Test 1 Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

When trying to choose healthy whole-grain foods, the American Heart Association recommends one should look for a total carbohydrate to fiber ratio that is no more than:

10:1

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) recommends that 45% to 65% of total caloric intake come from carbohydrates. If Shawn consumes a 3000-kilocalorie diet, how many kilocalories should he obtain from carbohydrates?

1350-1950 kilocalories

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is 45% to 65% of total calories. For a 1800 kilocalorie diet, how many grams of carbohydrates are recommended per day?

203-293 g

Colton is eating a bran muffin, and the Nutrition Facts for one muffin are 55 grams of total carbohydrate, 5 grams of dietary fiber, and 9 grams of sugars. There are _____ grams of digestible carbohydrates in the muffin.

50

According to the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs), what is the maximum amount of fat in grams recommended for an 1800-kcalorie diet?

70 grams

Which of the following meals contains foods from all food groups of the MyPlate food guide?

A wrap made with a flour tortilla, refried beans, cheese, and salsa; green salad, and a mango

What DRI value is expressed as a percent of total daily calories?

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)

Which change to the Nutrition Facts Panel reflects new information about the relationship between diet and health in the 2016 revision?

Added sugars are listed, indicating the amount of sugars added during processing.

Which of the following is NOT a message that is included in the 2015 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs)?

Americans are encouraged to try to meet most of the DGA recommendations.

Which of the following is an example of facilitated diffusion?

Amino acids move from an area of high concentration to the lower concentration into the cell via an embedded protein.

Which of the following statements regarding RDAs is true?

As a person's intake of a nutrient decreases relative to the RDA, his or her risk of a deficiency increases.

What is the relationship between the fat and water content of a food and energy density?

As fat increases and water decreases, energy density increases.

Which of the following statements regarding alternative sweeteners is NOT true?

Because aspartame is composed of two amino acids, it is considered a nutritive sweetener.

What occurs first in lipid digestion in the small intestine?

Bile acids emulsify triglycerides into aqueous digestive juices.

Why is bile important in lipid digestion?

Bile emulsifies fat, making it available to digestive enzymes.

Why is it misleading to say that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) is "good cholesterol" and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is "bad cholesterol"?

Both HDL and LDL are necessary, but the ratio of LDL to HDL is a better predictor of risk for heart disease.

How are muscular contractions involved in digestion?

Both peristalsis and segmentation involve the contraction of the circular muscles.

The new Nutrition Facts food label will become effective on Jan 1, 2020. Which of the following statements about the new label is NOT true?

Calories from fat are still required to be listed on labels.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding carbohydrate structure and function?

Carbohydrates provide 9 kilocalories per gram.

Which of the following is NOT true of celiac disease?

Celiac disease only affects the small intestine.

What happens after dietary fats have been packaged into chylomicrons by mucosal cells?

Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system.

Which of the following is NOT a consistent recommendation of food guides from around the world?

Consume more milk and dairy products.

Which of the following is NOT true about nutrition and disease risk?

Consuming inadequate amounts of fruits and vegetables and other plant foods will not affect disease risk.

What is the consequence of nutrient intake outside the adequate and safe range?

Consuming less than the adequate and safe range over time may lead to depletion of nutrient stores and malnutrition.

Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes?

Enzymes are unaffected by acidic conditions.

What Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) value is used in setting the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)?

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fats?

Fats come from plant and animal sources.

Which of the following foods is typically the LEAST nutrient-dense?

French fries

Why is active transport necessary to move glucose molecules from digested food into the cells?

Glucose is found both in the intestinal lumen and inside of cells, meaning it moves against a concentration gradient.

Increased amounts of cholesterol in this lipoprotein reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

HDL

A serving of cream of tomato soup contains 26 grams of total fat, 13 grams of saturated fat, 5 grams of polyunsaturated fat, 5 grams of monounsaturated fat, and 3 grams of trans fat. What is a correct interpretation of this information?

Half of the total fat in the soup is saturated fat.

Which of the following is a TRUE statement about glucagon?

It stimulates the liver to increase glucose production.

Which of the following is NOT characteristic of peristalsis?

Its primary responsibility is to mix the contents in the GI tract with digestive fluids.

Which statement represents an appropriate use of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)?

Kiko wants to get pregnant, so she takes a supplement that, combined with her diet, meets the RDA for folic acid.

What lipoprotein delivers its lipid cargo to all cells in the body?

LDL

While research is still being conducted to identify beneficial species of bacteria, two species, _____ and _____, are known to be beneficial.

Lactobacillus sp.; Bifidobacterium sp.

Which of the following is NOT an explicit recommendation found in the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGAs)?

Limit the intake of added sugars to no more than 20% of calories.

What is the first step in the scientific process?

Make observations.

Which of the following statements CANNOT appear on a food label without FDA approval?

May reduce arthritis pain

How do minimally processed and ultra-processed foods compare?

Minimally processed foods are more nutritious since light processing can make some foods and nutrients easier to digest and absorb.

All of the following are true about MyPlate EXCEPT:

More than one quarter of your food choices at a meal should be from protein sources.

Which of the following statements is NOT true of saturated fats and added sugars?

Neither cheese nor pizza contribute significantly to solid fat intake.

If Americans were to reduce intake of ultra-processed foods and increase intake of minimally and least processed foods, how would this impact dietary quality?

Nutrient density would increase.

Which of the following correctly matches a digestive enzyme with its action on a nutrient?

Pepsin aids in protein digestion.

Which of the following is NOT true of bacteria in the large intestine?

Probiotics assist in absorbing carbohydrates and amino acids.

Which statement is NOT true about processing?

Processed foods only include those containing added sugars, fats, and/or salt.

Based on an understanding of enzymes and digestion, how does the enzyme protease aid in digesting protein?

Protease breaks apart the chemical bond that holds amino acids together, creating smaller peptide compounds.

After her vitamin A intake has been determined, Nora observed that it was adequate and safe, meaning her intake was greater than the _____ but did not exceed the _____.

Recommended Daily Allowance; Upper Limit

Which person is potentially at risk for malnutrition?

Salma, whose intake of vitamin C is approximately the Estimated Average Requirement

What is the role of segmentation in the digestive process?

Segmentation mixes the contents of the intestines with digestive juices

Lina wants to know more about the carbohydrate content of the cereal options in her mom's pantry. What information can she interpret from the Nutrition Facts Panel?

She can identify which cereal has the least amount of sugars added during processing.

Which of the following statements regarding claims on food or supplement labels is NOT true?

Structure/function claims must always use "may" or "might" when describing the potential benefit of the product.

Why should the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) be used with caution?

The EER represents average energy needs, so it meets or exceeds the needs of half of the individuals in a group

What is the relationship between Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?

The RDA is higher than the EAR because it accounts for a safety factor to meet the needs of most healthy individuals in a population

Which of the following is NOT true about the small intestine?

The duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum are sections of the small intestine.

Which of the following statements regarding the information on the nutrition facts panel is CORRECT?

The ingredients are listed in descending order by weight.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about a randomized controlled trial?

The main purpose of this research design is to observe variables in a population.

Juan is planning to consume one serving of a frozen dinner. He wants to know more about the nutritional qualities of the dinner and reviews the Nutrition Facts Panel. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of the percent Daily Value (%DV)?

The meal provides 14% DV of fiber, meaning it meets 14% of the recommended amount of fiber, based on average needs in a 2000-calorie diet.

What is the relationship between the serving size and the nutritional information on the Nutrition Facts Panel?

The nutritional information is based on one serving of a product.

Which of the following is TRUE of transporters?

The only transport mechanism that requires energy is active transport.

Why were changes made to the Nutrition Facts Panel in December 2016?

The original Nutrition Facts Panel was confusing to consumers, so changes were made to improve understanding.

What do chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs), and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) all share in common?

The primary function of all three lipoproteins is to transport lipids to different locations in the body.

Which statement is NOT true regarding the body's organization from the smallest to the largest?

The small intestine is a tissue that makes up an organ.

Which of the following is TRUE of both essential and nonessential nutrients?

They are required for maintaining body functions.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding triglyceride digestion?

Triglycerides are digested into free fatty acids and monoglycerides by pancreatic lipase.

Which of the following is NOT true regarding lipid structures?

Triglycerides are made up of two fatty acids and a phosphate group bound to one glycerol.

Why are foods high in unsaturated fats often liquid at room temperature?

Unsaturated fatty acids bend at the double bond and do not stack well.

Marnie is pregnant and taking vitamin A supplements to boost her immune system and prevent night blindness. However, she is concerned that she may be increasing the risk of serious birth defects in her unborn child. Which DRI would inform Marnie about the maximum amount of vitamin A she could consume without risk of side effects?

Upper Limit (UL)

Which Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) standard is least effective when planning for adequate intake of nutrients in your diet?

Upper Limit (UL)

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the circulatory system and its transport of nutrients?

Water-soluble nutrients leave the small intestine via lymph.

Which of the following is NOT true about insulin?

When blood glucose is high, insulin stimulates all cells to take up glucose from the blood.

What is an enzyme?

a protein molecule that speeds up chemical reactions in the body

Which transport mechanism moves nutrients against a concentration gradient from lower to higher and requires both a carrier protein and ATP?

active transport

Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of linolenic acid?

almonds

An experimental protocol requires that a nutrient deficiency be induced to assess its effects on memory. What is the most appropriate study design to use to address this question?

animal experiment

Prebiotics favor the growth and replication of beneficial bacteria over pathogenic bacteria because prebiotics:

are nutrients that beneficial bacteria consume but pathogenic bacteria do not.

Absorption occurs when nutrients and other substances:

are removed from the lumen of the GI tract to enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Specific RDAs do NOT exist for which of the following population groups?

athletes

Which of the following choices INCORRECTLY describes the component of a healthy diet and its expected outcome?

balance—consuming equal amounts of foods from each of the food groups

What compounds are synthesized only in the liver and are required to emulsify dietary lipids in the small intestine?

bile acids

Which of the following foods in the protein category contains the most grams of carbohydrates?

black beans, ¼ cup

Which of these ingredients CANNOT be on the food label of a product that bears the "100% whole grain" stamp?

bran

What are all of the portions of a whole grain that are removed when it is refined?

bran and germ

Everett has constipation. He should eat _____ if he wants to increase his intake of fiber from whole grains

brown rice

Which food category contributes the greatest percent of saturated fat to the U.S. diet?

burgers and sandwiches

Which of the following choices CORRECTLY identifies a food as either a prebiotic or a probiotic?

buttermilk—probiotic

It will be easier and clearer for consumers to read and interpret the new Nutrition Facts Panel because:

calories, serving size, and servings per container are listed in larger, bold type.

Which of the following foods, in equal amounts, would have the LOWEST energy density?

cantaloupe

There is essentially no absorption of _____ in the large intestine.

carbohydrates

Which of the following is the correct order of the body's organization from smallest to largest?

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Dietary excesses play a major role in promoting which type of diseases?

chronic diseases

Which lipoprotein has the highest proportion of triglyceride?

chylomicrons

Which two lipoproteins primarily transport triglycerides?

chylomicrons and VLDL

One serving of an ice cream topping provides 40% DV for saturated fat. The ingredient list reads as follows: Sugar, corn oil, coconut oil, milk, palm oil, soy lecithin, natural and artificial flavor. Which ingredient contributes the most saturated fat?

coconut oil

Which of these is a characteristic of insoluble fiber?

contributes to fecal bulk to reduce constipation

The study of nutrition does NOT typically involve which one of the following activities?

determining if food additives used in commercial food packaging enter foods

Only since about 1980 have food guides in the United States been concerned with addressing:

dietary excesses.

When you eat a cheeseburger, the burger, cheese, and bun are broken down into tiny particles, releasing nutrients and other food components. This process is called:

digestion

Which of the following types of studies is NOT an experiment?

epidemiological study

Which of these carbohydrates is NOT broken down by human enzymes?

fiber

Which of these carbohydrates may contain glucose as well as other monosaccharides?

fiber

Which choice correctly identifies all the substances that are depleted from whole grains when they are refined?

fiber, vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and essential fatty acids

Which of the following lipids would NOT be found in cell membranes?

free fatty acids

Which of the following is the sweetest of the simple carbohydrates?

fructose

Which of these choices lists all the sugars that can be absorbed without additional digestion?

fructose, galactose, and glucose

Which of the following ingredients, if added to foods in equal amounts, would have the LEAST impact on the energy density of the food?

fruit juice

Processing grains removes the _____ and _____, leaving only the starchy portion of the grain.

germ; bran

Which of the following foods is highest in healthful monounsaturated fats?

hazelnuts

The risk for which of the following is NOT reduced with an increased intake of insoluble fiber?

heart disease

Where does most lipid digestion occur?

in the small intestine, where bile emulsifies and pancreatic lipase digests the triglycerides

Adam started taking probiotic supplements. Adam can expect the health benefits of:

increased mineral absorption.

Adding sugars to foods:

increases their energy density and decreases nutrient density.

Which of the following CORRECTLY matches the digestive disorder with its description and/or cause?

inflammatory bowel disease—may cause open wounds (ulcers) to develop in the GI tract

Which of the following is likely to be the LEAST credible source for nutrition information?

information found on a website selling dietary supplements

A peer-reviewed paper is one that:

is critiqued by independent experts in the discipline to determine that the study followed the scientific method.

Compared with whole grains, enriched grains in the United States contain:

less fiber.

Which of the following is an essential fatty acid?

linoleic acid

Which of the following does NOT correctly identify a function of fluids produced by the listed organ?

liver—carbohydrate digestion

Foods with a high nutrient density are those that are:

low in energy and high in essential nutrient content.

Which enzyme completes the digestion of starch into absorbable units?

maltase

Which of these choices list all the products of starch digestion by pancreatic amylase?

maltose and oligosaccharides

What structures deliver products of lipid digestion to the surface of mucosal cells in the small intestine so they can be absorbed?

micelles

What is peristalsis?

muscular contractions that move food forward throughout the gastrointestinal tract

Which of the following is NOT a type of FDA-defined label claim?

nutrient-profile claims

Which of the following CORRECTLY matches an organ of the digestive system with one of its primary functions?

pancreas—produces enzymes that digest fats, proteins, and carbohydrates

What lipid can surround fat droplets and keep them stably suspended in water so that the water and fat do not separate?

phospholipids

Which of the following chemicals provide health benefits and give plant foods their color, aroma, and flavor?

phytochemicals

Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs the type of fatty acid with foods that are significant sources of it?

polyunsaturated fats—tropical oils

Which of the following snacks is considered the LEAST processed?

sliced apples with squeezed lemon juice

Which food has the lowest energy density?

sliced fresh tomatoes with basil and balsamic vinegar

Which organ of the GI tract has villi?

small intestine

The majority of chemical digestion occurs in the:

small intestine.

Sandra is at a wedding with a buffet line with four items. She wants to try all four, but doesn't want a very high-calorie meal. Using the concept of energy density, which item should take up the greatest proportion of her plate?

steamed broccoli with lemon and garlic

All of the following about gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are true EXCEPT:

symptoms are controlled by eating large meals.

Which end of the fatty acid is attached to the glycerol backbone in a triglyceride?

the carboxylic acid end

Francis's lunch is an avocado and cheese sandwich with lettuce and tomato, a mixed greens salad with a canola oil vinaigrette, and a side of onion rings (fried in corn oil). Which food in her lunch has the highest amount of saturated fatty acids?

the cheese

Glycogen in _____ is broken down and released into blood when blood glucose is low.

the liver

Which of the following does NOT need to be included on a food label?

the specific name of all artificial colors

The majority of mechanical digestion occurs in:

the stomach.

The intake of what type of dietary lipid increases the risk of cardiovascular disease most severely?

trans fats

Which of the following INCORRECTLY matches the lipid with one of its primary functions in the body?

triglycerides—a major component of cell membranes

The MyPlate icon differs from the food guides of Japan, Paraguay, and France in that:

unhealthy foods to limit are featured.

The adequate and safe intake range of nutrients:

varies from one nutrient to the next; some ranges are wide; others are narrow.

Organic compounds that are required in small quantities belong to which class of nutrients?

vitamins

Which of the following nutrients do NOT supply energy?

vitamins

Which of the following foods is highest in healthful polyunsaturated fats?

walnuts

Which of the following foods is NOT a good source of soluble fiber?

wheat

When is an Adequate Intake (AI) established?

when insufficient data exist to determine an RDA for a nutrient

The Health and Medicine Division classify fibers based on:

whether they are naturally occurring versus extracted or synthesized.

Which snack is the BEST source of prebiotics?

whole-grain toast with chickpea hummus