Test 3

Excessive blood loss during childbirth can cause ________ anemia.

hemorrhagic

If a muscle fiber is stimulated to contract by high frequency action potentials on a motor neuron such that the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is sustained at a high level that muscle fiber would be _________.

in tetanus

If you decide you would like to run an ultramarathon of 100 miles you should do endurance training to help increase the amount of __________ fibers in your muscles.

slow twitch oxidative

Plasma is high in ______ and low in _______.

sodium : potassium

Worn out red blood cells are removed by macrophages in the __________. After removal of enough red blood cells the _________ detects a reduction in oxygen carry capacity of the blood and releases erythropoeitin. Erythropoeitin than increases red blood cell production in the ___________.

spleen : kidney : bone marrow

One of the reasons that fast twitch glycolytic muscle fibers fatigue so quickly is that:

there is a buildup of lactic acid from anaerobic glycolysis.

When a muscle is relaxing cross bridge formation does not occur because:

tropomyosin is covering the binding site for myosin on actin.

Autorythmic cells in the ________ have the fastest intrinsic firing rate of action potentials and therefore serves as the pacemaker for the heart.

SA node

The order of vessels in the vascular tree from the left ventricle of the heart back to the right atrium of the heart is:

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

Which of the following is TRUE of sympathetic activity to the SA node?

...

At the neuromuscular junction the motor neuron releases ________ which binds to _________ receptors on the motor end plate of the sarcolemma of the muscle fiber and _________ channels open depolarizing the muscle fiber.

...

During mild exercise like leisurely walking your muscle fibers will primarily use ______ from the _______ to make ATP.

...

Order the events that occur during hemostasis from first to last. 1 - blood clot formation 2 - vascular spasm 3 - platelet plug formation

2,3,1

Which of the following feature(s) of red blood cells help(s) to increase the diffusion rate of oxygen into them at the pulmonary capillaries?

A thin plasma membrane that decreases the diffusion distance for oxygen. A biconcave shape that increases the diffusion area for oxygen. The presence of hemoglobin that binds oxygen and maintains the large concentration gradient for oxygen between the alveoli and the red blood cells. Both (a) and (c). All of the above.

________ are the least abundant leukocytes in the blood and have histamine and heparin containing granules.

Basophils

Which of the following is NOT considered to be one of the five primary tastes?

Cold

Capillaries have the largest _______ of all the blood vessels and the smallest _______.

Cross sectional area : flow rate

At the beginning of a capillary bed the ____________ of the blood __________ fluid and solutes _________ the capillaries.

Hydrostatic pressure:pushes: out of

Which of the following can cause thromboembolisms?

Imbalances in the clotting - anticlotting pathways Roughened vessel surfaces associated with atherosclerosis Slow-moving blood Large amounts of tissue trauma All of the above can cause thromboembolisms.

Which of the following factors will NOT increase cardiac output?

Increased parasympathetic nervous system stimulation.

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are all four heart valves closed while the pressure in the ventricles is increasing?

Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

The plateau phase and long refractory period of cardiac contractile cells action potentials result from the opening of ________ channels in the plasma membrane of the cardiac contractile cells.

L-type calcium

Which of the following factors is MOST important in matching the blood flow to a specific tissue with the metabolic needs of that tissue?

Local changes within a tissue resulting from increased metabolic activity can produce local arteriolar vasodilation to allow more blood to flow into the tissue.

________ are immature macrophages.

Monocytes

What is the primary method by which hydrophobic materials such as oxygen, and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and surrounding tissues?

Passive diffusion across the capillary endothelial cells down their concentration gradient

Which of the following is NOT a function of plasma proteins?

Plasma proteins provide a source of readily available amino acids to be utilized by red blood cells for the synthesis of new tissue proteins.

Which of the following statements concerning platelets is INCORRECT?

Platelets are shed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow.

Which of the following is a DIFFERENCE between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Presence of gap junctions.

Which of the following equations correctly relates flow, pressure and resistance?

Pressure = Flow X Resistance

Which of the following would INCREASE the strength of a muscle's contraction?

Recruit more muscle fibers in the muscle. Recruit larger muscle fibers in the muscle. Increase the frequency of action potentials on the motor neuron innervating the muscle. Increase the amount of acetylcholine released from the motor neuron innervating the muscle. All of the above would increase the strength of a muscle's contraction.

During exercise, which organs receives the largest increase in the amount of blood delivered to it?

Skeletal muscle

Which of the following components of an ECG represents ventricular repolarization?

T Wave

When an action potential on a muscle fiber enters the _______ it causes the _______ to release calcium which starts muscle contraction.

T-tubules : sarcoplasmic reticulum

During which phase of the cardiac cycle is ventricular pressure greater than arterial pressure?

Ventricular ejection

______ is the largest constituent of blood.

Water

Which of the following is TRUE about sarcomere shortening?

When a sarcomere shortens actin is pulled toward the M line by myosin.

Arteries:

act as pressure reservoirs when the ventricles relax.

Myosin needs ATP for:

cross bridge formation, power stroke, cross bridge detachment. *all of the above

Muscle fibers need ATP for:

crossbridge formation during contraction. crossbridge detatchment during contraction and relaxation. pumping calcium back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum during relaxation. sodium potassium pumps during contraction and relaxation. *all of the above.

If you are looking at a muscle fiber under the microscope and it has a large diameter, is pale in appearance and does not seem to have any mitochondria you are looking at what type of muscle fiber?

fast twitch glycolytic

The myocardium is thickest in the _________ since it pumps blood to the ________ circuit that requires higher pressure than the ________ circuit.

left ventricle:systemic:pulmonary

B-cells produce antibodies and are a type of ______.

lymphocyte

The cellular unit of a muscle is the:

muscle fiber

During _______ the AV valves and semilunar valves are open.

non of the phases of the cardiac cycle

The slow depolarization or pacemaker potential that occurs in the hearts autorythmic cells is due to:

opening of T-type calcium channels.

The repolarization of autorythmic cells is due to:

opening of potassium channels.

The fastest way muscle fibers have for regenerating ATP is through _______.

phosphocreatine

The atrioventricular (AV) valves open when ________.

pressure inside the ventricle is less than pressure inside the atrium

During _________ the AV valves are open.

ventricular filling

In order to be smelled a substance must be:

volatile so that it enters the nasal epithelium.