Teas test

PEMDAS "Order of Operations"

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (Parenthesis, Exponents, Multiply, Divide, Add, Subtract); order in which an equation is worked out - multiplication and division as well as adding and subtracting can be interchanged, depending on which comes first (from left to right) in the equation

ketones

R-CO-R

amino acid glutamate

Carboxylic acid -COOH

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone and make joints

decomposition reaction (catabolism)

breaks chemical bonds AB-->A+B

metalloids physical properties

brittle, can be shiny or dull, can be ductile or malleable, used as semiconductors in electronics ex) silicon and germanium

Amino acids are

building blocks of proteins they have a central carbon atom single bonded to a hydrogen Atom and three functional groups (R group)

valance electrons

electrons in the outermost energy level These participate in chemical reactions

Disaccharides are

sucrose, lactose, maltose (double sugars)

anions and cations

- Anions: negatively charged ions - Cations: positively charged ions

properties of solids

1. Definite Shape 2. Definite Volume 3.Does not expand 4. Has smallest molecule movement

double replacement reaction

AB + CD --> AD + CB

Purine bases

Adenine and Guanine, double ring structure hydrogen bonded

Atomic Energy States

All atoms strive to thrive lowest energy state

The amino acid lysine

Amine group (NH2)

endothemric reactions

An endothermic reaction is any chemical reaction that absorbs heat from its environment. The absorbed energy provides the activation energy for the reaction to occur. Favors forward reactions

Aldehyde

An organic molecule with a carbonyl group located at the end of the carbon skeleton.

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things (proteins) lower activation energy

physical properties of matter

Color, Odor, Shape, Hardness, Texture, Density, Volume, Mass, Weight

Amino Acid: Serine

Contains hydroxyl group in the side chain (-OH)

The N shells

Energy levels where the electrons are found, the lowest energy leve

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They can be stored in the form of Triglycerides in fat cells, cholesterol, steroids, hormones, cell signaling and immune mending in form of prostaglandin

Conversion of Celsius to Fahrenheit

F = 9/5 C + 32

Factors and Multiples

FACTORS- factors are the two numbers being multiplied in a multiplication problem. A prime factorization is when you take a number and break it down into factors over and over until the last numbers are all prime (only divisible by 1 and itself). MULTIPLES- Multiples are the result of multiplying a certain number by integers.

prime factorization

First factor the number then find and pull out the numbers that are prime

Foil

First, Outside, Inside, Last

Cholesterol

Four ring lipid based molecule and as important component of the cell membrane and a precursor molecule for the synthesis of the steroid hormones, testosterone, and estrogen and precursor for vitamin D ( most is synthesized)

amino acids and alanine,

Hydrocarbons CH3,

starches and cellulose

Is a glucose polymer that has glycosidic bonds that cannot be broken down by human digestion

Density

Mass per unit volume (equals mass/volume)

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (Non energy required)

Rules if exponents

Must always share a base 1. When multiplying you add the exponents 2. When diving you subtracts the exponents 3. A number raised to a fraction power is the same as the root or radical

simple diffusion (passive transport)

Passive movement from high to low consentration

Lipoproteins

Protein-and-lipid substances fatty acids and cholesterol are transferred from lipoproteins complex's in the bloodstreams intro cells where they serve as raw materials for a construction of cell membranes, as a source of energy, production, and many other functions 1. HDL = high density (lowers the risk of heart disease) 2. LDL low density (high LDL and triglyceride increases risk heart diseases)

hypertonic solution

Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water

hypotonic solution

Solute concentration is less than that inside the cell; cell gains water

The octet rule

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to acquire a full set of eight valence electrons

Keratin

Structural proteins found in humans, provides protection and support to outer layers of tissue and primary components of hair and skin

Stricture of a RNA molecule

Sugar molecule (ribose) , phosphate group, and nitrogen base

Volume

The amount of space an object takes up

The atomic nucleus

The central part of an atom that contains both protons and neutrons.

Evaporation

The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas

Condensation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid

LCM (Least Common Multiple)

The smallest whole number greater than 0 that is a common multiple of each of two or more numbers.

perfect square

These are 1,4,9,25,36,49,64,81,100

Nonmetals

These are carbon, nitrogen , oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and the halides form small molecules, strong covalent bonds and weak intermolecular attractions , brittle and powdery, good electrical and thermal insulators

Factorials (e.g. 8!)

To find the factorial of any integer, multiply it by every positive integer below it, e.g.: 8 x 7 x 6 x 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1

covalent bond

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

single replacement reaction

a chemical change in which one element replaces a second element in a compound ex) AB+C=A+BC

exothermic reaction

a chemical reaction in which heat is released to the surroundings favors reverse reactions

synthesis reaction

a chemical reaction in which two or more substances react to yield a single product ex) A+B=AB

Prime numbers

a number which can only be divided by itself and 1 which are: 2,3,4,7,11,13,17,19,23,29,31,37,41,43,47,53,59,61,67,71,73,79,83,87,89,97

Hydroxide group also called alcohol

an O-H single bonded; helps dissolve organic compounds

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid. They are hydrolyzed in the small intestine by enzyme lipase to monoglycerides and fatty acids

Polysaccharides are

carbohydrate polymers that are formed by dehydration synthesis that attaches many monosaccharides together. Ex) starch, glycogen, cellulose, heparin, and peptidoglycan

properties of liquid solutions

conductivity, freezing point, and boiling point

Acids are

electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water 7-0 high H+

redox reactions (oxidation-reduction reactions)

electron transfers, oxidation being the loss of electrons and reduction being the gain of electrons

intermolecular forces

forces of attraction between molecules ex) soild, gas , liquid these are weak

intramolecular forces

forces within molecules these are strong ex) hydrogen

Deposition

gas to solid

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose simple suagrs 1. Tri=3 pent=5 hex=6 EX) ribose is a 5 carbon sugar so its a Pentose, glucose is a 6 carbon sugar so its a hexose

Transition Metals (Groups 3-12)

good thermal conductors, shiny, electric conductors, higher density and melting points than group and low specific heat, and can be shapes and stretched

Semi-permeable membrane

membrane that allows some substances to diffuse through but not others. Transport pumps proteins in the plasma membrane that use ATP to move substances across the membrane. Vesicles a bubble-like membranous structure that stores and transports cellular products.

Ionic bonds form between

metals and nonmetals

combustion reactions

oxygen will always be one of the reactants (left side) and water and carbon dioxide will always be products (right side); examples: (hydrocarbon + O2 ---> CO2 + H2O ) CH4 + 2O2 → 2H2O + CO2

Ions

positively and negatively charged atoms

osmotic pressure

pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane

Fibroblasts

produce collagen particularly in inflammation and tissue regeneration and repair processes

structural proteins

proteins that form an organism's physical attributes fibrillar like shape

atomic weight/mass

protons + neutrons

Orbitals/Shells

regions around the nucleus in which given electron or electron pair is likely to be found ex) 1s which can only hold 2 electrons

Hydrogen bonds are

strongest intermolecular forces

Collagen

structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue and structural component of blood vessels 30% of all body mass in the human body

Bases are

substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogens ions 7-14 Lower H+

Structure of a DNA nucleotide

sugar molecule(deoxyribose) , phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Saccharides are

sugars and carbohydrates

electron configuration

the arrangement of electrons of an atom in its ground state into various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms ex) N= 1s2, 2s2, 2p3

Osmolality

the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per kilogram.

specific heat capacity

the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree Celsius ex) water is 4.18j/g degrees Celsius

GCF (Greatest Common Factor)

the greatest number that is a factor of two or more numbers

facilitated diffusion

the transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins (no energy required)

polar bonds are

unequal sharing, hydrophilic, they do not dissolve in water

Intergers

whole numbers and their opposites no decimals or fractions

Quadratic Formula

x = -b ± √(b² - 4ac)/2a

mass of proton

1.67 x 10^-27 kg equal to 1.007 amu

Carbohydrates

1.Source of chemical enters for cells and sugars 2. Support recognition molecules 3. Consists of long carbons chains where there are single and double hydrogen bonds bonded to oxygen

p orbital

6 electrons

Human ph

7.35-7.45

properties of gases are

>expand to fill their container >take the shape of their container >have low density that is much lower than solid or liquid >are compressible >mixtures of gases are always homogeneous fluid Average speed of molecule is 20c is 500m/s or 1100 mph

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. H20, 02, and co2

Sublimation

A change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid

Kwashiorkor

A disease of chronic malnutrition during childhood, in which a protein deficiency makes the child more vulnerable to other diseases, such as measles, diarrhea, and influenza.

Mass

A measure of the amount of matter in an object ( sum of the protons, neutrons, and electrons)

Weight

A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.

pH level

A measure of the relative amounts of H+ it contains; expressed between 0 and 14.

What's the smallest unit of matter

Atom

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

atomic weight

Average of the mass numbers of all isotopes (usually 2x the atomic number)

boiling point, freeing point water

Boiling is 212 F and 100C freezing is 32F and 0C