Test 2 CH (12, 3, & 13)

Tuckman's Stages of Group and Team Development model (5)

1. *Forming* the first stage of team development, in which team members meet each other, form initial impressions, and begin to establish team norms 2. *Storming* the second stage of development, characterized by conflict and disagreement, in which team members disagree over what the team should do and how it should do it 3. *Norming* the third stage of team development, in which team members begin to settle into their roles, group cohesion grows, and positive team norms develop 4. *Performing* the fourth and final stage of team development, in which performance improves because the team has matured into an effective, fully functioning team 5. *Adjourning* Completion stage of team development

Ethical Dilemma Approaches (4)

1. *Utilitarian Approach* guided by what will result in the greatest good for the greatest number of people 2. *Individual Approach* guided by what will result in the individual's best long-term interests, which ultimately are in everyone's self-interest 3. *Moral-Rights Approach* humans have fundamental rights and liberties that cannot be taken away by an individual's decision 4. *Justice Approach* says that ethical decisions must be based on standards of equity, fairness, and impartiality

Dealing with disagreements (5)

1. Avoiding 2. Obliging 3. Dominating 4. Compromising 5. Integrating

Most essential considerations to build an effective team (8)

1. Collaboration 2. Trust 3. Performance goals and feedback 4. motivating through mutual accountability and interdependence 5. Team composition 6. Roles 7. Norms 8. Effective team processes

Difference types of conflict

1. Dysfunctional conflict: Conflict that hinders the organization's performance 2. Functional conflict: Benefits the main purposes of the organization and serves its interests.

Five Basic Behaviors to Help You Better Handle Conflict

1. Openness 2. Equality 3. Empathy 4. Supportiveness 5. Positiveness

Four Major Perspectives on Motivation

1. content: Emphasize needs as motivators 2. process: Focus on the thoughts and perspectives that motivate behavior 3. job design: Focus on designing jobs that lead to employee satisfaction and performance 4. reinforcement: Based on the notion that motivation is a function of behavioral consequences and not unmet needs

Four types of reinforcement

1. positive reinforcement: Use of positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior. 2. negative reinforcement: Process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative 3. extinction: The weakening of behavior by ignoring it 4. punishment: Weakening behavior by presenting negative or withdrawing something positive.

Cross Function Team

A group of people from different departments or areas working together.

ratio schedule

A program by which reinforcement depends on the number of correct responses.

interval schedule

A program by which reinforcement depends on the time interval elapsed since the last reinforcement.

Action Team

A team of limited duration that performs complex tasks in contexts that tend to be highly visible and challenging

Self-managed teams are groups of workers who have been given ________________.

Administrative oversight

Types of Work Teams

Advise teams, Production team, Project team, and Action Team

Stakeholders

All the people who stand to gain or lose by the policies and activities of a business and whose concerns the business needs to address.

During the forming stage, the leader should:

Allow people to become acquainted

Maria is writing a paper for her Management class. She already has a strong 'A' in the class, and only needs to get a C on the paper to keep her A. As she prepares the final version of the paper, she takes special care that the paper is well-written, insightful, and error-free, something that she can be proud of. Maria is experiencing:

An intrinsic reward

Values

Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something).

Which of the following is NOT an example of a group in an organization's task environment?

Board of Directors

To prevent groupthink, a manager should:

Bring outsiders into the group regularly

Conventional Level of Development

Conformist in nature. Follow the rules for the sake of following them.

Building an Effective Team

Cooperation, Trust, Cohesiveness, Performance Goals and Feedback, Motivation, Size, Roles, Norms, GroupThink

Project Team

Created for creative problem solving

Which of the following is an example of an external stakeholder of an organization?

Customers

Workgroups with too much conflict are characterized by:

Dissatisfaction Political infighting Lack of teamwork Aggression

Defensive Manager

Does the bare minimum of what the law requires. Small commitment to social responsibility.

Unemployment rates are relevant to _____________ forces in an organization's general environment.

Economic

Need-based theories (5)

Emphasize the needs that motivate people. 1. *Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs* physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization 2. *Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory* proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arise from two different factors - work satisfaction from so-called motivating factors and work dissatisfaction from so-called hygiene factors 3. *McClelland's Acquired Needs Theory* states that three needs - achievement, affiliation, and power - are major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace 4. *McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y* Theory X - the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, avoid responsibility, and must be coerced to perform. Theory Y - the assumption that employees are creative, enjoy work, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction. 5. *Deci and Ryan's self-determination Theory* Assumes that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by three innate needs: competence, autonomy, and relatedness.

A formal group typically has no officially appointed leader, although a leader may emerge from members of the group.

False

According to Maslow, a person who is deprived in both love and esteem will satisfy her esteem needs first.

False

General Electric paid employees who were smokers up to $750 to quit and stay off cigarettes. This program was three times as successful as a different GE "quit smoking" program in which employees received no paid incentives. The $750 in the first program is an example of an intrinsic reward.

False

Motivation can be directly observed in another's behavior

False

People tend to exert less effort when working in groups than when working alone, and this tendency is called dysfunctional conflict.

False

Rafael sits on the board of directors for Pierson Fabrication, Inc., but he is not among the executive leadership of the organization. In fact, he works for an American carmaker. Therefore, Rafael is an external stakeholder for Pierson.

False

Roberto has decided that upon graduation from college, he will accept the job offer that pays the most money. To Roberto, money has high expectancy.

False

The internal environment of an organization includes stakeholders, but the external environment does not.

False

The purpose of a code of ethics is to state an organization's expectations for all its external stakeholders.

False

The use of teamwork is having minimal impact on individuals and organizations in today's workplace.

False

Obstructionist Manager

Focuses on economic gain and views social responsibility as outside organizations problem.

Two drug companies agree to work together to pool their research and development funds to develop a new drug for arthritis. In doing so, these two organizations have:

Formed a strategic alliance

Janet prefers work that involves talking to many people and being very social. Janet probably has a:

High need for affiliation

Teamwork

Improves speed and decreases costs

Which of the following is the best statement of a goal?

Increase sales by ten percent by the end of this month

Why does teamwork matter?

Increases productivity, Improves quality, and Reduces cost.

A manager attempting to decide what decision will result in the individual's best long-term interests, is engaged in the _________________ approach.

Individual

Last year, Chris's boss promised her a big bonus if she met her goals. At the end of the year, after Chris had exceeded her goals, she found her bonus was very small. In the future, Chris's ______will probably be ____.

Instrumentality; low

Employees are part of the ___________________ environment of organizations.

Internal

Proactive Manager

Is a leader in social responsibility. Often leads by example.

Pre-conventional Level of Development

Kohlberg's stage of moral development in which rewards and punishments dominate moral thinking

Post-conventional Level of Development

Kohlberg, what's right or wrong based on some higher moral reasoning, full internalization, adulthood if ever, not many reach it

ABC Company is being picketed by a group of people who live by their biggest plant. The group is concerned about ABC's disposal of waste products into nearby waterways. In this instance, ABC is dealing with the ______________ part of its _________ environment.

Local communities; task

Job Characteristics Model

Looks at what attributes will relate to better work outcomes. Five attributes: skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback

Jacques says during his meeting with the task force, "Let's hear from those who don't agree with this choice." Jacques is performing a _________ role.

Maintenance

According to Herzberg, _____ make people _____, and _____ make people ______.

Motivators; satisfied; hygiene factors; dissatisfied

The stage during which a group sets guidelines about issues like attendance and punctuality is the _________ stage.

Norming

Managerial Approaches in Social Responsibility

Obstructionist, Defensive, Accommodative, Proactive

punctuated equilibrium

Pattern of evolution in which long stable periods are interrupted by brief periods of more rapid change

Knowledgeable workers who meet as a temporary team to deal with a specific issue and then disband are called a:

Problem-solving team

_____________ is designed to elicit different opinions without inciting people's personal feelings.

Programmed conflict

The application of negative consequences to stop or change undesirable behavior is called:

Punishment

A manager wants to improve how her employees' belongingness needs are met. To do so, she could:

Redesign individual jobs into teams

Job _________ is the opposite of job ___________.

Simplification; enlargement

A manager's duty to take actions that will benefit the interests of society as well as of the organization is known as:

Social responsibility

A human rights organization is urging consumers to boycott products made by XYZ Clothing because XYZ exploits labor in Third World countries where their manufacturing facilities are located. XYZ is dealing with the ______________ part of its ___________ environment.

Special-interest; task

A _______ is defined as a small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves accountable.

Team

General Environment

The wide-ranging global, economic, technological, sociocultural, demographic, political, and legal forces affect an organization and its task environment. (Forces you cant control)

Which of the following is NOT a source of conflict?

Too many resources

A group is defined as two or more freely interacting individuals who share collective norms, share collective goals, and have a common identity.

True

According to Herzberg's Two-Factor Theory, the physical working conditions under which an employee works do not act as a strong motivator.

True

According to Job Characteristics Theory, workers will be more motivated and perform better when they experience their work as meaningful, feel responsible for results, and know how well they are doing.

True

As a group, socially conscious businesses are more profitable than businesses who do not embrace socially conscious policies.

True

Certain kinds of conflict can be beneficial for organizations.

True

Compromising is a conflict-handling style most appropriate when both parties to a conflict have equal power.

True

Conflict is an enduring, normal part of the workplace.

True

Effective teamwork can result in significant improvements in organizational productivity.

True

Equity Theory focuses on how fairly we think we are being treated compared to others.

True

Ethical behavior and social responsibility give an organization a clear competitive advantage.

True

Expectancy theory suggests that people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it.

True

Motivation must be goal directed and inferred from one's behavior.

True

The National Rifle Association is an example of a special interest group.

True

The task environment consists of groups that present workers with daily tasks to handle.

True

The team size that is the most workable is 5 to 12 members.

True

The traditional way to design jobs is to fit people to jobs; the modern way is to fit jobs to people.

True

Values are the relatively permanent and deeply held underlying beliefs and attitudes that help determine a person's behavior

True

Accommodative Manager

When approached will do more than the law requires in order to show moderate commitment to social responsibility.

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Work Team

a small number of people with complementary skills who hold themselves mutually accountable for pursuing a common purpose, achieving performance goals, and improving interdependent work processes

Advantages of Small Teams

better interaction, better morale

Omar is a human resources manager for a large landscaping and exterior construction company called Northwest Patios. A local news station has just done a story on several dissatisfied customers and their complaints of shoddy work. Omar has had two other media outlets contact him this morning too. Based on research on the effects of such publicity, Omar should expect that

both rates of candidates accepting job offers and employee retention will slide.

Process Perspectives on Motivation (3)

concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act—how employees choose behavior to meet their needs 1. *Adam's Equity Theory* A theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that they are being treated fairly; the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions (Inputs, Outputs, and Comparision) - Three elements of justice theory: *Distributive justice*- Reflects the perspectives fairness of how resources and rewards are distributed. *Procedural justice* perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions. *Interactional justice* How fairly and I being treated when rewards are given out? 2. *Vroom's Expectancy Theory* argues that work motivation is determined by individual beliefs regarding effort-performance relationships and work outcomes - Three elements: *Expectancy* The belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance. *Instrumentality* The expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired. *Valence* How much do I want an outcome?* 3. *Gary and Edwin Goal-setting theory* Suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but achievable. a theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance

Internal Stakeholders

consist of employees, owners, and the board of directors

Continuous Improvement Team

consist of small groups of volunteers or workers and supervisors who meet intermittently to discuss workplace and quality related problems

Task Environment

consists of 11 groups that present you with daily tasks to handle: 1. *Customers* The purchasers of organizations' products; the focal point of all marketing activities 2. *Competitors* companies in the same industry that sell similar products or services to customers 3. *Suppliers* companies that provide material, human, financial, and informational resources to other companies 4. *Distributors* Organizations that help other organizations sell their goods or services to customers 5. *Strategic Alliance* A long-term partnership between two or more companies established to help each company build competitive market advantages. 6. *Employee Organizations* Labor unions and professional associations 7. *Local Communities* decide on environmental issues 8. *Financial Institutions* entities that provide financial services, such as taking deposits, managing investments, brokering financial transactions, or making loans 9. *Government Regulators* Government bodies that have the potential to control, legislate and otherwise influence an organization's operations and policies. 10. *Special Interest Groups* an organization of people with some common interest who try to influence government decisions 11. *Mass Media* Forms of communication, such as newspapers and radio, that reach millions of people.

Advise Team

created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions

Disadvantages of Small Teams

fewer resources, possibly less innovation, unfair work distribution

Self-Managed Teams

groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains

Top Management Teams

high-ranking executives who plan a company's strategy so that the company can achieve its goals

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Problem Solving Team

knowledgeable workers who meet as a temporary team to solve a specific problem and then disband

Disadvantages of Large Teams

less interaction, lower morale, social loafing

Advantages of Large Teams

more resources, division of labor

extrinsic rewards

payoff a person receives from others for performing a particular task

External Stakeholders

people or groups in the organization's external environment that are affected by it. (General Environment and Task Environment)

Moral Development Levels

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

Eliza is a new manager, and she frequently feels it necessary to threaten her employees with a variety of punishments in order to get them to follow the rules. The level of personal moral development at which Eliza is operating is the ______ level according to Kohlberg.

preconventional

Conflict

process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party

Triple Botton Line

representing people, planet, and profit- measures an organization's social, environmental, and financial performance

continuous ratio

reward after every correct response

intrinsic rewards

satisfaction a person receives from performing the particular task itself

Team

small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable

When employees at Wells Fargo opened accounts in their members' names, not always with their consent, the employees blamed it on management, stating that the bank executives had set goals, or goals that seemed unattainable:

stretch

Of the following which is NOT a core job characteristic?

task variety

Production Team

team that consists of frontline employees who produce tangible output

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Corporate Social Responsibility

the notion that corporations are expected to go above and beyond following the law and making a profit

Ethics

the principles of right and wrong that guide an individual in making decisions

Group

two or more people who interact to accomplish individual or mutual goals

In considering a large-scale layoff, a manager performs a cost-benefit analysis and determines that profits will be greatest if she proceeds. She is using the ______ approach to guide her decision regarding an ethical dilemma.

utilitarian