Test 2 - Film100

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- Amelie film: one of the highest money making foreign language films ever to run in the United States during the period 1920s. - One movement that captured the attention of artists style of painting was called surrealism which tried to represent the subconscious mind by creating fantastic imagery. - One of the artists who wanted to capture that surrealist look and bring it into the cinema was a Spaniard, artist from Spain named Luis Bunuel. In order to do just that, when Bunuel along with fellow artists from Spain, Salvador Dali made a film called Shin en de Loup. - They also use nudity, not for titillation, but for shock value. Later in the film, we're in a woman's apartment. - This is David Lynch and he's considered one of America's foremost avant-garde film directors. In 2001. He was nominated for the Best Director Academy Award for his film Mulholland Drive. Before becoming a filmmaker, Lynch was an art major in college. His art school exposure to surrealism surfaced in one of his early films called eraser head. This black-and-white cult classic dealt with his nightmarish vision of family life. - Another film that lends us realism in was Blue Velvet, starring Carl McLaughlin and Isabella Mussolini. Lynch uses shock, oil hallmarks of surrealism to affect his audience. - Another American filmmaker, we only use realism as Oliver Stone some of his noted films are Nixon JFK won on the Fourth of July. Wall Street and the Academy Award winner for Best Picture platoon. - Another American filmmaker, we only use realism as Oliver Stone some noted films are Nixon JFK won on the Fourth of July. Wall Street and the Academy Award winner for Best Picture platoon. Oliver Stone's film Natural Born Killers starring Woody Harrelson and Juliette Lewis. When he wanted to show us reality, he would shoot the scene in color. Then in order to take the audience's step from reality. He would shift from color to black and white when he wanted to remove us even further from reality and more into the world of surrealism he would use negative images to notice this unusual camera angle sometimes called a Dutch tilt. An unusual camera angle beats a look that takes the audience away from the world and normally see and puts them into the world of surrealism. Oliver Stones violent Natural Born Killers is a classic of surrealism. - Most associated with surrealism is New York-based Darren Aronofsky. These are just some of his films in his academy award-winning film in 2010, Black Swan actors actress Natalie Portman, who won the Oscar for Best Actress for this film. - In 2014, the top film prize the Academy Award for Best Picture went to this film Birdman, which featured elements of surrealism, surrealism still remains a potent and respected style of filmmaking.

- Legendary producer director, Cecil B. DeMille. Wanted to cash in on that fact, took steps to make his movies well, a little sexier. To do this. He contacted will Hayes. He created lavish sets, where scantily clad young actresses would take long titillating slow baths and then saunter around telling off well. - The PCA ruled on the content of Hollywood films until 1950 When an Italian movie was imported into the United States. The film was called the Miracle is a film by Roberto Rossellini, the man who directed the famous film Open City and American distributor, Joe Burston bought the rights to the miracle and started showing it on the East Coast. Well, when people saw the film, they complained to the local censor in New York. that the movie was blasphemous, anti religious, and something must be done. - So Joe Burstyn took his case to court, and eventually it went all the way to the US Supreme Court in Washington, DC. A decision was made by the highest court in the land that we now call the miracle decision, named after the movie that miracle. The Supreme Court's miracle decision said that under Article One of our Bill of Rights films, just like books have the freedom of speech. The Supreme Court ruled just because the PCA and Hollywood has made up its own rules and regulations. They don't have anything to do with our Constitution. The court said that if this distributor wants to import the film and show it, it's okay. - Hollywood made a film in 1955 called The Man with a golden arm. It featured one of Hollywood's biggest stars, Frank Sinatra. This film was about drug addiction, a subject that had been forbidden in Hollywood films for many years. Following the Man with the Golden arm was the pawnbroker, a film that starred one of Hollywood's best actors, Rod Steiger. There's one scene in the film in which the camera dollies by one after another, where we see women forced into prostitution, waiting for German officers. The pawnbroker was to break another of Hollywood's taboos, nudity. - In the 1960s, another controversial film hit the screens. It was Bonnie and Clyde, the taboo that this movie broke was its use of graphic violence undergraduate violence that was displayed in Bonnie and Clyde shock movie. Parents in particular complain that it was unsuitable for children, and there should have been some warning for parents. In Washington, DC Congress began an investigation as the public demanded something be done about graphic content.

- It features a number one child star, the 1930s Shirley Temple, the character she's playing has been paid by others to seduce. (another censorship case). "Shirley Temple sticks out her arm and says, Honey, you don't get these by being bad." - Shirley trở thành tác phẩm có doanh thu phòng vé hàng đầu từ năm 1935 đến 1938 nhờ đóng vai trẻ con. - Even cartoon characters were not safe from the PCA. Take Betty Boop, for example, a sexy, wildly popular cartoon character. - PCA had a problem with a movie Gone with the wind when it was over the word dam at the end of the film, Rhett Butler says to Scarlett Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn. - The famous aviator and movie producer Howard Hughes made a film called The Outlaw starring his girlfriend, Jane Russell. The PCA told Mr. Hughes that there was a problem with his movie. The PCA had a problem with scenes where Jane Russell was leaning over to help a wounded outlaw named Billy the Kid. So for two years he fought Joe Breen and the production code over her cleavage. Eventually, he used to come to the PCA and had to edit out portions of the scenes. - Mae West made a number of films recreating the same controversial character time and again, the language used in many of these films was sexually explicit, but she didn't use profanity. So the PCA found itself helpless to do anything about it. So the Catholic Church formed the Legion of Decency in an attempt to inform the parishioners about the objectionable content of Mae West films. In 1926, Mae West was convicted of public obscenity for her part in a play called sex. She served eight days in jail.

The first-time filmmakers 25 years old

- Orson Welles. - Orson Welles, child Prodigy, 3 age performed on stage, 6 age painting, poetry, magic, played piano. His IQ is 146 at the genius level. He spends earlier at the private Todd School for boys. He graduated at 16 age. He was introduced as the star of the New York Theatre Guild, this would be the start of Orson Welles's professional acting career. At the age of 19, he decided to fulfill his boasts of being a Broadway star by traveling to New York. Orson has a big ego and looked older than he actually was. At the age of 20, he has a chance to direct a play. The African American section, your Harlem here he staged a very innovative version of a famous Shakespeare plays Macbeth, hie casting actors were very little acting experience was another fearless decision. - The toast of Broadway's avant-garde theater movement, an innovative theatrical director. - At the age of 22, Welles made a theatrical company called the mercury players, which also performed on the radio would TV. The Mills, making the players which weren't making very much money was Orson Welles's radio career. Before television, radio was the main form of mass communication and entertainment for millions of Americans. In order to appear both on stage and on the radio, Orson needs to get from one job to the other pretty quickly. - The most popular character performed on the radio was the shadow, they kept millions of listeners glued to their radios. - In 1938, Orson broadcast on radio a version of Hg Wells's novel a war of the worlds of a Martian invasion on planet Earth. - It is one problem and it is displaying millions of people throughout the United States tuned into the broadcast after the disclaimer. The news reports were fake. - The effect Will's broadcast had on the east coast of the United States. - A small Hollywood studio called RKO became interested in Wells. - RKO makes deals for Wells: 1. Can make any two films for their studio. 2. Producing direct write star or any combination. 3. Having Final Cut approval, we won't recut your film. 4. The studio will stay out of your way giving you full control. - What 24 years old wouldn't jump at this chance the contract was so unusual that it made headlines in the Holywood trade papers. - The contract demands from proven veterans in the industry would be extremely costly. The bosses of RKO allow Wells goes around from department to department. - Greg Tolan, the best director of photography in Hollywood, possibly can work with Wells on his film. Tolan and Wells have formed the visual creative team for Citizen Kane. - Wells need was a film script, he has an old friend, screenwriter Herman Mankiewicz. Herman suggested a film based on the life of a newspaper publisher, William Randolph Hearst, one of the richest and most powerful men in the US. To show up his wealth, Hearst built one of the largest homes in America, Hearst Castle, located on 80 000 acres on the central coast of California in San Simeon. - Hearst would send a passenger train down to Hollywood producers, directors, stars, and riders would all travel up to his castle all expenses paid. Hollywood celebrities would make the weekend trips to the castle including action hero Douglas Fairbanks in the center line on his back, just above him to the right is comic genius Buster Keaton. And the upper left is Herman Mankiewicz. The writer who was also a regular guest Mako Woods, who was a frequent guest at the castle and told Orson all about some of its features, including all the exotic animals Hearst bought that roam the estate. -Hearst is one of the most prolific art collectors in the world. One of the largest collections of any individual in the world, and larger than many museums even. - Casa Grande looks like a royal palace fit for a king. Wells, Hearst thought of himself as an untouchable ruler, a king. - The television at Hearst private movie theater and they would see first-run Hollywood movies Celebrities like Charlie Chaplin here with actress Marion Davies would often be in attendance. MANKIEWICZ also mentioned Wells that although Hearst was married, he had a live-in mistress girlfriend at the castle Hollywood star Marion Davies. - Charles Foster Kane instead called William Randolph Hearst. Calling the main character's estate the Hearst Castle, they changed Xanadu. Instead of making the mistress the girlfriend of a Hollywood movie star, they made her an opera singer. But she has a terrible voice which put him on a mission to destroy this film. - Most of time if you're working for a studio, when you finish your script, you turn it into the studio, they read it and give you the okay and start production. - To make the film about the life of William Randolph Hearst. Orson get the RKO bosses' acception and during make that movie, Orson brings the painting of the main character in movie Charles Foster Kane. - the Orson film's team are investigated by executives but his team use various diversionary tactics like performing magic or start playing baseball with the crew. Orson simply does not want the executives know what they are starting produce. The result that these executives after a period of time got bored and leave. - One of director photography Gregg Toland main contributions to Citizen Kane was the film's extraordinary lighting. He used the lighting technique called Charles Squirrel, which is the artistic arrangement of light and dark images. - They asked Greg Tolan if they could shoot their scenes from beginning to end without stopping, like when performing on the stage, which is how they had been trained. That part of the whole solution was to use deep-focus photography. D focus is when you have a foreground, middle ground and background of a scene, all in sharp focus at the same time. This is one of the techniques that allow the actors to play out their scene without stopping. - Another technique that made this possible was something called Misal Center. This is a French term meaning the artistic choreography of actors movements in such a manner that they don't block or impede their fellow actors during a scene.

The film: Citizen Kane

- Ranked the #1 Best American Film by the American Film Institute. - the film many respected critics and historians considered to be the number one American movie of all time. - there are two men in the movie. Orson Welles, the actor, and filmmaker, and William Randolph Hearst, the richest and most powerful in America, the man who lives the movie based of all. - the Charles girl lighting is what helped earn Gregg Toland an Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography in Citizen Kane. - Another technique used in Citizen Kane was the use of low camera angles. Orson Welles and Gregg Toland literally ripped up the floorboards in the RKO studios in order to achieve this angle. - One of the most revolutionary aspects of Citizen Kane was it style, drawing attention to itself using camera and lighting as poetry unlike any film up to this time. - The reason why Greg Tolan wanna work for Wells. He wanted the camera movement, the lighting and the Misal sand techniques to become as important as anything else in the film. - Even though the film was nominated for nine Academy Awards, it received only one Oscar and that happened to be the screenplay they wrote. - Orson was also the producer of the film. In order to understand the producer's role. He went around RKO and talk to people about how films were made. The optical effects department is one of those places he spent some time learning about how these effects were used in film production. - The character Charles Foster Kane. Well, there's only 24 when it began making Citizen Kane, but the character was aged throughout the film, starting first at the age of 25. And then age, however, to a middle aged man, and then a man in his 70s These are all Orson Welles. - Susan Cain is director. During the shooting of this scene, Orson accidentally fell down the stairs and broke his leg. Orson Welles is credited with not only being the CO screenwriter, but also the producer, director and star of Citizen Kane. - Woody Allen the famous American filmmaker said about Susan Cain. - It takes precise planning, setting up of the right camera angle, movement and lighting camera movements are an important part of every film. - The camera literally moves through this neon sign and then appears to go down through the skylight into the restaurant below. This is the kind of camera movement that got Citizen Kane nominated for an Academy Award for cinematography. - The sense that Orson attracts attention of audience is Early in the film we see a young cane outside his home playing in the snow. Suddenly, and unexpectedly, he's forced to leave his parents and take him to live with a guardian left in the snow is the young boys sled. One of the key elements of the film is technique is called foreshadowing. - William Randolph Hearst, he was feared because he could crush a person through the power of his newspapers. - Hedda Hopper, a Hollywood Gossip comas see a small announcement in one of the Hollywood trade papers about the show, Citizen Kane. William Randolph Hearst paid 800000$ for Citizen Kane to burn it. To execute his plan, he enlisted the help of Louis the mayor, the head of MGM Studios. He threatened that he would publish those private stories and ruin all of their lives in newspaper, the private stories are the scandalous information about their stars, stories about mistresses, drug use, and other salacious topics that would be detrimental to all of their professional careers. But through the contract between Orson and RKO that Orson can control the whole over the film, to more pushing pressure to RKO, Orson released the film for some of the top movie critics in town. Eventually, the film released reluctantly, however, in a short time, the film was pulled from theaters and stored in arcaos Vault. The reporter warned him not to go to his room. He told wells, that waiting in your room is a naked underage girl that Hearst has paid. So when you open the door, she's planning to come out in the hallway and throw her arms around you. At this point. Some hearse photographers, hiding at the end of the hall are going to take pictures of you and the girl and publish them in all Hearst Newspapers. Orson tooke the reporters advice and did not go back to his hotel room.

- The production code was written by two men, Joe Breen, and a Catholic priest. The code they would write would dictate the content for American movies for the next 20 years. Just think about this for a moment. They didn't take a cross section of Americana. They didn't include women, young people, the elderly, Joe Breen, and a Catholic priest. Were going to write the code that would dictate the content of Hollywood movies for 20 years. - Here's how the production code worked. If you were a major studio in Hollywood, you had to submit your script to the PCA before production could even start. They would read the submitted script, and if they didn't find anything objectionable, they would give it their stamp of approval. If they found any objectionable material. They would flag those sections for elimination. Then it was sent back to the studio where they then could begin production. After the film was finished, the studio had to send it back to the PCA. Here it was scrutinized again, making sure the studio hadn't slipped anything in the PCA found objectionable. Once it got their final stamp of approval, the studio could now distribute the movie to theaters. Notice also that the committee was all older white men, no age or ethnic diversity at all. First of all, the PCA didn't want filmmakers to show any excessive intimate exchanges between actors. So they would limit kisses to only three seconds on screen any longer than that in the studio had to get out their scissors and do some editing. The code stated that in all love scenes, the actress must keep one foot on the floor. Actors had to be shown sleeping in separate beds. It didn't matter if the characters were a married couple in the film. They still had to sleep in their separate beds. Even actors married in real life were not allowed to sleep in the same bed together. And nudity was completely out. the PCA has a special code for that genre. If you committed a crime, you must be punished. In other words, you couldn't rob a bank and end up with the money and live happily ever after in Mexico. The PCA said the criminal must be punished according to the crime. An easy solution to this was simply having criminals die at the hands of the police by the end of the film. The photo illustrates 10 things that Joe Breen and a PCA found objectionable starting on the upper left and going counterclockwise he said no exposed Muslims no flaunting of weapons apparently she's flaunting that weapon. No inner thighs. No dying coughs no graphic killings or blood, no gambling, no machine guns, no excessive drinking and no drugs. And lastly, no lacy lingerie. Unfortunately, you're wrong. With a production code movie attendance increased. Now families didn't have to worry about any objectionable content. A number of important films came under the scrutiny of Joe Green. One of those was Citizen Kane. Some objectionable details. He was referring to a scene that takes place in a bordello house of prostitution. During the 1930s, the most censored Hollywood film featured a giant ape. That movie was King Kong. => This was considered to be graphic violence (Kong has a villager in his mouth, crushing him with his giant jaws.).

- The motion picture rating system that started in 1968. There was a controversial short film called Erwin rice kiss that centered around these two actors simply kissing on screen. Some who saw the film were outraged with a public display of affection. They felt scenes like this should not be shown to the public, in other words, banned. So the idea of censorship began quite early in the film industry. - This is the well known actress Joan Crawford, playing a woman of ill repute in the South Seas film rain. Many believed that professions like prostitution should not be shown to the public. There was pressure on Hollywood to eliminate these roles entirely from the storylines. During the 1920s There was a period called the roaring 20s. - Some local censors decided that certain films could be shown but some scenes would have to be censored. For example, in this 1897 film Fatima, a belly dancer bumps and grinds to the point where parts of her anatomy start to undulate and became too provocative for the sensor. The bars would pop up on the screen until she stopped undulating and then they would disappear. -Much of their audience isn't even going to see the whole film as has been butchered by different states censors. During the 1920s, there was a running battle between activists who were against what they consider to be objectionable material in Hollywood films. And on the other side, Hollywood film studios who wanted censors to stop meddling with their product. That was until an infamous event habit. That infamous event was to involve one of the silent screens most popular comedians Fatty Arbuckle. That infamous event happened while Arbuckle was staying at the St. Francis hotel in San Francisco, where he threw a wild party in attendance was a young actress starlet named Virginia rent pay. It's unclear exactly what happened. But she became ill at the party and died a few days later. After an investigation into her death, Arbuckle was taken into custody and charged with manslaughter for raping and causing the death of this young Starlet. - Fatty Arbuckle went on trial three times and eventually was acquitted or found not guilty. The first thing motion picture industry did was to sacrifice Fatty Arbuckle, the film industry banned Arbuckle from acting in any more Hollywood films. Fatty Arbuckle continued to do some work in the motion picture industry, but not as an actor. But behind the camera as a director, using a different name will be good. - The person they chose to help clean up Hollywood was a fellow by the name of Will Hayes. He had a couple of important qualifications. First of all, he was a former United States Postmaster General. That meant that politicians in Washington DC knew and respected him. He was also a Presbyterian elder and that fact gave religious organizations who were the most outspoken the confidence that he was a God-fearing man and would be sympathetic to their demands. - In 1930, will hayes started a formal self-censoring organization called the production code administration or PCA. This organization would more firmly regulate the movie business. Will Hayes was to become the figurehead for the PCA and in 1934, he chose Joe Breen to become a director. He was the one that was going to enforce the PCA code. Breen was an active Catholic and had served as an overseas Commissioner for the National Catholic welfare conference. He was also a notorious anti-Semite. Church officials considered Breen The Catholic spy inside Hollywood's Sin City.

The ratings board gives Henry and Jim a new rating of NC 17, which stands for no children under 17 admitted to this movie. With a new NC 17 rating added we now have the complete movie ratings list. now there was a whole new category which made it possible for mass media to accept advertising for films that contain mature subject matter. That were not considered pornographic. Here are a few of those films that received the NC 17 rating. Today since 1990 and Henrion June has been approximately 150 films released under the NC 17 rating. To find out more about the current rating system, you might want to check out this documentary this film is not yet rated. This is not required viewing, but you might find it an entertaining way to learn about the history of controversial films and the current rating system. You can check out a copy at the OCC library media center, or of course find it online. Your viewing assignment for this class is the graduate. There are a number of reasons for choosing this film. One is that it's considered a classic and a favorite of students, also is rated number 17 on the American Film Institute's top 100 Best American films. The main reason, however, is to show you the difference from subject matter that was considered controversial in the 1960s and how that same material is considered tain by today's standards. The film subject matter considered provocative during the 1960s sparked interest in a youthful audience that went back time and time again. The Graduate literally became a blockbuster with movie goers standing in line for hours, waiting to see this trendsetting controversial film. battle it was so popular that it played in some theaters for almost a year. Before it was a movie, it was a popular book. It was written by Charles Webb, semi autobiographical account of his life after college. The film success, however, was not without controversy, as many older adults were offended by the film's portrayal of adults as materialistic, promiscuous, and alcoholics. A person chose him to direct the graduate was a fellow by the name of Mike Nichols. Nichols started out in showbusiness as the male part of a comedy team called Nichols and May. He had directed only one other feature film before the graduate. It was the controversial drama, Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf, starring two of the biggest actors in the world at the time, Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton for his outstanding work on the graduate, Mike Nichols won Academy Award for Best Director. Director Mike Nichols, a graduate used to film techniques more associated with European films, especially the editing and camera, this film would inspire a whole new generation of young Hollywood filmmakers. young filmmakers like Martin Scorsese, Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, and Francis Ford Coppola were influenced by Mike Nichols film and helped spearhead a new movement that would change the way Hollywood films would be made. So the graduate really was a landmark film The film stars is the acclaimed actress and anchor. The controversy in the film centered around and Bancroft, who plays Mrs. Robinson, an alcoholic, older woman, in sexual pursuit of a much younger man, Benjamin Braddock, played by an actor named Dustin Hoffman. In the 1960s. This relationship was considered taboo. In addition, she's a married woman about to commit adultery that didn't help stem the tide of the controversy. One of the film stars is the acclaimed actress and anchor. Mike Nichols said he wanted Mrs. Robinson character to be like a lioness in the jungle stalking her prey. To give the audience this feeling Nichols had Mrs. Robinson patio, decorated in a jungle setting. To further convey this feeling. Nichols had Mrs. Robinson dressed in a leopard spotted coat. Mrs Robinson eventually beds her prey for those who were offended by Mrs. Robinson's affair to further and raise them. It should be noted that Mrs. Robinson was Benjamin's father's business partners wife. In other words, the young Benjamin had known her since he was a child. You can see where this relationship would become somewhat incestuous. While Benjamin and Mrs. Robinson were having an affair, he begins turning his interest to Mrs. Robbins, his daughter, Elaine, notice how the director frames to future lovers triangle, Benjamin on the left, Mrs. Robinson on the right, and the picture of Elaine in the center coming between the two of them. Around the middle of the film, Millennium finds out about Benjamin's affair with her mother, and this is when the film changes from a light comedy to more of a melodrama. During the 1960s when this film was made, large numbers of college students were protesting the war in Vietnam. Not only were they protesting the war, but they were also protesting the lifestyle of their conservative parents who grew up during the 1940s and 50s. These young adults were looking for a new direction a new way of life. That's what college students saw in Benjamin, as he was not going to accept the materialistic world or lifestyle of his parents. At this time in Hollywood, the typical leading man was suave. And handsome, like Robert Redford, a major major Male Star of the 60s and 70s. In fact, he was considered for the role of Benjamin in the graduate, and the film was set in Southern California, and some thought the handsome blonde surfer type might be the perfect choice. Certainly, Mrs. Robinson would want to seduce him. Instead, they went against type and cast a relative unknown. That unknown actor was a fellow named Dustin Hoffman, and what were his credits before getting this lead role? Well, for one thing around this time, he was making frequent visits to the unemployment office. If you've got any acting role, they were more likely to be for small parts during television commercials. dorky guy dorky car because of his limited acting experience. Dustin Hoffman was paid a small sum of $17,000 to star in the graduate. But as the New York Times headline states, an amazing new young star was discovered in the graduate, this was to be a pivotal role for Dustin Hoffman, as he would become one of Hollywood's biggest stars, and eventually an Oscar winner after his performance in the graduate. Up until this time, almost every movie used a specially composed movie soundtrack. However, the soundtrack for this film was considered revolutionary as it used existing songs recorded by popular artists already heard on the radio that would appeal to the market. The popular group was Simon and Garfunkel. It was the start of a trend and a number of young directors coming on the scene would follow. The film's popularity helped the Simon and Garfunkel song, Mrs. Robinson to reach number one on the music charts in 1968. Give you an idea of the influence the graduate had on the youth market. The car that Dustin Hoffman drive throughout the film is an Italian Alfa Romeo sports car. The car became so popular after the film's release that the car flew out of dealer showrooms young men across America all wanted to live the graduate lifestyle. In recognition of the fact that his newfound popularity was due to the movie, Alfa Romeo the next year it came out with a model they called the graduate. At the beginning of the film, we see Benjamin just graduated from college, flying home to California. For some of you that are close to graduating like Benjamin, you now have to start kind of planning your future. As the film starts, you'll be faced with making serious decisions on which to base his life. But first, he falls under the spell of an older married woman. This is Robinson. You're viewing assignment. This class is the graduate, a very favorite film of online students. You'll find the filling questions for the movie in your textbook. To review your lecture material Answer the following This class is entitled Hollywood in transition. You will learn how the movie industry went from filling the largest theaters in America for time when most of the seat whenever. We'll also look at how the film industry lured audiences back in and when we theaters with new techniques and new technology, including 3d You're doing assignment for this class. Is the Godfather, the number two movie on the American Film Institute's list of top 100 films. I will discuss the movie and its importance at the end of the lecture. First was categorized the areas we have discussed up to this point in the semester you should make note of these. The first era is called the era of discovery, a time when many discoveries and inventions such as mortgages multi camera experiment that then led to Edison's motion picture camera. And finally, the first projected film by the Lumiere brothers, the era of discovery. Number two is the era of feature films. He dubbed the Griffis birth venation was certainly an early example of the feature film, a time when the film industry went from single reel films that ran only eight to 12 minutes the film's now running over two hours in length. a jazz singer ushered in era number three, the sound era era number four is the topic for this class, Hollywood in transition. And with the movie The Godfather, your film for this breaking box office records we have era number five, Hollywood Renaissance or rebirth. And a little later on this semester. We're talking about era number six, the era that we're in today. This is the era of franchise films, or you might say the era of the movie sequel. As you will see in your textbook, the peak of the Motion Picture Box Office in terms of attendance occurred way back in 1946. Even today, not as many people go to the movies, as they did in 1946. Of course back then there was no TV or internet these were in if you wanted entertainment show you how popular movies where 100 million Americans are going to see a movie every week in 1946. And the US population at the time was only 135 million. That meant 75% of every man woman and child was going to a movie every week. 100 million movie tickets sold every week. During this period, and moguls in the motion picture industry were becoming very rich, but keeping most of the profits for themselves and their shareholders. They weren't sharing the profits for the people who actually made the movies. The common workers or crew members were being paid very low wages, which created problems. They figured the studios are making millions of dollars in profits. And they deserve their fair share. In order to get their fair share, the studio workers went on strike. One of the reasons for the decline in the film industry was the turbulent strikes at Hollywood Studios during the period of 1945 and 46. These are violent times for the film industry. As you can see, as workers were fighting for higher wages and better working conditions. Workers band together seeking the compensation studios had denied them. Some joined labor unions while a number of others joined some controversial organization. Some studio employees during the late 1930s and early 40s alternative Communist Party to help them get higher wages and better working conditions in Hollywood Studios during World War Two in the 1940s The Russians are known as the Communists were our allies. What happened after World War Two around 1946 was Russia became our enemy during the Cold War. And communism is now considered a very dangerous ideology. In the United States. All the men pictured here work in Hollywood and had associated with members of the Communist Party. They were prominent screenwriters and directors. They would become known as the Hollywood 10 in 1947. Government officials in Washington DC struggled to hold hearings, questioning individuals who might have had on his affiliation. Some of the politicians figured that they could get prominent individuals and a motion picture industry to appear before their committee. The House on American Activities Committee. They feel a suitable amount of press. So these subpoenaed the Hollywood can testify before their committee. These men were between a rock and a hard place to being a member or a former member of the Communist Party are going to lose their jobs all the Hollywood Studios agree to fire anybody who was a communist. And if they lied and said they weren't communist, then they could have gone to jail for lying. So they refused to answer the questions of having communist ties under the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, we didn't have to answer any of the committee's questions. The courts disagreed and all were found guilty of contempt of Congress and each was sentenced to prison. being sent to prison is only part of the punishment as some refined 1000s of dollars and all were banned from working in the motion picture industry is between a black guy for the industry and was partly to blame for its decline. The ousting of Han was started in Hollywood, and eventually spread throughout all facets of society. In the United States.

Another problem for the motion picture industry was when the United States government accused Paramount Pictures. One of the major studios of being a monopoly. The government stated at Paramount was making movies distributing movies. Then they also own the theaters throughout the United States that showed the movies, making it difficult for independent filmmakers to get their movies into a Paramount Theater. They told paramount that they could not be in all of these businesses. They had to make a decision as to which business they wanted to be in. Paramount Pictures eventually said they would concentrate on just making motion pictures and divest or sell all of their other businesses. This eventually happened to all the major studios in Hollywood. Now what would you do if you were making films and all of a sudden you lost your guaranteed outlet for distribution? you'd lost your own theaters. In other words, you're not guaranteed that theaters are going to rent your movies. Are you going to make as many films as you did before when you own the theaters? Probably not. If you're a smart business person, you're going to cut back on production. Well, this is exactly what happened in the motion picture industry. Because the studios were not guaranteed bookings for their movies. They cut back on production in 1937 over 500 feature films were produced in Hollywood. But by 1963, the number had fallen just to 121 feature films. And even today, the number of movies produced doesn't even come close to the 1937 numbers. Another factor that led to the decline in movie attendance, was the United States government giving World War Two veterans low interest loans so they can buy their own homes. Now, what would this have to do with low re movie attendance? Many veterans took the government up on the offer and move out of the larger inner cities to newly been build suburbs, such as right here in Orange County. This meant that many of the large picture palaces built for the inner cities suddenly lost a large part of their audience. As people living in the suburbs didn't want to have to drive into town to see a movie. Most of the picture palaces were eventually torn down or converted for other uses. This one was made into a department store. But the main culprit that created the biggest decline in the motion picture industry was a new invention called television. You can now be entertained in the comfort of your living room for free. This was a major problem for the film industry. You have to note that at this time in America, the TV and movie industries were completely different businesses and in competition with each other. To show you the rapid growth of TV in 1949, there were just 1 million TV sets in America. In just three years that had grown by 10 fold. And by 1959 There were 50 million sets in America. That was 50 million reasons why you could stay at home and not go to a movie. The motion picture industry was not going to sit idly by and lose their audiences without a fight. They had to challenge this new threat of television. They wanted to get back as much of their audience as possible. The first thing the studio's did was to boycott television. They decided not to rent their movies to the television networks. They also said that none of their actors or stars could appear on TV. If you wanted to see a famous movie star you would have to go to a theater to see them. The Hollywood Studios quickly realized that in the early days of television, it was only being broadcast in black and white. There were no color television sets. They felt they had to offer something different than what people could see for free on television. So the motion picture studio started to produce more color films. Next, the studios took a look at the format of television is called a four by three ratio. It's almost a square picture. This is roughly what the motion picture looked like. During the early days. It was a similar aspect ratio to the TV picture. The film industry felt they had to offer a format that was different. Hollywood technicians came up with a new presentation called cinema scope. It was a much wider aspect ratio and audiences were very intrigued cinema scope and the other widescreen formats enticed moviegoers to get off of their couches, leave their TV sets and come back into the movie theaters to see widescreen color movies. Hollywood technicians also tried something called Cinerama. This was a three projector presentation. If you were to Cinerama theater, you would see the screen would wrap around the audience. Well, it worked. It did attract people back into the movie theaters. There was a problem, however, was Cinerama. You could not show Cinerama films in a regular theater. You had to have specially built theaters that can handle the free projector environment. So it was mainly the large cities that had Cinerama theatres. Today's IMAX theaters are somewhat similar to the idea of Cinerama. One technology that most every theater could adapt to during the 1950s was 3d. Yes, 3d actually started that early. This presentation had images appearing to jump off the screen and into the audience. 3d movies were somewhat popular and helped to get people out of their houses and back into movie theaters. Not unlike recent attempts by filmmakers to entice audiences with today's 3d. Another technical innovation that theaters could offer that early TV could not was stereophonic sound, two channels of sound. This was another device that movie goers found worth the price of admission. Of course today we have a much more sophisticated and advanced sound in theatres. Another things to use used was called the large budget historical epic films like Ben Hur. 1959 employed some 15,000 extras and costs 12 and a half million dollars to make a staggering amount of money for the time. There was no way television could afford to compete with that. The investment was worth it as Ben Hur brought in $40 million at the box office making it the highest grossing film at the time. During the 1960s and 70s, there was what was called a sexual revolution in the US. Producers responded, films like Bob and Carol and Ted and Alice dealt with this kind of graphic subject in a way that television would not be allowed to do. Hollywood Studios saw that there was an audience for these films and understood that they would bring audiences back into the theaters. Last week, we talked about the graphic violence in the movie Bonnie and Clyde. This degree of violence was something you would not be able to see on television. Hollywood gave audiences what they wanted and movie goers flocked to the theaters to see the subject matter. When the radiant system came into effect, Hollywood filmmakers realize they could put almost anything they wanted in their movies, as long as it had the correct rating. Using the rating system as a pretense, Hollywood filmmakers became emboldened by their new freedom. The kind of films they would now make are edgier. And more controversial, as they push the boundaries of sex and violence. Using color movies, cinema scope, 3d Cinerama stereophonic sound large budgets to TV couldn't compete with historical epics, anti war subjects, sex, violence and controversial films made possible by the rating system. The industry fought back and did bring audiences back into theaters

We say that with the Godfather in 1972, the Hollywood Renaissance or rebirth was complete as the Godfather became the all time box office champ. All the efforts the industry had used for so many years finally succeeded in getting their audiences back into the movie theaters. The person who deserves a lot of credit for the success of The Godfather was the young filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola. He directed the movie and also co wrote the screenplay. These are some of the other films Coppola has directed since that original godfather. Here's a picture of Coppola. As a baby with his mother and father. As a young boy Coppola unfortunately contracted polio and very serious disease that could be fatal. Because of this illness. He was bedridden for almost a year. During this time, he was not allowed contact with any other children because polio was such a contagious disease. alone in his bedroom, he had a television 16 millimeter film projector tape recorder and some puppets. It was during this time he became interested in entertainment Copalis father Carmine was a composer and musician. At one point Carmine was playing in the Detroit Symphony Orchestra, and also the official musical arranger for a television show called a Ford Sunday evening hour. This by the way, is where the Ford comes from, and Francis Ford Coppola. Once Francis recovered, he began regularly going to the movies while living in New York. He often attended matinees with his brother, a goosed. They were not just entertained by the films they saw, but study them to where they could regularly predict the plots. Coppola graduated from New York's Hofstra University in 1959, earning a BA in theater arts. While attending Hofstra hopefully became a multi award winning college theater director is interesting to lie mainly in the theater until he saw the Russian filmmaker Sergei Eisenstein's 1927 film October 10 days that shook the world. He later said of the film on Monday I was in a theater and on Tuesday, I wanted to be a filmmaker with Einsteins film as inspiration Coppola came out to California and enter the UCLA Film School. Possessing enormous energy Coppola found the limited equipment at UCLA only a small hurdle for in only his third week he had managed to start production on a film while most of the other students were only talking about them. But the one thing that really set Coppola apart from fellow students with an ability to write movie screen. While at UCLA Coppola got a job working as an assistant to film producer Roger Corman. Carmen was known for his low budget exploitation films and for hiring lots of college students save money on salaries. At one point, Corman gave Coppola an opportunity to write subtitles for a Russian language science fiction film the corpsman had purchased for distribution in the US not only did Coppola complete that task, but he also shot some new scenes transforming the film into a monster feature. It seems Francis told corpsman that he understood Russian and could do the translation. The truth was, he didn't understand Russian at all, and simply watch the film on an editing machine, while making up the dialogue to match what he thought to be taking place in each scene. When corpsman found out the Coppola had lied and did not know Russian at all, instead of firing him. He actually was so impressed with the nerve of this college student that he actually promoted him to become a writer director. Francis who started writing and his teams found the one thing he was best at at UCLA was screenwriting after entering and winning this Daniel golden award for his screenplay. tilma Telmo he was offered a job as a contract writer at a major studio. As a result, he left Corman's company and found himself working for one of the major studios in Hollywood, Warner Brothers. Started out as a writer Coppola eventually rose to the position he wanted that of director. Here he is directing the musical Fenians rainbow starring well known actor dancer, Fred Astaire. Because the popularity of musical films was diminishing, fewer people were going to them, the film was only a minor success. Sensing that Fenians rainbow was not going to be well received at the box office, Francis concocted a scheme in order to force Warner Brothers to finance his future projects. To do this, Coppola spread rumors around the studio that he was working on a secret project. Fearing he had some grand film in the works. Warner Brothers agreed to fund five of his future projects without even seeing a single script. Coppola then stun the studio with a demand

Coppola told Warner Brothers that instead of making his films in Hollywood, he was moving to San Francisco and would use Warner Brothers money to start his own production company. He set up his operations in an old commercial building in downtown San Francisco, and started a production company called American zoetrope. You see here Coppola on the right, holding a zoetrope. We talked about this in class to this optical device from the 19th century helped lead to the discovery of film. Well, the idea was to enlist a group of talented young filmmakers who would make the next generation of films away from the influence of Hollywood. One of these young filmmakers right out of college would eventually become one of the world's most well known and wealthy individuals. It was the future creator of Star Wars, George Lucas, who graduated from USC and had followed Coppola up to San Francisco. Lucas was picked to direct the first film for Coppola is American zoetrope, it was called Thx 1138 a futuristic tale of a robot like society where sex is forbidden and everyone looks the same. This was part of the five picture deal with Warner Brothers, and there was a lot of pressure on Lucas to deliver a winner. It did not go as planned and disaster struck. Unfortunately for Lucas, an American zoetrope when the film was shown to Warner Brothers executives, they hated it. In fact, after seeing the film, they terminated their deal with Coppola. The decision killed the dreams of the young filmmakers, Coppola had gathered together in San Francisco. In fact, Warner Brothers wanted all their money back to the tune of $600,000. So with a disaster of George Lucas, his first directing effort came bankruptcy. A couple of zoetrope. With most of the employees gone, Coppola and Lucas left to lick their wounds and contemplate their future as filmmakers on the bright side, Coppola was soon to win an Oscar for a screenplay for a film called patent. This helped to further his reputation in Hollywood as an excellent screenwriter, but it didn't solve the problem of the money he owed Warner Brothers one day Coppola got a call from another major studio, Paramount Studios and scene they were looking for a director for a future project. They had tried unsuccessfully to hire 12 Other directors, but they were turned down by all of them, as they were not interested in Paramount's project. Coppola became their 13th choice. The Future project was to be a movie made from a novel not yet published, yet called The Godfather written by Mario Puzo. It seems at the time gangster films are out of favor, and the few that recently had been made at all lost money. moment when Coppola arrived in Hollywood to discuss the project, he found that Paramount executives already had ideas as to who should play the major roles for the major part of Vito Corleone, the godfather. They wanted a recent Academy Award winner George C. Scott Coppola didn't like that choice. For Sonny Corleone, the older son of The Godfather and a playboy, who better for Sonny Corleone, the older son of The Godfather, and a playboy, who better to play that part than the most notorious Playboy in Hollywood. Warren Beatty. Coppola disagreed for the important role of Michael Corleone who would eventually inherit the family's business Paramount suggested the already proven megastar Robert Redford. Once again, Coppola disagreed. Coppola had different ideas, ideas that seem to studio executives to be quite unusual. To the shock and dismay of Paramount executives. Coppola had the nerve to suggest washed up actor Marlon Brando to play the pivotal role of Vito Corleone, the godfather. Executives acknowledge that in his youth, as box office gold but over the years, he became a troublemaker and causing problems for studio executives. In fact, because of his problems and recent lackluster career, he was tagged with a nickname burnt out Brando. Coppola was told under no circumstances was he to consider using him for the important role of Michael, who would eventually inherit the crime family business, instead of the very popular actor Robert Redford Coppola suggested Al Pacino, an actor they'd only been in one film before, a little known actor of diminutive stature, executives commented that he didn't look anything like the leading man of the time. Another choice that was question was the role of Connie Corleone, the only daughter The Godfather scene here in her wedding gown. Coppola decided to cast his own sister Talia Shire in that part. And then there was Copeland's choice of his father Carmine to work on the film's musical score. To cope with credit and persistence, he was able to get the cast that he wanted as paramount eventually relented and agreed to all of his choices. Before the film went into production, the novel was released, it immediately became a big national bestseller. Paramount suddenly felt that they had to produce a winner with this film considering all the success of the book. In order to support their youthful director. The studio decided to surround him with outstanding veteran crew. The crew was headed up by Gordon Willis, the director of photography, he was the opposite of Coppola. A great reputation old school proven successful. The two at first clashed as well as seemed to question Copalis every decision, things got so bad on the set, that at one point the two seemed destined actually to come to blows after James Caan was eventually cast as the older son, Sonny Corleone, out enough of the unpleasant atmosphere on the set, known as somewhat of a prankster. He decided during one of the bitter arguments between Coppola and Willis to drop his pants and Moon the crew exposing his bear but at this point, everyone broke up in laughter. In fact, for the rest of the shooting of the film, crew members would Moon each other if things got tense, and even Marlon Brando got into the act. Anyway, cons prank defuse the poisonous atmosphere on the set and help create a workable atmosphere for the production what would become one of the greatest films of all time?