught in the middle as the Shining Path systematically waged a campaign of terrorism against them. It reemerged around 2007, but its major goal was control of the drug trade. The Shining Path broke into two ma-jor factions centered on drug trafficking, and it gained a strong foothold in the coca-producing regions in southern Peru by 2012.

Sovereign citizens have had several violent confrontations with police officers and other government officials, but their most common activity is _________________

paper terrorism .

The development of the modern Klan ____________ the growth of right-wing extremism from the 1930s to the present.

parallels

It is not possible to secure the homeland with a single agency or small groups of agencies. Effective security can only come through ______________ among agencies.

partnerships

In Nepal, The Maoists executed prisoners, kidnapped prominent citizens, conducted high-profile assassinations, and launched hit-and-run attacks. They detained government officials, bringing them to their own courts for a "_________________."

people's trial

The most important aspect of the 2006 war was the political ________________ of the results.

perception

The purpose of fusion centers is to

place experts and analysts from a variety of fields and organizations in a single collaborative work environment.

Samuel Huntington (1996, p. 176)

points out that Christians, Hindus, and Buddhists do not create international associations of nation-states that are based on religion. Muslims do.

Flynn

points out that the Bush Administration did very little to protect the nation's 361 seaports. There was a lot of rhetoric but insufficient action. He finds it hard to believe that in 2004 the United States spent more money every three days to fight the war in Iraq than it did in three years to protect the seaports.

A second source of militarization comes from ________. These special operations units are called out to deal with barricaded gunmen, hostage situations, and some forms of terrorism. They are also frequently used on high-risk drug raids.

police tactical units

The ______________ guiding homeland security in the United States has not been fully developed, and agency leaders are not quite sure how all the missions of the various agencies fit together.

policy

There is confusion, to be sure, but it centers on ___________, not mission.

policy

To gather counterterrorist intelligence, the police are forced to collect _____________information.

political

there are still factors that serve to inhibit our understanding of domestic terrorism. One of the main factors is the continually shifting _______________.

political environment

al Qaeda is not a religious movement. It is a violent ___________________ that attempts to hide under the mantle of religious rhetoric.

political organization

Prendergast and Thomas-Jensen believe that _____________will make the situation better and solve terrorism in the long run, but stability involves more than calling out the CJTF-HOA.

political stability

Revolutionary terrorism refers to movements designed to overthrow and replace a ____________

political system.

The Pakistan Army—probably the most respected and, certainly, the most powerful institution in the country—is the _________________ behind the president's office.

power

The intelligence system is justified under the concept of "____________," that is, the analysis of data to prevent crimes before they occur. The world of fusion centers is akin to the movie Minority Report , a futuristic story of a police unit that arrests and detains potential criminals prior to criminal activity. The only protection from such abuses, according to Monahan, is to introduce democratic accountability

predictive policing

Law enforcement's primary role is to

prevent terrorism and crime, and its secondary purpose is to react to it to save lives.

Roles of DHS are divided into three functions:

preventing terrorism, responding to attacks, and providing technical support to local agencies

Emergency-response planning falls into two broad categories:

prevention and reaction

In the realm of terrorism and homeland security, the primary role of law enforcement is ____________

prevention.

One of the greatest potential allies is __________________

private security organizations.

Terrorists understand the power of the Internet. They run their own websites, and they sometimes hack into existing sites to broadcast ___________ videos.

propaganda

Mikhail Bakunin (1814-1876) rejected Kropotkin's nonviolent anarchy, calling for "___________________.

propaganda of the deed

Defense in depth is designed to ___________ a community fighting for its way of life

protect

FBI's Law Enforcement Online (LEO)

provides FBI intelligence to state, local, and tribal agencies.

The U.S. Marshals Service (2005)

provides protection to federal officials under any type of threat in addition to the roles of securing the courts and apprehending escaped offenders. Marshals are responsible for securing federal courts and officials from terrorist attacks.

Mark Hamm (2007 and 2009) says that prison recruiting creates a problem because it is much easier to ________________people in jail.

radicalize

Leery of government, Katz says that the real test of the Fourth Amendment is _____________. . In normal times, police officers can be held to a higher standard of behavior than in times of emergency. September 11 constituted an emergency.

reasonableness

David Carter suggests refocusing law enforcement efforts. Police activity, he argues, should be led by intelligence. In order to accomplish this, police agencies should take an "R-cubed" approach:

reassess, refocus, and reallocate.

The media are used to____________________

recruit followers, for propaganda, and to get Muslims to accept the idea of a clash of civilizations.

The Internet can also be used for _____________. Abdul Bakier (2006b) finds Salafi jihadists using websites and e-mail to make training manuals available. The World Wide Web has become more important as growing numbers of females join the Salafi movement

recruitment and training

Infrastructure protection

refers to security provided for the underpinnings of social life, such as roadways, computer networks, bridges, electrical grids, and pipelines. It is protected by government agencies, but most of the assets are owned by private corporations.

Cyberterrorism

refers to the use of computers to attack technological targets or physical attacks on computer networks.

Following the pattern of the Amal militia, Nasrallah began changing the structure of Hezbollah. In 1985, he established _______________, transforming them into operational bases between 1987 and 1989.

regional centers

Despite the many labels applied to him and the derogatory statements of his enemies, Karl Marx was not a terrorist. Marx referred to "_____________" change, but he never clarified what he meant by revolution. Further, he did not advocate political bombing or assassination.

revolutionary

The NPA sustains operations by levying a "______________," extorting money from local residents and merchants.

revolutionary tax

according to Martha Crenshaw , _________________ It is an attempt to seize power from a legitimate state for the purpose of creating political and social change. It involves the systematic use of terrorism to achieve this goal. Violence is neither isolated nor a series of random acts, and it is far from guerrilla warfare or conventional warfare.

revolutionary terrorism

Paramilitary groups come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and most of their actions are_________________. The Arizona Vipers and the Freemen of Montana are exceptions. Rhetoric turns to violence when small, detached groups emerge from larger extremist groups.

rhetorical

Throughout much of American history, anti-government activity associated with the extreme_____________ has been based in ethnic and racial violence, but it has expanded to include extreme religious views and declarations of autonomy such as the sovereign citizen movement.

right

Death squads have been associated primarily with ________________ activities, but they are used across the political spectrum.

right-wing

If the terrorist attacks of 9/11 are removed from the equation, violent ______________groups have killed more law enforcement officers than any other domestic movement in the last 20 years

right-wing

mainstream Americans came to believe that the left posed a greater threat to democracy. This attitude increased after 1919, when a wave of left-wing terrorism swept the country. As a result, _______________ extremist organizations grew.

right-wing

Scholars who study organizational management have suggested that terrorism presents exceptional emergency situations, but the bureaucracies established to deal with the problem are focused on ______________.

routine

Agrarian failures and depressions gave life to radical economic theories during the 1870s and 1880s. These _____________movements were complemented by labor violence and the introduction of anarchism from the left.

rural

Maoist groups are based in ______________ peasant movements.

rural

Title III of the______________mandates judicial review of police surveillance.

safe-streets act

Unlike Fanon, Marighella endorsed violence for the __________ of violence.

sake

One last aspect of al Qaeda, besides its physical presence in Pakistan, is its orientation toward the electronic media. In 2005, Ayman al Zawahiri stated that over half the battle is being waged in the media. Communications are central to the al Qaeda strategy. Even before September 11, Zawahiri and bin Laden used __________________

satellite television, the Internet, and their video and audio tape distribution system.

Border protection involves ports of entry—__________________—and vast expanses of land on our northern and southern borders.

seaports, border checkpoints, and ocean shores

In its _____________phase, Hezbollah's leadership launched a kidnapping campaign in Beirut. Westerners, especially Americans, were taken hostage, but Hezbollah, as always, denied any affiliation with the group conducting the operation.

second

The Israelis responded by renewing a policy of ___________; that is, they identified leaders of Hamas and systematically murdered them

selective assassination

The most controversial aspect of Israel's counterterrorist policy is _____________________

selective assassination.

Taliban form divergent regional militias and use ______________ to support guerrilla operations.

selective terrorism

Many voices in Lebanon and elsewhere claim that Hezbollah is a legitimate ____________

self-defense force.

If Americans want to secure the homeland, they need to engage in a thorough ____________ and decide what they are willing to sacrifice and how they will maintain the most cherished aspects of social freedom

self-examination

David Cole and James Dempsey (2002)

sent out a warning after the 1996 counterterrorist law took effect in the wake of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. They reiterated their warning after passage of the 2001 USA PATRIOT Act. Stated simply, they fear that federal law enforcement's power is growing too strong in a wave of national hysteria.

The National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan (NCISP)

set standards for a new system of domestic intelligence gathering and analysis.

The ability of state, local, and tribal agencies to ______________ information is at the heart of preventing terrorist strikes within the borders of the United States

share

Women are typically recruited in_____________, an offshoot of Hasan al Banna's Muslim Brotherhood, and radical sisterhoods are prevalent in Europe.

sisterhoods

Hezbollah managed to kill the top _____ CIA operatives in the Middle East.

six (6)

Nancy Tucker (2008), a former executive in the intelligence community and now a professor at Georgetown University, suggests that the failure of intelligence analysis is evidenced by two factors:

the surprise attacks of September 11 and the analysis of the WMD program in Iraq.

Christian Identity provided a ____________l base for stating that white people originated with God and Jews came from the devil. Such eschatological presumptions are deadly

theologica

In 2004, New Scientist reported that Middle Eastern terrorist groups were working on a two-stage military-style weapon called a mininuke. This type of explosive is designed to spread fuel in the air and then ignite it. Known as a _______________ bomb , it actually explodes the air in the blast area.

thermobaric

The_____________phase of Hezbollah's metamorphosis came in 1990. Taking over the organization after the death of Musawi, Nasrallah created a regional militia by 1990. In 1991, many of Lebanon's roving paramilitary groups signed a peace treaty, but Hezbollah retained its weapons and revolutionary philosophy and became the pri-mary paramilitary force in southern Lebanon.

third

Sebastian Mallaby (2007), writing an opinion column for the Washington Post, says that security efforts should focus on two types of targets;______________________, immigration is not a factor

those most likely to be hit and those that will cause the greatest loss of life.

Task orientation will focus the actions of individual departments as they meet the homeland security needs within their communities. The task is to provide security. This is accomplished by _______________

threat analysis, information gathering, and information sharing.

The KKK has operated in ______ distinct phases over its history

three

Critics also point to Hezbollah's uncompromising political stand, saying that it exists for only two reasons:

to impose a Shi'ite government on Lebanon and to destroy the state of Israel.

Aside from the myriad functions related to law enforcement and intelligence, the federal government has another major goal: __________. The responsibility falls on the DHS

to protect America's borders

Women

took part in rebellions in Ireland (Burleigh, 2009, pp. 20-21). More than 10,000 women joined the ranks of the National Liberation Front in the Algerian War from 1954 to 1962 (Kutchera, 1996, 2012). Women played leading roles in the revolutionary terrorism of the 1960s and 1970s, and their representation surged in Western revolutionary groups after 1968

Montevideo government or police responded to Tupamaros ( National Liberation Movement (MLN)) by __________________ Tupamaros

torturing

Al Qaeda's women tend to be better educated than its men, and they are more interested in fulfilling _____________ roles rather than assuming an operative position.

traditional

For Herman, the beginning of the "war on terrorism" translates to a "____________." Herman's argument is based in constitutional law. She compares the USA PATRIOT Act with two previous sweeping pieces of legislation: the 1968 Crime Control and Safe Streets Act and the 1978 Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Both laws provide guidelines for domestic surveillance.

war on the balance of powers

The Southern Poverty Law Center (Beirich, 2010)

warns that hate groups are on the rise and that violent militias may move to the forefront of domestic threats.

William Pierce

was a white supremacist with headquarters in rural West Virginia. He led an organization called the National Alliance and purchased Resistance Records, a recording label for skinhead hate music.

Zawahiri

was arrested in 1967 and charged with being a member of the Muslim Brotherhood. After his release from jail, he continued his studies to become a physician. Still active in underground politics, he opposed the government of Anwar Sadat. When Sadat signed a peace treaty with Israel, Zawahiri threw himself into the resistance. Egyptian police arrested dissidents from all over Egypt after Sadat's assassination in 1981. Zawahiri was arrested and charged with weapons violations, although he was not officially charged in the assassination. Zawahari was sentenced to three years in prison; after serving his term, Zawahiri left for Afghanistan to join the mujahedeen.

The DHS

was created from the Office of Homeland Security in 2003 and charged with counterterrorism. includes law enforcement agencies, such as the Secret Service, the Border Patrol, the new Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the U.S. Customs Service, and other agencies. It has its own military force, the U.S. Coast Guard, which has limited law enforcement power. Is responsible for port security and transportation systems. It manages security in airports through the massive Transportation Security Administration. It has its own intelligence section (see Another Perspective: DHS and Intelligence ), and it covers every special event in the United States, from political conventions to football games.

Regional Information Sharing System (RISS)

was created in 1973. RISS has six centers—each serving a selected group of states—that share criminal information with investigators working on a variety of criminal activities, including terrorism.

Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT)

was created in 1993 under the watchful eye of the ISI to strike at Indian targets in Jammu and Kashmir. It is best known for its attacks in India, including a deadly series of attacks in Mumbai in November 2008, and it rejects all forms of Islam except its own interpretation.

The Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)

was formed in India in 1968 to create a Muslim state through armed struggle. Its leadership is aging, but it maintains a propaganda campaign through the Internet. It held a reunification meeting in Damascus in 2005, hoping to support the insurgency

The Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)

was formed in India in 1968 to create a Muslim state through armed struggle. Its leadership is aging, but it maintains a propaganda campaign through the Internet. It held a reunification meeting in Damascus in 2005, hoping to support the insurgency in the south. PULO controls no insurgents, but some of its leaders have made public threats. It claims to be secular, but Abuza says that it has Salafi undertones. New PULO, which was formed in 1995, is much more effective. Its leaders trained in Syria and Libya and have considerable bomb-making skills.

The Mujahedin-e Kahlq (MeK) n.

was founded in 1965, 14 years before the Iranian Revolution, for the purpose of overthrowing the Iranian government. It has been designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the United States, primarily due to the assassinations of six Americans in Tehran during the 1970s and its anti- American activities during the 1979 Iranian Revolutio

Pierre Joseph Proudhon (1809-1865)

was one of the advocates of modern anarchism. His political activities eventually landed him in a French prison, but Proudhon was not a man of violence.

Osama bin Laden

was the son of Mohammed bin Laden, a wealthy construction executive who worked closely with the Saudi royal family. The elder bin Laden divorced Osama's mother, but he continued to provide for the family. Osama decided that he wanted to become a good Muslim at an early age. Because of his father's connections, bin Laden was raised in the Saudi royal court, and his tutor, Mohammed Qutb, was the brother of the Egyptian radical Sayyid Qutb. Bin Laden was influenced by Sayyid Qutb's thought. While attending university, bin Laden left the nonviolent Wahhabism of the Saudi royal family and turned to Qutb's philosophy (see H. Oliver, 2002, pp. 10-38). Inspired by the mujahedeen of Afghanistan, bin Laden dropped out of college to join the Soviet-Afghan War. At first, he lent his support to the mujahedeen, but later he formed his own guerrilla unit

Marighella model. Seagaller said that although European terrorists longed for a Marighella-style revolution, they never achieved it because they were too __________________

weak.

Nidal Hasan

went on a shooting spree in Fort Hood, Texas, killing several U.S. service personnel and wounding others. He appears to have been influenced by radical preaching and literature on the Internet.

Patriot act title II

which aims to improve the government's ability to gather electronic evidence. In other words, it gives police officials expanded authority to monitor communications. It also allows intelligence and federal law enforcement agencies to share noncriminal information with each other. In addition, it forces private corporations to share records and data with federal law enforcement agencies during investigations and allows the FBI to seize material when it believes national security is jeopardized. Title II also contains a sunset clause, automatically ending the provisions of the PATRIOT Act unless it is renewed before a certain time limit, and it enacts congressional oversight of the act.

The Solid Waste Division

which gathers information about hazardous materials and keeps an eye on organized crime, and the Casino Bureau round out the organization of the NJSP Intelligence Service Section.

New PULO

which was formed in 1995, is much more effective. Its leaders trained in Syria and Libya and have considerable bomb-making skills.

Gerakan Mujahedeen Islami Pattani (GMIP),

with 40 active cells. Afghan veterans reassembled the group in 1995, but it deteriorated into a criminal gang. Abuza says that it began to embrace the insurgency by 2003 and that GMIP has contacts with Jamaat Islamiyya in Indonesia and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in the Philippines. The GMIP staged raids on police and army outposts in 2002.

Nepal's rebellion did not follow the path of other forms of terrorism in Asia. One interesting difference was the role of _______________ in the Maoist movement.

women

If police departments follow Flynn's suggestions, they will see security as a "__________________."

work in progress

Peter Bergen (2009) believes al Qaeda central has been significantly degraded due to U.S. drone attacks in Pakistan. He points to the following significant number of al Qaeda operatives killed by the drones:

• Abu Laith al Libi—led al Qaeda behind bin Laden and Zawahiri • Abu Sulyman al Jazairi—member of Algerian jihad• Abu Khabab al Masri—weapons of mass destruction expert • Abdul Rehman—Taliban commander, South Waziristan • Abu Haris—al Qaeda chief in Pakistan• Khalid Habib—senior al Qaeda leader • Abu Zubair al Masri—senior al Qaeda leader • Abdullah Azzam al Saudi—senior al Qaeda leader • Abu Jihad al Masri—al Qaeda propaganda chief • Tahir Yulashev—commander, Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Baitullah Mehsud—leader, Pakistani Taliban

Tupamaro Tactics

• Assassination • Bank robbery • Kidnapping • Propaganda • Bombing • Internal discipline • Infiltration of security forces • Temporary control of urban areas • Redistribution of expropriated goods to the poor

Israel tactics

• Destroying the homes of suicide bombers' families • Selective assassination of Palestinian leaders• Killing innocents when striking militants • Excessive use of force • Commando raids in neighboring countries• June 2006 invasion of Lebanon • December 2008 invasion of Gaza • Blockade of Gaza • May 2010 violent interception of ships during Gaza blockade

President Clinton issued a directive declaring law enforcement to be part of the nation's critical infrastructure. Shortly after taking office, the Bush Administration published a report based on the directive. Among its points are the following:

• Each law enforcement agency is responsible for the protection of its own infrastructure. The U.S. government mandates federal agencies to develop plans and encourages local agencies to do so likewise. • Local plans should be flexible, based on the recommended model but applicable to individual needs. • Because police agencies use information systems, each department is asked to review its infrastructure and assess vulnerabilities. Factors recommended for the threat assessment include evaluating critical missions and capabilities, critical assets, critical interdependent relations, types of threats, and vulnerability to attack. • Planning for protection should be based on a prioritized listing of critical services and vulnerabilities.

Sageman says that he specifically rejects an individualized view and focuses on groups. He sees group behavior as an essential element of analysis.In summary, Sageman counters:

• Hoffman misrepresented information in Leaderless Jihad • Al Qaeda remains a threat to the West. • It has an active command structure. • The threat of terrorism is evolving. • He reviews the literature on terrorism and his methodology is correct. • Leaderless Jihad focuses on groups, not individuals.

Hoffman concludes by stating that al Qaeda has regrouped in the border area between Afghanistan and Pakistan and that it has reemerged as a central threat to the United States. It will not be destroyed by focusing on networks. Al Qaeda must be defeated by eliminating its leadership and delegitimizing its ideology.In summary, Hoffman says:

• Leadership connections are intact and dangerous. • Al Qaeda remains a threat to the West. • Organizations are structured .• Sageman's theory of terrorist networks does not match the scholarly and applied literature about the subject .• Sageman has ignored important data .• Sageman focused on individual behavior instead of the way terrorist groups behave.

Information for Planning

• List available resources .• Project potential attacks .• Identify critical infrastructures. Factors influencing plans, including • emergency command structures • coordination among agencies • mass casualties • victim and family support • preservation of evidence • crime scene management • media relations • costs • training and preincident exercises

Anthony Cordesman (2006) conducted an analysis of the fighting and says the Israelis entered Lebanon with several specific goals. These included:

• Neutralizing Hezbollah's effectiveness before Iran could develop nuclear weapons • Countering the IDF's image after the 2000 Lebanon and 2005 Gaza withdrawals • Forcing Lebanon to control Hezbollah • Rescuing two Israeli soldiers without a prisoner exchange

60 Minutes reporter Ed Bradley examined the Department of Energy and its nuclear facilities. It has many problems, including the following concerns:

• Stolen keys to secure facilities that were not replaced for three years .• Guards were sleeping on duty. • Facilities were penetrated during mock terrorist attacks.

Tactics in Violent Antiabortion Attacks

• Suspected anthrax sent through the mail • Malicious destruction of property • Threatening letters and phone calls to workers • False bomb threats • Individual harassment • Bombing and arson • Bombing with secondary devices (designed to kill the people who respond to the first bombing) • Assaults • Intentional murder on the premises• Assassination-style murders

black June's terrorist acts ( Abu Nidal Organization)

• The murder of Jordanian ambassadors in Spain, Italy, and India • Raids on Jewish schools in Antwerp, Istanbul, and Paris • Attacks on airports in Rome and Vienna • Assassinations of PLO leaders in Tunis • The attempted assassination of the Israeli ambassador to the United Kingdom • An attack on a synagogue in Istanbul

Congress received special attention. The commission said that Congress bore much of the responsibility for the state of affairs in government. It had failed to create an effective mechanism for protecting the country. It had maintained a large bureaucracy with ineffective oversight and communication. Among the issues noted by the 9/11 Commission were the following:

• There were too many committees overseeing intelligence. • Like the intelligence community, Congress was structured for a cold war enemy .• Congressional priorities were in areas other than terrorism .• Congress was slow to react to terrorism and favored local domestic issues over those of national security.

The Institute for Security Technology Studies at Dartmouth College recommends following the "best practices" of security in the computer industry. Best practices include the following:

• Update software. • Enforce rigid password security.• Disable unnecessary services .• Scan for viruses and use virus protection .• Utilize intrusion detection systems .• Maintain firewalls.

If state and local law enforcement officers were to begin looking for signs of terrorism, they would need to frame basic questions about potential adversaries. For example, in addition to criminal briefings before patrol or investigative tours, officers would need to think of questions such as the following:

• What is the modus operandi of our enemy? • How does the enemy's organization function?• What types of tactics will the enemy use? • What types of weapons will the enemy use? • How can information be gathered while protecting the source? • What activities in the community might indicate that terrorists may be operating in a jurisdiction? • How can information be shared securely with other agencies?

The Global Intelligence Working Group created the National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan. It sought to create a system for state, local, and tribal law enforcement that would:

• become a model intelligence-sharing model for all agencies; • support and promote intelligence-led policing; • create a blueprint for enhancing or building an intelligence system; • develop model policies; • protect privacy and civil rights; • create technologies for sharing of information; • set national criminal intelligence training standards; • promote timely intelligence sharing; and • allow for innovation and flexibility

National Security Agency, DOE, DHS, FBI, and CIA. Defense or security intelligence is usually based on one or more of the following sources:

• humint: Human intelligence from spies, informers, defectors, and other people • imint: Imagery intelligence from satellites and aircraft • sigint: Signal intelligence from communications • masint: Measures and signatures intelligence from sensing devices, such as detecting a weapons system based on the amount of heat it is producing