test 2 chapters 5-9 psychology

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

true

Which of the following can sabotage the efforts of overweight people to maintain a slender profile?

adaptive thermogenesis

Which of the following can teachers learn to use to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it?

behavior modification

Studies generally suggest that the heritability of intelligence is less than 20%.

false

B. F. Skinner taught pigeons and other animals to engage in behavior that manipulates the environment. This kind of behavior is called __________.

operant behavior

Which of the following is true of adolescents?

Their concept of the imaginary may drive the intense adolescent desire for privacy

Episodic memory is also referred to as ________.

Autobiographical memory

In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident then answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were traveling?

Whether the words used in the question suggested greater speeds

Harry Harlow discovered that monkeys, and possibly humans, have a need for _______.

contact comfort

Marley had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, their mother baked them their favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to them while they ate the cake. In this scenario, what did Marley's mother use to cure their fear?

counterconditioning

Eric is a scam-artist who tries to make money through dishonest means. He tried to sell a fake antique Roman sculpture, but was caught when the antiques dealer noticed it was dated "246 BC." What is the dealer's sudden realization about the improper date called?

insight

Which of these might explain how conspiracy theories seem to spread so easily?

motivated reasoning

Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

true

According to the research done my Ainsworth, which type of attachment is the healthiest?

Secure

Rashon's caretaker is playing peek-a-boo with him. Every time the caretaker hides their face, Rashon loses interest but is surprised when their face reappears. Peek-a-boo is so entertaining because Rashon lacks _________.

object permanence

Miško noticed that people can react with different emotions to the same stimulus. With which theory of emotion is he most likely to agree?

cognitive appraisal

According to Savic and her colleagues (2010), during pregnancy sexual differentiation ________.

Of the sex organs occurs concurrently during the second trimester

Andre realized right away that something was different about the store he walked into so many times before. He heard the cashier trying to get out of the cooler, and let him out. What type of intelligence did Andre use in this scenario?

creative

Flooding and counterconditioning are techniques for inducing fears.

false

According to your text, one of the common complaints concerning the Kinsey reports was that ________.

it was not valid

Which of the following is the second phase of the sexual response cycle?

plateau phase

With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.

false

Patricia, a three-year-old girl, is having dinner. She looks at her father and says, "I eated food." In this scenario, Patricia is exhibiting ________.

Overregularization

Darby was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _________.

savings

The reshaping of one's life to concentrate on what one finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment is known as ___________________.

selective optimization with compensation

Caleb is learning potty training. He now knows the word potty can refer to the bathroom, the toilet itself, and the act of using the toilet. Caleb has learned what aspect of language?

semanticity

Which of the following is true of the evolutionary perspective of motivation?

It states that instinctive behaviors are genetically transmitted.

Ali enjoys vaping nicotine, but is aware of cases of vaping causing severe lung damage. Ali decides to make a list of reasons to vape and reasons not to vape, and by doing so has taken which step in the problem-solving process?

evaluating pros and cons

The readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism is known as _________.

Biological preparedness

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is a characteristic of children in the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt?

Children alternate between feelings of a sense of industry and feelings of inferiority

One of the first people to do research on the effects of rewards and punishment did so by trapping cats in puzzle boxes and collecting data on them attempting to escape. Who was this researcher?

Edward L. Thorndike

Which of these is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience?

Intelligence

Which of the following is true of Maslow's theory?

It suggests that human behavior is not just mechanical and aimed toward survival and the reduction of tension

Tobenna wants to figure out why his friend lied to him. What should he focus on?

Motivation

Which branch of the autonomic nervous system is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves?

Parasympathetic nervous system

What is the primary difference between reinforcement and punishment?

Reinforcement involves presenting a stimulus & punishment involves removing stimulus

General knowledge is referred to as __________.

Semantic memory

Operant conditioning is essentially learning __________.

The consequences that follow a behavior

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concrete operational stage refers to children being able to ________.

adapt to social and cultural situations

Saccadic eye movements occur once a second but iconic memory holds icons for up to four times a second.

false

The ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus is the "start-eating" center of the brain; the lateral hypothalamus is the "stop-eating" center of the brain.

false

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development:

have the ability to hypothesize

Rats tend to eat excessively when a specific part of the brain is surgically destroyed. Which part is it?

lateral hypothalamus

To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Valentina is mentally repeating all the names several times. This scenario illustrates __________.

maintenance rehearsal

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

money

Susan, an astronomer, studies the nature of stars and has contributed significantly to the understanding of the laws that govern their behavior. In this scenario, Susan is exhibiting ________.

naturalist intelligence

The hormone closely tied to attachment and contact comfort, specifically the importance of skin-to-skin contact between humans, is ________________.

oxytocin

Tariana says the sun is going to bed because it is her bedtime. She says this every night thinking the sun does this just for her. Her explanation of why the sun sets suggests that she is in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

preoperational

Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of 6 x 6 is relatively automatic due to __________.

priming

Nadine works for an accounting firm. She makes enough money for herself and has bought a house with a top-notch security system. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Nadine has fulfilled her ________.

safety needs

Lani is a young female who has noticed that her hips and buttocks have started to become slightly heavier. Lani is undergoing a change in ___________.

secondary sex characteristics

Who believed that tension motivates us to behave in ways that restore us to a resting state?

sigmund freud

According to cognitive psychologists, _________.

the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior

Tom was trying to increase his fitness so that he could join some friends on a long-distance hiking trip. He is trying to determine the best exercise plan to get him to that goal. This is an example of ________.

the means-end analysis

According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.

true

It's normal for adolescents to see themselves as the center of attention and assume that other people are also preoccupied with their appearance and behavior. This is termed an imaginary audience.

true

Men produce seven to ten times the testosterone produced by women.

true

With respect to classical conditioning, the cognitive focus is about how well an organism can predict what will come next.

true

In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes which of the following effects when someone goes on a diet?

The body to burn fewer calories

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

Systematic desensitization

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

Thought is limited to present facts and the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution in which of these?

convergent thinking

In the context of creativity and intelligence, which of these helps generate many possible solutions to problems?

divergent thinking

Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _________.

elaborative rehearsal

Prior to six months of age, infants realize that objects removed from sight still exist and try to find them. They show object permanence, which makes it possible to play peekaboo.

false

Robert Rescorla's contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) provides information about the conditioned stimulus (CS).

false

It is September 11, 2021 and Javier is reflecting on that day. He remembers that 20 years ago he was sitting in his freshman biology class watching the footage of the World Trade Center attacks on a television set. To this day, he can vividly remember exactly where he was sitting, where the television was located, and how he felt. Javier's memory of September 11th, 2001 is an example of a(n) ___________.

flashbulb memory

Kho noticed a small nail sticking up from the floorboards in the kitchen. They used a small pliers to gently tap the nail down because no hammer was nearby. What did Kho overcome to use the pliers in this manner?

functional fixedness

Adnan's history teacher asked the class if they can name a figure in American history who was both a founding father and a president. Adnan easily recalls the information due to an organized classification schema for this type of information within his long-term memory. Adnan is relying on his _______.

hierarchy, i think

According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, children begin to assert control over the environment and strive to master adult skills when they are in the stage of __________.

initiative versus guilt

Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?

it involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneselfsa

Tunde does not identify as male or female. Which term would be used for Tunde in this case?

nonbinary

Researchers have shown that sexual orientation is ________.

primarily genetic

Animals that have just copulated and thereby reduced their primary sex drives often show renewed interest in sex when presented with a novel sex partner. This is an example of ________.

stimulus motives

Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing.

true

Christopher is skilled at problem solving and possesses broad reasoning abilities. According to Charles Spearman, Christopher's abilities are indicative of ________.

General intelligence

Which of the following statements is true about a schema?

It is a way of mentally representing the world, which can influence perceptions

Cooper's fear of flying may, in part, stem from the ________.

availability heuristic

Unlike babbling, crying and cooing are inborn and prelinguistic.

false

According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.

false

In the beginning of Pavlov's experiment in classical conditioning, the bell initially did not elicit a response from the dog. During this part of the process, which type of stimulus is the bell?

positive

Which of the following is a characteristic of middle adulthood?

Menarche in women occurs.

A measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated is called ______________________.

Method of savings

A stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information is a(n) ___________.

chunk

Masha, a 13-year-old girl, is poor at math. Ms. Kobes, Masha's math teacher, shares with Masha a list of math tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient in the subject. In the context of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory, Ms. Kobes is using what concept to help the child?

cognitive scaffolding

According to the theories of intelligence, who can most likely solve problems to which there are no preexisting solutions and no proven formulas?

creative people

If a student studies the course material twice a week, the difference between the amount of time originally required to learn the information and the amount of time required to re-learn the material after a certain amount of time has elapsed is known as __________.

encoding

Usually, in operant conditioning, people would

enjoy being positively punished and dislike being negatively reinforced

Jerrion was working in his apartment on a very difficult project for work. He decided to take a break and walk outside. It was a bright sunny day and he was squinting a lot because of the light. Upon getting back inside to work on the project he felt more excited about it. This behavior is consistent with the ________.

facial-feedback hypothesis

Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied.

false

In which type of schedule must a specific amount of time elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available?

fixed-interval schedule

Elijah is a web-content writer. He gets paid $100 for every five articles he publishes. In this scenario, on which schedule of reinforcement is Elijah's payment based?

fixed-ratio schedule

Which type of memory can hold visual stimuli for up to a second and allows for the flow of visual information to see smooth and continuous?

iconic

The view that language structures the way we view the world is known as the ________.

linguistic-relativity hypothesis

As engram is an assumed electrical circuit that corresponds to a(n) _________.

memory trace

Jasmine accidently broke five coffee mugs when she was trying to help her mom do dishes. Mina broke one coffee mug because she was trying to steal some dessert out of the cabinet. When a young child is asked which child was naughtier, they would say Jasmine because she broke more cups. What concept is used by Piaget to explain this judgement?

objective responsibility

Ophelia is 51-years-old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Since Ophelia is in middle adulthood, what is she most likely experiencing?

objective responsibility

Which of these options is an application of operant conditioning that assumes that any complex task can be broken down into a number of small steps that can be shaped individually and then combined in sequence to form the correct behavioral chain?

programmed learning

In language development, we naturally use prototypes and exemplars to organize and label objects within categories.

true

Newborn children do not know that it is necessary to eat to survive. They turn their head toward stimuli that prod or stroke the cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth. This is termed rooting.

true