TCC General Psychology Final Exam Review

Cattell's initial research and use of factor analysis essentially scaled down many, many different ways of describing aspects of personality into __ source traits.

16

7.1-7.5 Review What is thinking?

A mental activity that involves processing, organizing, understanding, and communicating information.

3. Rose is in an abusive relationship with Dan, who is physically violent with her and has injured her seriously more than once. Despite this, Rose has never been able to stop him or leave him. Rose was also abused by her stepfather as a child. Rose's inability to put up a fight with Dan is most likely the result of ________ in operant conditioning. A) learned helplessness B) preparedness C) instinctive drift D) aversive conditioning

A) learned helplessness

3. Which of the following statements best defines conformity? A. a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard B. behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority C. the ability of a person to overcome a social influence D. unselfish interest in helping another person

A. a change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard

14.11-14.12 Review (1Q) As a serious dancer, Justine watches what she eats. She knows that she is underweight, but fears that if she starts eating more that she will get fat. In addition to a preoccupation with food, she has also stopped menstruating. Her behaviors suggest that she might be suffering from ________. A. anorexia nervosa B. bulimia nervosa C. compulsive exercise D. phobic disorder

A. anorexia nervosa

15.10-15.12 Review (3Q) Tranquilizers are ___ drugs. A. antianxiety B. antidepressant C. antipsychotic D. MAO inhibitor

A. antianxiety

3. The sense of smell is also known as __________. A. olfaction B. the salivary sense C. chemical infarction D. gustation

A. olfaction

2. Heidi provides food for the homeless every Sunday. She does this without expecting praise or anything in return. In this case, Heidi is most likely engaging in A. obedient behavior. B. impulsive behavior. C. altruistic behavior. D. stereotypical behavior.

C. altruistic behavior.

The pineal gland receives instructions from the ___ to release _________.

SCN; melatonin

In Maslow's theory, how often do people reach a point of self-actualization?

Seldom, although there are times in a person's life when they are self-actualized at least temporarily

11.4-11.9 Review In Roger's viewpoint, what is the striving to fulfill innate capacities and needs called?

Self-actualizing tendency

Alex sees his mother mixing ingredients for a cake. Later, Alex takes a bowl and spoon out of the cabinet and pretends to mix some imaginary ingredients. What theory of gender development would this be a good example?

Social learning theory

What did Carl Rogers mean by the term "fully functioning person"?

Someone who is experiencing a match between his or her real and ideal self and who is trusting of their innermost intuitions and urges

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, _______ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine. a. Intrapersonal b. Analytical c. Creative d. Naturalist

c. creative

10.3-10.5 Review Social _______ theory emphasizes learning through observation and imitation of models in the process of gender-role development. a. acquisition b. gender c. learning d. cognitive

c. learning

Multiple-choice test questions typically rely on ____________ while essay questions rely on ______.

recognition; recall

Vygotsky defines ____________ as the process of helping less as the learner improves at a given task.

scaffolding

Information enters into short-term memory through a process known as

selective attention.

When you take your final exam in your psychology class, what type of memory will you most certainly need to access to answer each question?

semantic memory

Unit 2 Review Questions 4.3-4.6 Review The sleep wake cycle typically follows a 24 hour cycle and is regulated by a

suprachiasmatic nucleus.

A colleague at work is asked to describe you to the new manager. Most likely, the traits they will use in their description are examples of

surface traits.

Jaclynn had written a grocery list but accidentally left it at home. Trying to remember the list, Jaclynn remembers what was at the beginning of the loss and what was at the end but not those things in the middle. This is an example of

the serial position effect.

In cultures in which western lifestyles of eating and exercising have been adopted, obesity rates have ______ over the last 20 years.

tripled

Quiz 1 Review 1. As Chris gets up to go to his kitchen, the lights go out. Despite not being able to see in his house, he is still able to go to his kitchen. In this scenario, Chris' ability to use his knowledge of the layout of his house to find his way is an example of A. top-down processing. B. bottom-up processing. C. exhaust processing. D. backward processing.

A. top-down processing.

If you were to develop a rare condition in which you were not able to remember to be afraid of certain situations, animals or events, what part of the brain would most likely be damaged?

Amygdala

Marcus's personality reflects the characteristics of both males and females, and this combination allows him to be more flexible in everyday behavior and his career choices. the term that describes this combination of male and female attributes is?

Androgyny

According to Erikson, which stage results in a sense of independence because of one's ability to control their own actions?

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Quiz 2 Review 1. Wendell always gets anxious before taking a math test because he is not good with numbers and formulae. When his science teacher announces a physics test that requires him to apply numerical formulae, Wendell begins to feel anxious, even though he enjoys physics. Which of the following is Wendell most likely demonstrating in this scenario? A) positive reinforcement in operant conditioning B) generalization in classical conditioning C) discrimination in classical conditioning D) negative reinforcement in operant conditioning

B) generalization in classical conditioning

2. Gary, a high school student with no interest in academics, has started to study for four hours every week to avoid getting poor grades in school. This scenario is reflective of ________ in operant conditioning. A) positive reinforcement B) negative reinforcement C) positive punishment D) negative punishment

B) negative reinforcement

Quiz 3 Review 1. May, a 30-year-old woman, was sexually abused as a child. She has no memory of the abuse or the trauma she went through as a child. However, during a session of hypnotic therapy, May recalls the experience vividly. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of A) regression. B) repression. C) displacement. D) sublimation.

B) repression.

14.13-14.14 Review _____ is a psychological disorder that is characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit. A. Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder B. Antisocial personality disorder C. Borderline personality disorder D. Histrionic personality disorder

B. Antisocial personality disorder

15.4-15.5 Review (2Q) Judy thinks she is depressed over her teacher's criticism of her paper. Judy's therapist explains to her that Judy's own illogical belief—that the criticism means she is stupid—is really why she is depressed. Judy is likely to be seeing a therapist who is providing ________ therapy. A. behavioral B. cognitive C. humanistic D. psychoanalytic

B. cognitive

Quiz 4 Review 1. Zephyr is Ashley's favorite clothing brand. Recently, Zephyr was involved in a scandal for using child labor. Despite knowing about the scandal, Nadia continues to shop at Zephyr. This makes her feel uneasy as she is against child labor. In this scenario, Ashley's feeling of uneasiness is best explained by the concept of A. the exposure effect. B. cognitive dissonance. C. self-objectification. D. the consensus effect.

B. cognitive dissonance.

9.1-9.5 Review Inborn patterns of behavior that are biologically determined rather than learned are called A. desires B. instincts C. notions D. motives

B. instincts

What part of the brain can sometimes be referred to as the "rind" or outer covering?

Cortex

2. According to the five-factor model of personality, which statement best describes the relationship between neuroticism and personality? A) Neuroticism is low in anxious and insecure individuals. B) Neuroticism is high in organized and disciplined individuals. C) Neuroticism is high in sociable and fun-loving individuals. D) Neuroticism is low in calm and self-satisfied individuals.

D) Neuroticism is low in calm and self-satisfied individuals.

Which of the following statements concerning the self-concept is false? A. It is based on what people are told by others. B. It is a reflection of the sense of self in the words and actions of others. C. It is an important tool in human self-actualization. D. It is formed based solely on what a person believes about him or herself

D. It is formed based solely on what a person believes about him or herself

2. Daisy and Crystal are playing darts. Daisy throws her dart into the center of the target, and Crystal throws his dart into the outer ring. If we compare this scenario to the process of vision, Daisy would have been likely to hit a ________, and Crystal would have been likely to hit a ________. A. rod; cone B. rod; rod C. cone; cone D. cone; rod

D. cone; rod

6.3-6.5 Review ______ memories are said to linger in the mind for a few seconds, allowing people the chance to keep with the flow of conversations and remember what was just said.

Echoic

In recent studies, what do some researchers argue is a more accurate means of gauging success in relationships and careers?

Emotional intelligence

In Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident. Later, some of the subjects were asked a question about a yield sign when the actual slides contained pictures of a stop sign. When presented with this inaccurate information, how did these subjects typically respond?

Many subjects' overall accuracy dropped when confronted with conflicting information.

In Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, what is the key to achieving one's needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness?

Support from others around you

2.6-2.10 Review What brain structure relays incoming sensory information?

Thamalus

Felisha can recall with great detail the day of her wedding and all that occurred. What might psychologists say about these particular flashbulb memories?

The memories were likely enhanced in part by the hormones released during emotional moments.

In terms of differing cultures, what should be the goal of every test designer?

To create a test that is culturally fair.

You have a dream in which you wake up to find that people around you are using words that make no sense. What's more, your friends don't seem to understand you when you speak. At one point in your dream, your mom tells you that you almost forgot your tree limb today. When you give her a puzzled look, she holds up your lunch box and repeats, "You know, your tree limb". Your predicament in your dream is most like which of the following disorders?

Wernicke's aphasia

What is the most similar to the concept of long-term memory?

a computer hard-drive

3. Zeke is from a small, Midwestern town and attends college in the city. He has never eaten sushi, but a group of friends is going out to a sushi restaurant, and they ask Zeke to come along. Zeke is excited at the prospect of trying sushi. McCrae and Costa would conclude that he ranks high on which of the five factors? a) openness b) neuroticism c) conscientiousness d) extraversion

a) openness

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies a fixed mindset in the context of psychological constraints in learning? a. Alan does not think he has academic abilities, so he abandons the idea of going to college. b. Sven does not have good coordination skills, but he continues to learn how to play tennis. c. Jennifer has always been bad at math but still believes she can do well in math in college. d. Madison has failed her chemistry test, so she has decided to work harder from now on.

a. Alan does not think he has academic abilities, so he abandons the idea of going to college.

Which of the following is the best way to encourage divergent, creative thinking? a. Go for a walk or engage in some other automatic activity. b. Stare at a blank sheet of paper until a new, innovative solution comes to mind. c. Engage in many activities simultaneously. d. Force yourself to think of something new and creative.

a. Go for a walk or engage in some other automatic activity.

Unit 1 Review Questions 1.5-1.10 Review A common and very dangerous misconception often seen on the Internet is the idea that a childhood immunization, the MMR vaccine, causes autism. This is completely false, but began when a man published a falsified and now discredited paper making that claim. He was later found to have received money from lawyers representing parents of children with autism who wanted to sue the vaccine companies. Which criterion of critical thinking is most clearly being violated by those who accepted the false claim? a.) All evidence is not equal in quality. b.) Authority or claimed expertise does not make something true. c.) Keep an open mind. d.) Very few "truths" do not need to be tested.

a.) All evidence is not equal in quality.

Dr. White noticed something odd happening to the behavior of his students as midterm exams neared. He decided to take notes about this behavior to find out exactly what was happening and the circumstances surrounding the behavior. His goal is clearly __________. a.) Description b.) Explanation c.) Prediction d.) Control

a.) Description

Which of the following is an example of observer bias? a.) You develop an opinion of what you expect to see in an experiment. b.) You ask people from your church to participate in a study of family values. c.) You allow a student to quit an experiment simply because he or she is bored. d.) You ask your fellow students to be participants in a study of adult memory.

a.) You develop an opinion of what you expect to see in an experiment.

People high in the need for ______________ want to be liked by others and are good team players.

affiliation

What kind of attachment, according to Ainsworth, is shown by a baby who clings to his or her mother, gets upset when the mother leaves, and demands to be picked up but at the same time kicks and pushes her way?

ambivalent

9.8-9.9 Review (2Q) Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least ____ percent over the ideal body weight. a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d. 50

b. 20

Which of the following would be an example of a stereotype threat? a. Trevor, who believes that all tests are equal and that he can, and will, excel on them. b. Mateo, who believes IQ tests are unfair to Latinx people, something that his IQ score seems to reflect c. Shiva, who feels she must excel on her IQ test d. Kara, who believes that all testing, no matter the type, is biased

b. Mateo, who believes IQ tests are unfair to Latinx people, something that his IQ score seems to reflect

Unit 3 Review Questions 8.6-8.6 Review (1Q) Manish is studying the prenatal development of a fertilized egg. He observes that the fertilized egg is in its third week since conception and the spinal cord is about to be formed. Which of the following periods in prenatal development is Manish most likely observing? a. the germinal period b. the embryonic period c. the fetal period d. the infant period

b. the embryonic period

14.4-14.5 Review Abigail has noticed that Rose, her roommate, experiences extreme shifts in her moods and behavior. Although Rose doesn't sleep much, she is unusually energetic and optimistic. She is highly distractible and delusional. This period of euphoria has lasted more than a week and is in sharp contrast to the depression and fatigue Rose exhibited in the previous semester. Rose is most likely to be diagnosed with ________________________.

bipolar disorder.

What determines when we sleep?

body temperature

Detective Dan is the primary detective in a case of homicide. A key component for any person to believe that a false event is in fact true is to make sure that the false information wary detective in a case of homicide. What way can he use the process of context-dependent memory to his advantage?

by taking witnesses back to the crime scene

15.1 Review (1Q) You are a contestant on Jeopardy! and it is your turn. You say "I'll take 'History of Therapies' for $100." The answer is, "He began the movement for humane treatment of the mentally ill." The smile on your face reveals the confidence you have as you say ____. a. "Who was Sigmund Freud?" b. "Who was Carl Rogers?" c. "Who was Phillippe Pinel?" d. "Who was Abraham Maslow?"

c. "Who was Phillippe Pinel?"

8.9-8.11 Review According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, an individual in the _______ level of moral development recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then develops an increasingly personal moral code. a. conventional b. preconventional c. postconventional d. concrete

c. postconventional

10.1-10.2 Review (2Q) Which of the following is immediately apparent to doctors and nurses when a baby is born? a. secondary sex characteristics b. sex chromosomes c. primary sex characteristics d. gender

c. primary sex characteristics

9.6-9.7 Review Which of the following is not a hormone that influences eating behavior in human beings? a. leptin b. insulin c. serotonin d. glucagon

c. serotonin

Unit 4 Review Questions 11.1-11.3 Review (3Q) After weeks of being taunted by her so-called "friends" at school and asking them to stop taunting her, Shayla begins to actively avoid them whenever possible. Her reaction to this frustration is BEST described as __________. a. confrontation b. compromise c. withdrawal d. rationalization

c. withdrawal

Which of the following would indicate the weakest relationship and thus be close to complete randomness? a.) -0.98 b.) +1.04 c.) +0.01 d.) -0.89

c.) +0.01

In an experiment to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on completion of a puzzle, one group is allowed to sleep 8 hours while another group is made to stay awake. In this experiment, the control group is __________. a.) The difference in time for each group to complete the puzzle. b.) The group that remains awake. c.) The group that gets to sleep. d.) The puzzle.

c.) The group that gets to sleep.

11.10-11.13 Review Trait theories are less concerned with _____________________ and more concerned with _________________________.

changing personality; predicting behaviors.

Jermaine eats a late breakfast at 10:00 a.m. but finds he is hungry at 11:30 a.m. when he typically eats lunch. What best explains his hunger pains only 90 minutes after eating breakfast?

classical conditioning

In ______________ cultures, gender roles are seen as more traditional, whereas in _____________ cultures, they may be more non-traditional especially for women.

collectivistic; individualistic

In which of Piaget's stages would be a child who has just developed the ability to conserve?

concrete operations

Mia's parents told her that they expected her to become a doctor, like her father and grandfather before. They told her that if she does any other career, they would no longer respect or support her decisions, according to Rogers, Mia's parents were giving her

conditional positive regard.

Ed and Harry believe that ghosts are running rampant in a nearby town. When looking for the information on the internet, they ignore any sites that are skeptical of their beliefs and only visit sites that support their beliefs. This is an example of __________________________.

confirmation bias.

10.6-10.8 Review According to the research into the effect of birth order of birth order on sexual orientation, which of the following individuals is most likely to be gay? a. Erick, who is the eldest of five brothers b. Joseph, who has one older sister and one younger brother c. Nicholas, who has three older sisters d. Marcus, who has two older brothers

d. Marcus, who has two older brothers

14.15-14.16 Review (1Q) Janet, a professor, is discussing the case of Roy, a patient with a psychological disorder, with her students. Janet says that Roy often feels he is being followed by international spies who are plotting to kidnap him. She also states that Roy makes little sense when he talks and displays unusual body movements. In this scenario, Janet is most likely discussing the case of Roy to explain a. Amaxophobia b. DID c. Dissociative amnesia d. Schizophrenia

d. Schizophrenia

Professor Becker designed an IQ test. To validate this test, the professor should be careful to do which of the following? a. Give the test at least twice to the same group to ensure accuracy b. Select the people in the sample from the population of people from whom the test is designed c. Select only university professors to take the test so that they can critique the questions on the test d. Strive to make sure that the test measures what it is supposed to measure

d. Strive to make sure that the test measures what it is supposed to measure

In a __________ study, the participants do not know if they are part of the control group or the experimental group. Only the experimenter knows who is in each group. a.) Triple-Blind b.) Placebo c.) Double-Blind d.) Single-Blind

d.) Single-Blind

What is a characteristic of stage N3, or slow-wave sleep?

deepest level of sleep

Amber meets a cute guy named Carson at a party. She wants to make sure she remembers his name so she reminds herself that he has the same name as the capital of Nevada (Carson City). This transferring of information from short-term memory to long-term memory is an example of what type of rehearsal?

elaborative

In terms of arousal theory, if individuals are currently bored or under-aroused, they are likely to pursue activities to help them _______ their overall level of arousal.

elevate

In a study examining the influence of culture on individual eating habits, researchers found that women from the United States were more likely to eat in response to _________________, whereas women from Japan were more likely to eat in response to ________________________________________________.

emotional cues; hunger signals or social demands

6.6-6.9 Review What concept suggests that the best place to study for your psychology final to ensure good retrieval of concepts is your psychology classroom?

encoding specificity

Studies show that ________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to positively promote their health and sense of well-being, which coincides with ________ theory.

eustress; arousal

In the Big Five theory of personality, "E" stands for

extraversion.

If a person carries out a behavior to receive an outcome that is separate from the person, this is known as

extrinsic motivation.

Alicia leaves her office building only to find it is raining. She returns to her office and gets a trash bag out of the supply cabinet. Using a pair of scissors, she cuts the bag so that she can put her head and arms through the bag without getting wet. In using the trash bag as a makeshift rain jacket, Alicia has overcome __________________________.

functional fixedness.

The development of a person's sense of being male or female is called

gender identity.

Elijah has a history exam the next day, so he has been studying hard. If he wants to remember most of what he has studied, he should ____________________.

go to sleep rather than staying awake all night.

2. One way researchers study newborn development involves measuring how long infants continue to focus upon a non-changing stimulus. This technique is referred to as

habituation.

While taking a shower, Miguel suddenly realizes the solution to a problem at work. When later asked how he solved his problem, Miguel said, "The answer just seemed to pop into my head." Miguel's experience is an example of ______.

insight

7.6-7.10 Review In Gardner's view, effective counseling psychologists and managers would likely be high in ____________ intelligence.

interpersonal

Chunking improves short-term memory by

making large amounts of information more manageable.

Brenda has been able to tie her shoes since she was 4 but now finds it difficult to explain to her baby brother how to tie his shoes but she can easily demonstrate it for him. Brenda's memory for shoe-tying is best characterized as a _______________________ memory.

nondeclarative (implicit)

In which of the following lobes of the cortex would you find the primary visual cortex?

occipital

Studies by Harry Harlow showed that the most important element to developing attachment is

physical contact.

According to Sternberg, which type of intelligence has a low relationship to academic success and would be the most difficult to measure in the classroom?

practical

People in the United States often think of sports car when asked to envision a fun, fast form of travel. In this example, a sports car would be considered a _________.

prototype