test 1- pop health
Confidentiality when possible promoting advocacy for disenfranchised persons within the community funding
A community-based HIV/AIDS clinic would be concerned about which aspects of the Public Health Code of Ethics? The 12 principles of the Public Health Code of Ethics incorporate the ethical tenets of preventing harm; doing no harm; promoting good; respecting both individual and community rights; respecting autonomy, diversity, and confidentiality when possible; ensuring professional competency; trustworthiness; and promoting advocacy for disenfranchised persons within the community.
assessment
A community-oriented nurse has identified obesity as a problem in the middle school. The next step in a population-focused practice is to make information available about the health of the middle school students. This describes the public health core function of: The three public health core functions are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment is systematic data collection on the population, monitoring the population's health status, and making information available about the health of the community. Policy development refers to efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population, including using a scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions. Assurance is making sure that essential community-oriented health services are available. These services might include providing essential personal health services for those who would otherwise not receive them. Assurance also includes making sure that a competent public health and personal health care workforce is available.
community based nursing
A nurse in a clinic that provides direct care services to clients with tuberculosis would be classified as practicing: The nurse practicing as a community-based nurse is more likely to give direct care to people than are nurses who practice from a community-oriented framework. A community-oriented framework includes community-oriented nursing and public health nursing. Institutional nursing care is generally delivered in a hospital or nursing home setting.
Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships
A nurse is working with her church to develop a new outreach program aimed at providing support services for recovering substance abusers in the local community. What agency might the nurse contact to secure federal funding for the program? The US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS; or simply HHS) is the agency most heavily involved with the health and welfare concerns of US citizens. Newer areas in the HHS are the Office of Public Health Preparedness, the Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, and the Office of Global Affairs. The Office of Public Health Preparedness was added to assist the nation and states to prepare for bioterrorism after September 11, 2001. The Faith-Based Initiative Center was developed by President George W. Bush to allow faith communities to compete for federal money to support their community activities. The goal of the Office of Global Affairs is to promote global health by coordinating HHS strategies and programs with other governments and international organizations (USDHHS, 2014a). The National Health Services Corp (NHSC) is a uniformed service of more than 6500 health professionals who serve in many HHS and other federal agencies.
community oriented nursing
A nurse planning a smoking cessation clinic for adolescents in the local middle schools and high schools is providing: Community-oriented nurses emphasize health protection, maintenance, and promotion and disease prevention, as well as self-reliance among clients. Regardless of whether the client is a person, a family, or a group, the goal is to promote health through education about prevailing health problems, proper nutrition, beneficial forms of exercise, and environmental factors such as safe food, water, air, and buildings. Community-based care is nursing care that is provided in a setting. A smoking cessation clinic is an example of primary prevention, not secondary or tertiary.
department of homeland security
A nurse who is interested in disaster training through the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program would look to which government jurisdiction or agency to seek the certification? The mission of the DHS is to prevent and deter terrorist attacks and protect against and respond to threats and hazards to the nation. The goals for the department include awareness, prevention, protection, response, and recovery. The DHS works with first responders throughout the United States, and through the development of programs such as the Community Emergency Response Team (CERT) program trains people to be better prepared to respond to emergency situations in their communities. Nurses working in state and local public health departments as well as those employed in hospitals and other health facilities may be called on to respond to acts of terrorism or natural disaster in the course of their careers, and the DHS, along with the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and CDC, is developing programs to ready nurses and other health care providers for an uncertain future (USDHS, 2014).
self-care/management
A nurse works in a free clinic for uninsured low-wage employees in the community. The free clinic setting operates in a primary health care (PHC) strategy. The nurse would most likely focus on: Primary health care (PHC) is generally defined more broadly than is primary care. With an emphasis on broad strategies, community participation, self-reliance, and a multidisciplinary health care delivery team, PHC promotes the integration of all health care systems within a community to come together to improve the health of the community. It includes a comprehensive range of services including public health; prevention; and diagnostic, therapeutic, and rehabilitative services. PHC is essential care made universally accessible to individuals and families in a community. PHC does not provide a focus on incidence of disease, pathophysiology of disease, or individual orders for care.
community based nurse
A school nurse teaches three middle school students with asthma conditions techniques to minimize their incidence of bronchial spasms. This is an application of: The goal of community-based nursing (CBN) is to manage acute or chronic conditions while promoting self-care among individuals and families. In CBN the nursing care is family centered, which means that the nurse works to improve the competencies of families to enable them to take better care of themselves. The nurse pays particular attention to the uniqueness of each family and works to plan the most useful interventions. Nurses practicing in the community and many staff public health nurses focus on providing direct care services, including health education, to persons or families outside of institutional settings, either in the home or in a clinic.
assurance
A state agency has received multiple complaints regarding the availability of elder transportation services to a specific county senior center. The state agency assigns a public health nurse to work with the community to evaluate its program for elder transportation services to publicly sponsored elder care programs. The public health core function applied is: The public health core function of assurance focuses on the responsibility of public health agencies to be sure that activities are appropriately carried out to meet public health goals and plans. This role requires skill in assessment, investigative functions, collaboration, consultation, and cooperation. The assurance function makes sure that the activities assigned during the policy development or planning phase are carried out. Policy development refers to efforts to develop policies that support the health of the population, including using a scientific knowledge base to make policy decisions. Primary prevention does not focus on provision of services and a part of assurance is assisting communities to obtain necessary services such as transportation.
the role of political and social structures in health
Caring and the ethic of care is a core value of nursing in community health. Feminist's ethics is pertinent to public health because Caring and the ethic of care are core values of public health nursing. Like virtue ethics and other communitarian views (i.e., the relationship and responsibility between the individual and the community), feminist ethics rejects abstract rules and principles. According to Rogers (2006), feminist ethics is pertinent to public health because it recognizes the role of political and social structures in health. These concepts are not associated with utilitarianism or the differentiation between distributive justice and beneficence.
keeping the public healthy
Community-oriented nursing in the 21st century has been influenced by historical events and government initiatives that support the approach of: The Healthy People program, recent disasters and acts of terrorism, and most recently the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 have brought renewed emphasis on prevention to public and community health nursing. During the late 20th and early 21st centuries, challenges have continued to trigger growth and change in nursing in the community. Nurses continue to care for the vulnerable populations, provide illness care, and prevent acute illness while delivering care that is safe and high in quality.
reduction in comprehensive community health programs
Congress-supported categorical funding has produced what negative effect on the delivery of health care services? The shift in Congress to categorical funding provides federal money for priority diseases or groups rather than for a comprehensive community health program. Thus local health departments design programs to fit the funding priorities. This has included maternal and child health services and crippled children (1935), venereal disease control (1938), tuberculosis (1944), mental health (1947), industrial hygiene (1947), and dental health (1947). This type of funding pattern continues today.
multiple factors affect the formulation and justification of ethical issues and dilemmas
Ethical decision making is conducted in a generic framework. One step of ethical decision making is to place an ethical issue or dilemma within a meaningful context. The rationale for this step is: The historical, sociological, cultural, psychological, economic, political, communal, environmental, and demographic contexts affect the way ethical issues and dilemmas are formulated and justified. The nature of ethical issues and dilemmas determines the specific ethical approach used when appropriate approaches are considered. The identification process assists people with making sound decisions. Professionals use ethical decision making to make decisions and take action.
primary prevention
Implementing a community-level program, such as walking for exercise, to assist citizens in improving health behaviors is an example of which level of prevention? Implementation of a community-level program like walking for exercise to assist citizens in improving health behaviors related to lifestyle is an example of primary prevention at the public health level. Implementation of a family-planning program to prevent unintended pregnancies for young couples who attend the local community health center is a secondary prevention activity. An example of tertiary prevention at the public health level is the self-management asthma program for children with chronic asthma to reduce their need for hospitalization. These examples are not disease promotion measures.
Providing and obtaining medical treatment for absent students
In 1902 Lillian Wald introduced the concept of school nursing to address the problem of student absenteeism by: In New York City in 1897, school medical examination focused on excluding infectious children from school. By 1902, more than 20% of children might be absent from school on any given day because no one was focused on providing or obtaining medical treatment so that absent children could return to school. Lillian Wald introduced an English innovation by providing nurses for schools. The first school nurses made home visits to teach parents and provide follow-up care to children absent from schools.
the prevalence rate of cardiovascular disorders among various groups
In a community clinic that screens and treats individuals for cardiovascular disorders, the nurse practicing public health/population-focused nursing would most likely ascertain Public health nurses are typically concerned with more than one subpopulation, and they often deal with the health of the entire community. Assessment, one of the public health core functions, is a logical first step in examining a community setting to determine its health status. A public health nurse in a community clinic engaged in population-focused practice would ask the following questions: What is the prevalence rate of the diagnosis or condition among various age, race, and gender groups? Which subpopulations have the highest rates of untreated diagnosis or condition? What programs could reduce the problem of untreated diagnosis/condition and decrease the risk for further morbidity and mortality?
individual results are compared with established standards for children within the same age group
In a federally funded preschool program such as Head Start, nursing services that include conducting developmental-level screening for cognitive and psychomotor development of individual children would most likely be considered community-oriented nursing care when: Within federally funded programs for preschool children, from a community-oriented nursing care perspective, nursing services could be provided to individual children by conducting developmental-level screening tests to evaluate each child's level of cognitive and psychomotor development in comparison with established standards for children of the same age. This is population-focused service. A community-based nurse may deliver illness care or direct services to individual children. A public health nurse may assess the program's ability to achieve the overall goal of making its population of children healthier by evaluating the characteristics of the facility, program, and environment for their effectiveness in achieving the goal.
keep the client properly informed
In applying Ethical Principles for Effective Advocacy, the ethical principle that empowers the client (groups or communities) to make knowledgeable decisions is: The Ethical Principles for Effective Advocacy identifies six ethical principles for effective advocacy: Act in the client's best interest. Act in accordance with the client's wishes and instructions. Keep the client properly informed. Carry out instructions with diligence and competence. Act impartially and offer frank, independent advice. Maintain client confidentiality. By following the third principle, "Keep the client properly informed," the client is empowered to make knowledgeable decisions.
Elizabethen Poor Law
In the United States, the current system of the local government's responsibility for providing care for the disenfranchised emerged from: Colonial Americans established systems of care for the sick, poor, aged, mentally ill, and dependent based on the model of the Elizabethan Poor Law. Early county or township government was responsible for the care of all dependent residents, and they were strict about caring for their own residents. In 1918, the US Public Health Service (USPHS) established a division of public health nursing to work in the war effort. The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was established during the depression to support nurse employment through increased grants-in-aid for state programs of home medical care.
community-based nursing
Jennifer is a nurse in a family medicine clinic. Today she is assessing Jose, a 4-year-old who is being seen for an earache. The type of nursing Jennifer practices is: In community-based nursing, the nurse focuses on "illness care" of individuals and families across the life span. The aim is to manage acute and chronic health conditions in the community, and the practice is family-centered illness care. Community-based nursing is not a specialty in nursing but, rather, a philosophy that guides care in all nursing specialties. Community-oriented nursing has as its primary focus the health care either of the community or populations as in public health nursing (PHN) or of individuals, families, and groups in a community.
into of the first nurse midwives
Mary Breckinridge established the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) in 1925. One of Breckinridge's primary contributions to health care in the United States was: The unique pioneering spirit of the Frontier Nursing Service (FNS) influenced the development of public health programs to improve the health care of the rural and often inaccessible populations in the Appalachian sections of southeastern Kentucky. FNS nurses were trained in nursing, public health, and midwifery. Breckinridge, the founder of the FNS, introduced the first nurse-midwives into the United States.
the public health system has mandates for immunizations
Parents can expect their children to be immunized for communicable diseases before entering kindergarten in the local school system because: Although the goal of the public health system is to ensure that the health of the community is protected, promoted, and ensured, overlap exists between this system and the primary-care system. The overlap comes from the primary-care system, which provides health promotion and disease prevention, and through the public health system, which provides personal primary-care services for those who cannot afford to receive care elsewhere. The public health system is mandated through laws that are developed at the national, state, and local levels. Examples of public health laws instituted to protect the community are laws mandating immunization for all children entering kindergarten or laws requiring the constant monitoring of the local water supply to make sure that it meets set standards.
primary care is provided within context of family and community and provides first-contact, continuous, comprehensive and coordinated care
Primary care refers to personal health care for the most common needs of members of a community. Which of the following statements also differentiates primary care from primary health care? Primary care refers to personal health care that provides first-contact and continuous, comprehensive, and coordinated care. The providing of integrated, accessible health care services by clinicians who are accountable for addressing a large majority of personal health care needs, developing a sustained partnership with clients, and practicing in the context of family and community. Primary health care is defined more broadly than is primary care. Primary health care is "essential care" made universally accessible to individuals and families in a community with the full participation of the community and provided at a cost that the community/county can afford. The primary health care workforce is a multidisciplinary team that includes providers from multiple disciplines, community outreach workers, allied health professionals, translators, and community members themselves.
there are times when individual rights may be limited because of public health concerns
Provision 1 of the Code of Ethics for Nurses addresses practicing with compassion and respect for the person being cared for regardless of the person's status, attributes, or the nature of the health problem. In applying this provision to practice, the public health nurse understands that: Provision 1 and its interpretive statement primarily address the individual when discussing how the nurse practices with compassion and respect for the person being cared for regardless of the person's status, attributes, or the nature of the health problem. However, it is also recognized under provision 1 that there are times when individual rights may be limited because of public health concerns. Provision 2 states "the nurses primary commitment is to the patient whether an individual, family, group, community, or population." All nurses have a responsibility to meet the obligations highlighting professional standards, active involvement in nursing, and the integrity of the profession as outlined in the Code.
populations with the highest rate of diabetes
Public health nursing is a specialty with a distinct focus and scope of practice and requires a special knowledge base different from other specialty areas of nursing. A public health nurse would first be interested in: The primary focus that has differentiated public health nursing from other specialties has been the emphasis on the population rather than on individuals or families. The primary goal of public health—the prevention of disease and disability—is achieved by ensuring that conditions exist in which people can remain healthy. Diabetes care and educational materials are provided to individuals and families by a nurse in the community or institutional setting.
The purpose of accreditation is to assist and identify quality health departments to improve performance and quality, and to develop leadership, improve management, and improve community relationships.
The community leaders decided to have the local public health department accredited. How might accreditation help the community? Public health nurses who worked with local Head Start programs noted that many children had untreated dental caries. Although these children qualified for Medicaid, only two dentists in the area would accept appointments from Medicaid patients. Dentists asserted that Medicaid patients frequently did not show up for their appointments and that reimbursement was too low compared with that of other third-party payers. They also said that the children's behavior made it difficult to work with them. As a result, it takes about 7 months to a year on the waiting list before a patient with Medicaid can finally being seen at a local dental clinic. Some nurses arranged to transport clients to dentists in a city 70 miles away, but this was time consuming and was feasible for only a small fraction of the clients. When decayed teeth abscessed, it was possible to get extractions from the local medical center. The Health Department dentist also saw children, but he, too, was booked for years.
what is ethical is also good policy
The community-oriented nursing care function of policy development is supported by the ethical tenet of: The voice of the community is the foundation on which policy is developed. Service to others over self is a necessary condition of what is "good" or "right." Service requires ethical action and what is ethical is also good policy. Therefore, moral leadership from nurses is critical to the development of ethical health care policies. Competency and do no harm refer to the assessment function of public health nursing. "To each person a fair share" applies to the assurance function of public health.
assessment
The ethical question, "Are persons assigned to develop community knowledge adequately prepared to collect data on groups and populations?", is based on an ethical tenet that supports the community-oriented core function of: Assessment is systematic data collecting about the population, monitoring of the population's health status, and making information available about the health of the community. Competency related to knowledge development, analysis, and dissemination is important because the research, measurement, and analysis techniques used to gather information about groups and populations usually differ from techniques used to assess individuals. Policy development and assurance are core functions that use ethical decision making in community-oriented health services.
US Department of Health and Human Services
The federal agency most responsible for improving the health status of the American people is the: The US Department of Health and Human Services (USDHHS) is the federal agency most heavily involved with the health and welfare concerns of US citizens. The department includes the Office of the Secretary, 11 agencies, and a program support center. It is charged with regulating health care and overseeing the health status of America. Newer areas in the HHS are the Office of Public Health Preparedness, the Center for Faith-Based and Neighborhood Partnerships, and the Office of Global Affairs. The Office of Public Health Preparedness was added to assist the nation and states to prepare for bioterrorism after September 11, 2001.
Florence Nightingale
The historical figure whose work in providing care to poor people, primary prevention, and environmental health established that individual as nursing's first moral leader and community-oriented nurse was: Modern nursing has a rich heritage of ethics and morality, beginning with Florence Nightingale (1820-1910). The morals and values she gave to nursing have endured. She was passionate about the need to provide care to poor people and also about the importance of a sanitary environment, as seen in her work with soldiers in the Crimean War (1854-1856). Because of her commitment to poor individuals in communities, her championing of primary prevention, and her work to show that healthy environments saved soldiers' lives, she is seen as nursing's first moral leader and community-oriented nurse. Sister Mary Augustine, William Rathbone, and Lillian Wald are not known as nursing's first moral leader.
Florence nightingale
The historical nursing figure who contributed to establishing the foundation for current community health and nursing in community health by working in military field hospitals using a population-based approach that improved nursing care and environmental conditions was: During the Crimean War (1854-1856), the British military established hospitals for sick and wounded soldiers in Scutari in Asia Minor. The care of the soldiers was poor, with cramped quarters, poor sanitation, lice and rats, not enough food, and inadequate medical supplies. When the British public demanded improved conditions, Florence Nightingale asked to work in Scutari. Because of her wealth, social and political connections, and knowledge of hospitals, the government sent her with a contingent of ladies, hired nurses, and hired servants to Scutari. Using simple epidemiology measures, she documented decreased mortality rates from the beginning of the war to the end of the war. Florence Nightingale progressively improved the soldiers' health using a population-based approach that improved both environmental conditions and nursing care.
policy arena
The most significant commonalities between the ANA's Scope and Standards of Public Health Nursing Practice and the Public Health Code of Ethics assert that advocacy is conducted in the: The ANA's Code of Ethics for Nurses states, "The nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient," whereas the Public Health Code of Ethics states, "Public health should advocate and work for the empowerment of disenfranchised community members, aiming to ensure that the basic resources and conditions necessary for health are accessible to all." There are commonalities between the Code of Ethics for Nurses and the Code of Ethics for Public Health. Both codes provide general ethical principles and approaches that are enduring and dynamic.
collecting, analyzing and disseminating information. evaluating the social, economic, and environmental characteristics of a population questioning the availability of health services in a community
The public health nurse deals with the examination of a community setting to determine the community's health status. Which of the following activities should be considered in the assessment phase? the core public health function are as follows: Engaging in activities that involve the collection, analysis, and dissemination of information on both the health and health-relevant aspects of a community or specific population Questioning, for example, whether the health services of the community are available to the population and are adequate to address needs Monitoring the health status of the community or population and the services provided over time Evaluating the social, economic, environmental, and lifestyle characteristics and practices of a population as well as the health services and capability available within the community to support good health for the population
health education
The term "instructive district nursing" was coined in the 19th century to describe the relationship of nursing to: In 1886 in Boston, two women, to improve their chances of gaining financial support for their cause, coined the term "instructive district nursing" to emphasize the relationship of nursing to health education. Other nurses established settlement houses and neighborhood centers, which became hubs for health care and social welfare programs. Home health and visiting nursing evolved at a later time.
character development.
Virtue ethics is distinctly different from moral justification via theories or principles because the emphasis of virtue ethics is practical reasoning applied The goal of virtue ethics, one of the oldest ethical theories, is to enable persons to flourish as human beings. According to Aristotle, virtues are acquired excellent traits of character that dispose humans to act in accord with their natural good. Examples of virtue ethics include benevolence, compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, and conscientiousness. Consequentialism is the action that produces the greatest amount of good or the least amount of harm in a given situation. Distributive or social justice refers to the allocation of benefits and burdens to members of society. Egalitarianism is the view that everyone is entitled to equal rights and equal treatment in society.
immunization clinics, health education, and family planning
What are some examples of programs which may be provided at the local health department level? Some examples of programs that may be offered by local health departments include immunization clinics, health education, and family planning. The range of services varies considerably depending on the size of the area served and the resources available to fund programs. Licensing of health care professionals is conducted at the state level and quality and safety data is typically provided by federal entities.
Coordination of referrals and facilitation of interprofessional care in chronic disease management Improvement of quality measurement and monitoring Incorporation of protocol reminders for prevention, screening, and management of chronic disease
What are some of the benefits of an electronic medical record in the public health setting? The electronic medical record (EMR), a form of electronic health record, helps with ensuring patient safety and quality care. The availability of an EMR system allows the embedding of reminders so that the clinician can have access to practice guidelines at the very point of care for patients. Some additional benefits in public health, and these are some of the uses health centers make of such records, include the following: 24 hour availability of records with downloaded laboratory results and up-to-date assessments Coordination of referrals and facilitation of interprofessional care in chronic disease management Incorporation of protocol reminders for prevention, screening, and management of chronic disease Improvement of quality measurement and monitoring Increased client safety and decline in medication errors
High-technology equipment is expensive quickly becomes outdated when newer developments occur inconsistent quality of resources available on the internet
What are some of the effects of technology in the area of home health care? Cost is the most significant negative aspect of advanced health care technology. The more high-technology equipment and computer programs become available, the more they are used. High-technology equipment is expensive, quickly becomes outdated when newer developments occur, and often requires highly trained personnel. There are other drawbacks to new technology, particularly in the area of home health care. These include increased legal liability, the potential for decreased privacy, too much reliance on technological advances, and the inconsistent quality of resources available on the Internet and other places.
African American nurses in the South were paid less than white nurses Public health nursing certificate and graduate education programs were segregated in the south Study outside the south for southern nurses was difficult to afford and study leaves from the workplace were rarely granted
What was the initial impact of African American nurses working in the public health setting? African American nurses seeking to work in public health nursing faced many challenges. Nursing education was absolutely segregated in the South until at least the 1960s, and elsewhere was also generally segregated or rationed until the mid-20th century. Even public health nursing certificate and graduate education programs were segregated in the South; study outside the South for Southern nurses was difficult to afford and study leaves from the workplace were rarely granted. The situation improved somewhat in 1936, when collaboration between the US Public Health Service and the Medical College of Virginia (Richmond) established a certificate program in public health nursing for African American nurses for which the federal government paid nurses' tuition. Discrimination continued during nurses' employment: African American nurses in the American South were paid lower salaries than their white counterparts for the same work. In 1930, only six African American nurses held supervisory positions in public health nursing organizations.
community health focus on teaching and prevention establishment of settlement houses middle and upper class fear of disease
Which of the following factors assisted such community-oriented nursing pioneers as Lillian Wald to develop approaches and programs to solve the health care and social problems of the late 1800s? In the 1890s the public was interested in limiting disease among all classes of people, partly for religious reasons, partly for charity, but also because the middle and upper classes were afraid of the diseases that seemed to be brought in by the large communities of European immigrants. Nurses began to establish settlement houses and neighborhood centers, which became hubs for health care and social welfare programs. From the beginning, community health nursing practice included teaching and prevention. Community-oriented interventions led to improved sanitation, economic improvements, and better nutrition. These interventions were credited with reducing the incidence of acute communicable diseases. Pioneers in public health nursing, such as Lillian Wald, took advantage of the public's concern and existing practice models to solve health care and social problems that reduced the incidence of acute communicable diseases in immigrant communities.
B
Which of the following major problems in the health care system was most evident in this situation? A. Escalating costs B. Access to care C. Fragmentation of services D. Quality of care Public health nurses who worked with local Head Start programs noted that many children had untreated dental caries. Although these children qualified for Medicaid, only two dentists in the area would accept appointments from Medicaid patients. Dentists asserted that Medicaid patients frequently did not show up for their appointments and that reimbursement was too low compared with that of other third-party payers. They also said that the children's behavior made it difficult to work with them. As a result, it takes about 7 months to a year on the waiting list before a patient with Medicaid can finally being seen at a local dental clinic. Some nurses arranged to transport clients to dentists in a city 70 miles away, but this was time consuming and was feasible for only a small fraction of the clients. When decayed teeth abscessed, it was possible to get extractions from the local medical center. The Health Department dentist also saw children, but he, too, was booked for years. Lack of access to a dental provider who accepts Medicaid is impacting the health of children in this scenario.
each type of nurse is needed today
Which of the following statements accurately reflects the current status of nursing in community health? Many nurses work in the community. Some bring a public health population-based approach and have as their goal preventing illness and protecting health. Other nurses have a community-oriented approach and deal primarily with the health care of individuals, families, and groups in the community. Still other nurses bring a community-based approach that focuses on "illness care" of individuals and families in the community. Each type of nurse is needed in today's communities. The latter two groups are growing and will continue to do so, because so much health care is being provided in community rather than inpatient settings. What is necessary is the extension of public health services to prevent illness, promote health, and protect the public. Without this extension, a large gap would exist in the design of a comprehensive program for health care.
