Test 2 History 101
Nirvana
(in Buddhism) a transcendent state in which there is neither suffering, desire, nor sense of self, and the subject is released from the effects of karma and the cycle of death and rebirth. It represents the final goal of Buddhism.
Agora
1. a popular political assembly. 2. the place where such an assembly met, originally a marketplace or public square. 3. the Agora, the chief marketplace of Athens, center of the city's civic life.
Messiah
1. the promised deliverer of the Jewish nation prophesied in the Hebrew Bible. 2. a leader or savior of a particular group or cause.
Legion
A Roman legion (from Latin legio "military levy, conscription", from legere "to choose") was the largest unit of the Roman army involving from 3000 men in early times to over 5200 men in imperial times, consisting of centuries as the basic units. ... Legions also included a small ala or cavalry unit.
Jesus
A prophet of the first century of our era; to Christians, Jesus Christ, the son of God, a person who was both God and man, the Messiah sent by God to save the human race from the sin it inherited through the Fall of Man. The story of the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem is called the Nativity.
Alexander the Great
A ruler of Greece in the fourth century b.c. As a general, he conquered most of the ancient world, extending the civilization of Greece east to India. Alexander is said to have wept because there were no worlds left to conquer.
Four Noble Truths
All life is suffering, comes from pleasuring, follow eightfold path. The four basic principles of Buddhism: 1. Suffering is present in all things, and nothing lasts forever. 2. Suffering is caused by cravings. 3. The way to end suffering is to give up all cravings. 4. The way to give up all cravings is to life live according to the Eightfold Path.
Sparta
An ancient Greek city-state and rival of Athens. Sparta was known for its militaristic government and for its educational system designed to train children to be devoted citizens and brave soldiers. Sparta defeated Athens in the Peloponnesian War.
Aqueducts
An aqueduct is a water supply or navigable channel constructed to convey water. In modern engineering, the term is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals, tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose.
Marius & Sulla
Armies bought by the generals, not the state Both Marius and Sulla distinguished themselves commanding legionaries in this conflict, and, when it was concluded, the Senate was forced to choose one of them to command the army that would be sent against Mithradates. In light of Sulla's recent election as consul, the Senate appointed him to the command, and Marius, now nearing seventy, was furious. He appealed to the mob,[1] which turned out in his support and eventually marched on the Senate, threatening to kill Sulla.
Babylonian Captivity
Babylonian Exile, also called Babylonian Captivity, the forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the latter's conquest of the kingdom of Judah in 598/7 and 587/6 bce. The exile formally ended in 538 bce, when the Persian conqueror of Babylonia, Cyrus the Great, gave the Jews permission to return to Palestine.
Millenarianism
Belief that Jesus would return to Earth soon "the second coming" belief in the Christian doctrine of the millennium mentioned in the Book of Revelations
Eastern and Western Roman Empire
By 285 CE the Roman Empire had grown so vast that it was no longer feasible to govern all the provinces from the central seat of Rome. The Emperor Diocletian divided the empire into halves with the Eastern Empire governed out of Byzantium (later Constantinople) and the Western Empire governed from Rome.
Plebians
By the first century AD, plebeians comprised a formal class, which held its own meetings, elected its own officials and kept its own records. The term plebeian referred to all free Roman citizens who were not members of the patrician, senatorial or equestrian classes.
Athens
Capital of Greece in east-central Greece on the plain of Attica, overlooking an arm of the Mediterranean Sea. Named after its patron goddess, Athena, Athens is Greece's largest city and its cultural, administrative, and economic center.
Qin Shihuangdi
Centralized bureaucracy Bypassed nobles - takes power away from them Takes title of emperor and not King Persecuted confucian scholars, burned books the first Qin emperor who unified China, built much of the Great Wall, standardized weights and measures, and created a common currency and legal system (died 210 BC)
Chandragupta Maurya
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire and the first emperor to unify north and south west of present-day India into one state. Abdicated for Jainism Defeated the Greeks
Confucianism / Daoism / Legalism
Confucianism - Harmony of human relationships - Bureaucracy and moral order Daoism - Harmony with nature - Mysticism and idealization of nature Legalism - Harmony of well-regulated state - Brute muscle
Confucianism
Confucianism is often characterized as a system of social and ethical philosophy rather than a religion. In fact, Confucianism built on an ancient religious foundation to establish the social values, institutions, and transcendent ideals of traditional Chinese society.
Constantine
Emperor of Rome who stopped the persecution of Christians and in 324 made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire; in 330 he moved his capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (280-337)
Dharma
Ethical rules In Buddhism dharma means "cosmic law and order", but is also applied to the teachings of the Buddha. In Buddhist philosophy, dhamma/dharma is also the term for "phenomena".
Achaemenids
First Persian Empire (558 - 330 BC) Contained Medes and Persians Cyrus the Great ruled Darius the Great ruled after Cyrus Control of a large empire Falls due to the Persian wars Invaded by Alexander the Great
Guptas
Golden age for India The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire founded by Sri Gupta. The empire existed at its zenith from approximately 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian subcontinent.[1] The peace and prosperity created under the leadership of the Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors.[2][unreliable source?] This period is called the Golden Age of India[3] and was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture.[4][unreliable source?] Chandragupta I, Samudragupta, and Chandragupta II were the most notable rulers of the Gupta dynasty.
Hellenism
Hellenistic religion is any of the various systems of beliefs and practices of the people who lived under the influence of ancient Greek culture during the Hellenistic period and the Roman Empire (c. 300 BCE to 300 CE).
Cyrus the Great
In 550 B.C.E. Cyrus the Great, the leader of the Persians, conquered the Medes and united the Iranian people under one ruler for the first time. Cyrus became the first king of the Persian Empire and went on to establish one of the largest empires in world.
John the Baptist
John the Baptist, also known as John the Baptizer, was a Jewish itinerant preacher in the early first century AD. John is revered as a major religious figure in Christianity, Islam, the Bahá'í Faith, and Mandaeism
Diaspora
Led to Christian expansion the dispersion of the Jews beyond Israel. Jews living outside Israel.
Ban Zhao
Lessons for women Prescriptive literature for women, women low rank in society Bān Zhāo, courtesy name Huiban, was the first known female Chinese historian. She completed her brother Ban Gu's work on the history of the Western Han, the Book of Han. She also wrote Lessons for Women, an influential work on women's conduct.
Gospels
Matthew, Mark, Luke, John 1. the teaching or revelation of Christ. "it is the Church's mission to preach the gospel" synonyms: Christian teaching, Christian doctrine, Christ's teaching; More 2. the record of Jesus' life and teaching in the first four books of the New Testament.
Han
Often compared to Roman empire Legalist policies with confucian sesibilities 60 million people "Golden Age" imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; remembered as one of the great eras of Chinese civilization
Liu Bang
Overthrow the qin dynasty Revolt, took role of the workers Reinstitute Confucianism Contempt for top well educated people Expanded the borders Silk road trade connections start to develop was the founder and first emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning from 202 - 195 BC. He was one of the few dynasty founders in Chinese history with humble origin from the peasant class.
Pariah (Dalits)
Pariah, member of a low-caste group of Hindu India, formerly known as "untouchables" but now called Dalits street sweepers, latrine cleaners, burial ceremony
Patricians
Patrician (from Latin: patricius) is a term that originally referred to a group of ruling class families in ancient Rome.
Pax Romana
Pax Romana (Latin for "Roman peace") was the long period of relative peacefulness and minimal expansion by the Roman military force experienced by the Roman Empire after the end of the Final War of the Roman Republic and before the beginning of the Crisis of the Third Century.
Parsepolis
Persepolis is the Greek name (from perses polis for 'Persian City') for the ancient city of Parsa, located seventy miles northeast of Shiraz in present-day Iran. The name Parsa meant 'City of The Persians' and construction began at the site in 518 BCE under the rule of King Darius the Great ( who reigned 522-486 BCE).
Jainism
Rejection of castes Asceticism - self denying, everything has a soul, difficult rules Jainism is an ancient religion from India that teaches that the way to liberation and bliss is to live a life of harmlessness and renunciation. The aim of Jain life is to achieve liberation of the soul. Jainism is different to Buddhism in its ascetic beliefs. Both these religions emphasize non-violence, but non-violence is the main core in Jainism. Mahavira just like Buddha isn't the first prophet of his religion. In Jainism like Buddhism there is a belief in reincarnation which eventually leads to liberation.
Resurrection
Resurrection is the concept of a living being coming back to life after death. In a number of ancient religions, a dying-and-rising god is a deity which dies and resurrects. The death and resurrection of Jesus, an example of resurrection, is the central focus of Christianity.
Paul
Roman citizen and persecutor of Christians Miraculous conversion when met Jesus New testament and early church doctrine Paul the Apostle, commonly known as Saint Paul, and also known by his native name Saul of Tarsus was an apostle who taught the gospel of the Christ to the first century world.
Julius Ceasar
Roman general and dictator, Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power
Ashoka
Sent out monks in order to spread the idea of Buddhism Organized bureaucracy Taxes Trade, exported spices, cotton, and gemstones Built roads and irrigation system Police state, since so diverse, ruled hard. Torture Many natural resources Ashoka was an ancient Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from c. 268 to 232 BCE Converted to buddhism after very fatal war (Kalinga).
Siddhartha Gautama
Siddhartha Gautama (also known as the Buddha "the awakened one") was the leader and founder of a sect of wanderer ascetics (Sramanas), one of many sects which existed at that time all over India. This sect came to be known as Sangha, to distinguish it from other similar communities. The teachings of Siddhartha Gautama are considered the core of Buddhism: after his death, the community he founded slowly evolved into a religious-like movement which was finally established as a state religion in India by the time of Emperor Ashoka, during the 3rd century BCE.
The Warring States
The 250 years between 475 and 221 BC is called the Warring States Period because the region of the Zhou Dynasty was divided between 8 states. These states had frequent wars until 221 BC when Qin conquered them all. The fighting was sometimes fierce.
Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity holds that God is three consubstantial persons or hypostases—the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit—as "one God in three Divine Persons".
The crisis of the third century
The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (AD 235-284), was a period in which the Roman Empire nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasion, civil war, plague, and economic depression.
Delian League
The Delian League (or Athenian League) was an alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens and formed in 478 BCE to liberate eastern Greek cities from Persian rule and as a defence to possible revenge attacks from Persia following the Greek victories at Marathon, Salamis, and Plataea in the early 5th century BCE.
First Triumvirate
The First Triumvirate is a term historians use for an informal political alliance between three prominent men of the late Roman Republic: Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus - richest man in Rome.
Twelve Tablets
The Laws of the Twelve Tables, c.450 B.C. The earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code of law was the Laws of the Twelve Tables. A commission of ten men (Decemviri) was appointed (c. 455 B.C.) to draw up a code of law binding on both patrician and plebeian and which consuls would have to enforce.
Peloponnesian Wars
The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by Athens and its empire against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.
Punic Wars
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage from 264 BC to 146 BC. ... The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning "Carthaginian", with reference to the Carthaginians' Phoenician ancestry.
Republic (Rome)
The Roman Republic is the period from the (perhaps apocryphal) overthrow of the last Roman king, Lucius Tarquinius, in 509 BC by the Roman nobility until the establishment of a permanent imperial dictatorship under Augustus (Octavian) Caesar in 27 BC. Despite its republican government, the city-state, which developed into an empire during this time, maintained rigid class distinctions among nobles (patricians), commoners (plebeians), slaves, and other classes of citizens and non-citizens quite different from modern republics
Second Triumvirate
The Second Triumvirate is the name historians have given to the official political alliance of Gaius Octavius (Octavian, Caesar Augustus), Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony), and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus, formed on 27 November 43 BC with the enactment of the Lex Titia, the adoption of which is viewed as marking the end of the Roman Republic.
Satrapies
The form of government made by Darius and continued throughout the course of the Persian Empires A form of administrative government that relies on administrators under a single emperor with centralized power
Darius
The great king of Persia. He was able to become a king after a year of a civil war following the death of someone. He is responsible for the expansion of Persia. He made a province in western India and expanded Persia as far north as Macedonia.Persian ruler who brought order to the Persian Empire. He also built roads; established a postal system; and standardized weights, measures, and coinage
Romelus and Remus
The legendary founders of the city of Rome were Romulus and Remus. They were said to be the twin sons of Mars, the god of war, and Rhea Silvia, the daughter of Numitor, king of Alba Longa.
Five good Emperors
The period witnessed considerable expansion of the empire, from northern Britain to Dacia and to Arabia and Mesopotamia. The empire was consolidated, its defenses were perfected, and a tolerably uniform provincial system covered the whole area of the empire. The client states had one by one been reconstituted as provinces, and even the government of Italy had been in many respects assimilated to the provincial type. Not passed by bloodline
Legalism
The state is all important - Nation is what is important, not indivualism - Maintain strong government Focus on agriculture and military - no small armies that caused warring state period Uniform laws - based on ruler, close to dictatorship Effective, yet unpopular is one of the six classical schools of thought in Chinese philosophy that developed during the Warring States period. Grouping thinkers with an overriding concern for political reform, the Fa-Jia were crucial in laying the "intellectual and ideological foundations of the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire",[4] and remain highly influential in administration, policy and legal practice in China today.[5] Largely ignoring morality or questions on how a society ideally should function, they examined contemporary government, emphasizing a realistic consolidation of the wealth and power of autocrat and state, with the goal of achieving increased order, security and stability
Persian Wars
The wars fought between Greece and Persia in the 5th century BC, in which the Persians sought to extend their territory over the Greek world.
Daoism
The way of nature yin and yang does not contradict any other ideas, easily adapted opposite to confucianism when it comes to goals "Do less" also known as Daoism, is a religious or philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao (道, literally "Way", also romanized as Dao).
Augustus
Victorious in civil war FIrst citizen - ruled completely over Rome Emperor - for life Inherited Augustus was the founder of the Roman Principate and considered the first Roman emperor, controlling the Roman Empire from 27 BC until his death in AD 14. (Octavian)
Acropolis
a citadel or fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically built on a hill. the ancient citadel at Athens, containing the Parthenon and other notable buildings, mostly dating from the 5th century BC.
Polis
a city state in ancient Greece, especially as considered in its ideal form for philosophical purposes.
Analects
a collection of short literary or philosophical extracts.
Suttee (Sati)
a former practice in India whereby a widow threw herself onto her husband's funeral pyre.
Hinduism
a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, developed from Vedic religion.
Helots
a member of a class of serfs in ancient Sparta, intermediate in status between slaves and citizens.
Barbarians
a member of a community or tribe not belonging to one of the great civilizations (Greek, Roman, Christian).
Zoroastrianism
a monotheistic pre-Islamic religion of ancient Persia founded by Zoroaster in the 6th century BC.
Gentiles
a person who is not Jewish.
Buddhism
a religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject.
Senate
an assembly or council usually possessing high deliberative and legislative functions: such asa : the supreme council of the ancient Roman republic and empireb : the second chamber in the bicameral legislature of a major political unit (as a nation, state, or province)
Death Spiral
less money, less people willing to fight for Rome Death of Western empire when barbarians changed from emperor to king.
Ascetism
self denying is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Ascetics may withdraw from the world for their practices or continue to be part of their society, but typically adopt a frugal lifestyle, characterised by the renunciation of material possessions and physical pleasures, and time spent fasting while concentrating on the practice of religion or reflection upon spiritual matters
Qin
the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall
Crucifixion
the execution of a person by nailing or binding them to a cross. the killing of Jesus Christ by crucifixion. singular proper noun: Crucifixion; noun: the Crucifixion
The eight fold path
the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.
Sima Qian
was a Chinese historian of the Han dynasty. He is considered the father of Chinese historiography for his Records of the Grand Historian, a Jizhuanti-style (history presented in a series of biographies) general history of China, covering more than two thousand years from the Yellow Emperor to his time, during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han, a work that had much influence for centuries afterwards on history-writing not only in China, but in Korea, Japan and Vietnam as well.