Test 2 for Leading Orgs

According to Stanley Milgram's experiments on obedience, ordinary people could be induced to perform inhumane acts simply by the presence of an authority figure.

TRUE

According to The Boy Scout Laws, a Scout works to pay his way and to help others and saves for unforeseen needs.

TRUE

Author and educator John Gardner states that leaders should not be judged solely in terms of decisiveness and efficiency but, more importantly, on the basis of values and moral reasoning.

TRUE

Courage is the virtue that underlies and gives reality to all other values and is the basis for moral worth and dignity.

TRUE

Ethical climate refers to the moral standards that have been consistently and clearly communicated, embraced, and enforced in an organization, especially by leaders in both word and conduct.

TRUE

Ethical problems common to the workplace are issues of quality, safety, property, and human relationships.

TRUE

In every field—science, art, government, business, service, religion—the highest level of leadership is full-swing.

TRUE

Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527) argued for winning and retaining power in a world containing extensive political factionalism and lust for dominion.

TRUE

People find it difficult to forgive a leader who is immoral and nonprincipled.

TRUE

Religious ethics is based on a theistic understanding of the world.

TRUE

St. Augustine (354-430) believed that if people allow themselves through faith to be drawn to God, they will overcome their basic immoral nature and eventually be reconciled in the city of God in heaven.

TRUE

Thomas Aquinas (1224-1274) integrated the philosophy of Aristotle with Christian theology and taught that all people are endowed with a natural desire to be good.

TRUE

Which of the following three passions, simple but overwhelmingly strong, have governed Bertrand Russell's life?

The longing for love, the search for knowledge, and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind

Which of the following statements is true about the economic person?

This person wants education to be practical and regards unapplied knowledge as wasteful.

Originally, the Greek word ethos meant

a dwelling place

The English philosopher John Locke viewed a newborn child as a "tabula rasa", or a(n)

blank tablet

associations, books, and self-concept

influences on character formation

The quality of doing the right thing for the right reason even in the face of adversity and personal loss is called ________.

integrity

Guidelines for work ethics identified by Rotary International include all of the following questions EXCEPT

is it legal?

The instrumental and enabling values of the U.S. Army are loyalty, duty, respect, selfless service, honor, integrity, and

personal courage

In the context of the three ethical climates, identify a true statement about the trusteeship climate.

An organization behaves to conform to the expectations of others and to satisfy higher authorities.

According to psychologist Jean Piaget, which of the following is the unifying factor in adult societies?

Heteronomy

Which of the following statements is true about ethics?

It is the study of moral judgments and right and wrong conduct.

In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, which of the following statements is true about Level III, stage 6?

Morality is seen as superseding the majority view or the prescriptions of authority.

Identify the three core values of IBM.

Respecting the individual, giving the best customer service possible, and performing every job with excellence

Identify a true statement about the theoretical person

The primary interest of this person is the discovery of truth.

Which of the following statements is most likely true about pragmatists?

They maintain that what is true must be based on evidence.

The three most important influences on character formation are

associations (family and friends), books (and other media), and self-concept.

Social learning theory supports the importance of the ________ of leaders in moral dilemmas

behavior

The German philosopher Immanuel Kant

believed that if an individual acts from a good motive and a sense of duty, the act is good regardless of the consequences

The Girl Scout Law includes all of the following EXCEPT

cheerfulness

According to Leon Wieseltier, Americans are

choking on identities

full-swing values

concept used to describe the strength of one's values

According to philosopher-psychologist Rollo May, ________ is the foundation that underlies and gives reality to all other virtues and personal values.

courage

Character and leading by values require

courage

courage

courage

Social psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg explains that each person makes ethical decisions according to three distinct levels of moral

development

Moral dilemmas often involve choosing between two "rights" or "goods." Rushworth Kidder identifies three mind-sets for addressing moral dilemmas, which are

ends-based thinking, rule-based thinking, and care-based thinking.

preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

levels of moral development

The older community passes on ethics to young people through

modeling and socialization

Is it the truth? Is it fair to all concerned? Will it build goodwill? Will it be beneficial to all concerned?

most influential guidelines for ethics at work comes from Rotary International

Stanley Milgram's social research showed that

ordinary people can be induced to perform inhumane acts.

According to the philosopher Plato and his allegory of the cave, ________.

philosophers who understood the form of the good should rule as kings

According to The Boy Scout Laws, a scout is all of the following EXCEPT

practical

The Green Apron Book, a pocket-size job-aid that describes partner (employee) "ways of being" in order to be successful includes all of the following EXCEPT to be

punctual

In dealing with moral dilemmas regarding people, products, prices, and profits, organizations typically reflect one of three ethical climates, which are

quality-of-life management, profit maximizing, and trusteeship.

In contrast to the political type, the social person ________.

regards love as the most suitable form of human relationship

Ethics has both ________ and ________ roots.

religious; secular

a leader's actions

set the standard for people's behavior toward one another and for performance on the job

Full-swing values is a concept used to describe the ________.

strength of our values

moral judgments and right and wrong conduct

the basis of ethics

honesty, respect, service, excellence, integrity

values mentioned most often in the American workplace

Regarding moral behavior, which of the following statements was written by Thomas Jefferson?

"In matters of style, swim with the currents; in matters of principle, stand like a rock."

Recent replication of the Milgram experiments show that approximately ________ percent of both men and women will follow morally offensive orders of complete strangers who they believe occupy a position of authority.

75

Identify the area in which a comprehensive code of ethics for an organization includes guidelines

All of these

Identify the red flags that help an organization assess if it needs to clarify or reinforce its values.

All of these

In the context of the three ethical climates, identify a true statement about the profit-maximizing climate.

An organization's focus is on self-gain and avoidance of punishment.

In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, identify the major determinant of behavior at Level II, stage 3

Approval of others

In 1727, ________ formed the ________, a forerunner of modern-day civic clubs. His own values included ________, ________, and ________.

Benjamin Franklin; Junto; justice; moderation; humility

In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, which of the following is most likely a characteristic of Level I, stage 1?

Deference to power

According to Rushworth Kidder, which of the following best describes ends-based thinking?

Doing what is best for the greatest number of people

According to Rushworth Kidder, care-based thinking is best described as doing what is best for the greatest number of people.

FALSE

According to the levels and stages of moral development, the egocentric orientation of stages 1 and 2 is characteristic of teenagers and young adults.

FALSE

Stanley Milgram's experiments on obedience found that a society that valued independent thinking and free will showed more defiance than a conservative society.

FALSE

The aesthetic person finds highest satisfaction in spiritual peace.

FALSE

With trusteeship climate, ethical conduct is based on the highest moral principles.

FALSE

The word "ethics" is derived from the ________ word ethos, referring to a person's fundamental orientation toward life.

Greek

Which of the following is the most important leadership value and is also the single most important ingredient in the leader-follower relationship?

Honesty

Identify the six instrumental values of caring leaders in every field and level of responsibility.

Honesty, consideration, responsibility, persistence, excellence, and commitment

In 1884, Mark Twain wrote The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn; this story emphasized Level ________, stage ________ of moral development.

III; 6

Which of the following statements is true about the aesthetic person?

In personal relations, this person tends toward individualism, self-sufficiency, and idealism

In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, identify the primary motive that operates at Level I, stage 2.

Individual needs

Which of the following statements is true about secular ethics?

It is based on a scientific understanding of the world.

________, former CEO of General Electric, sees management values as a primary source of

Jack Welch

In the context of leadership ethics, identify a true statement according to Ronald Heifetz.

Leadership involves the use of authority to help followers uphold important values in the workplace.

Which of the following is seen in the life and teaching of Gandhi?

Level III, stage 6 morality

________ once said, "Nonviolence is the first article of my faith."

Mohandas Gandhi

Identify the necessary ingredients of virtuous, level III, stage 6 moral leadership

Motives, means, and consequences

Which of the following factors has been viewed by many philosophers as the most universal and most fundamental of human motives?

Power

In dealing with moral dilemmas regarding people, products, prices, and profit, which of the following ethical climates are typically reflected by organizations?

Profit-maximizing, trusteeship, and quality-of-life management

Which of the following was viewed by Aristotle (384-322 BC) as the central and most significant trait distinguishing humankind from other creatures?

Rationality

In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, which of the following statements is most likely true about Level II, stage 4?

Right conduct is doing one's duty, as defined by those in authority positions.

To improve and maintain investor confidence, which of the following acts was passed by the U.S. Congress in response to a series of corporate scandals?

Sarbanes-Oxley Act in 2002

In the context of the levels and stages of moral development, identify a true statement about Level III, stage 5.

Social ethics are based on rational analysis, community discussion, and mutual consent.