Test 4 Mastering Bio
32
How many DNA molecules would there be after four rounds of PCR if the initial reaction mixture contained two molecules?
abdomen
The region of a Drosophila embryo with a low concentration of bicoid protein will develop into the _____
head
The region of a Drosophila embryo with the highest concentration of bicoid protein will develop into the _____.
diffusion
What process produces the gradient of bicoid protein in a fertilized egg?
founder effect
What situation most likely explains the occasional high frequency of certain inherited disorders among human populations established by a small population?
fertilization of the egg
What triggers the translation of bicoid mRNA?
to map all the human genes and determine the nucleotide sequence of each chromosome in the human genome
What was the ultimate goal of the Human Genome Project?
the DNA will move up the gel
What would happen if the electrodes were reverse when doing gel electrophoresis?
Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time.
When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species?
MPO
Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in white blood cell function?
A
Which of these indicates an enhancer region?
C
Which of these is reverse transcriptase?
E
Which of these is the viral genome?
A
Which of these regions is most likely to develop into the Drosophilia's head?
The ultimate source of new alleles is mutation, random changes in the nucleotide sequences of an organism's DNA.
Which statement correctly describes the role of chance in evolution?
Adaptation
Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?
Heritability
Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?
immune and circulatory
Which two body systems appear to be most involved with acute lymphoblastic leukemia?
Disruptive selection
Which type of selection tends to increase genetic variation?
The likelihood of one virus spontaneously mutating to be resistant to several different drugs at the same time is extremely small.
Why is combination drug therapy for HIV/AIDS less likely to lead to resistance than single drug therapy?
when allolactose is present, it induces the inactivation of the lac repressor
Why is the lac operon said to be an inducible operon?
promoter
is a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place
inducer
is a specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial regulatory protein and changes its shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on
Operon
is a stretch of DNA consisting of an operator, a promoter, and genes for a related set of proteins, usually making up an entire metabolic pathway
genes of an operon
is/are arranged sequentially after the promoter
metaphase 1
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _____.
GH1
Which of these genes codes for a protein that plays a role in growth?
Viruses, unlike bacteria, lack metabolic enzymes
How does a virus differ from a bacterium?
true
(true/false)All the branches that extend to zero on the timeline represent animal groups living today
False
(true/false)Cetaceans evolved before even-toed ungulates, such as deer and cows
False
(true/false)Living cetaceans share a more recent common ancestor with hippopotamuses than with extinct cetaceans.
True
(true/false)Rodhocetus went extinct approximately 40 million years ago
false
(true/false)There are only two extinct groups of cetaceans: Rodhocetus and Dorudon
He may or may not get the disease
A child is born with the mutation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Which of the following is true?
There is treatment, and it is likely to be successful
A child is diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Which of the following is true?
two-headed fly
A high concentration of bicoid protein at the opposite ends of a developing Drosophila embryo would result in the development of a _____.
corepressor
A repressible operon is on unless a ______________ is present
repressor
A(n) _____________ is a protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, this protein binds to the DNA in or near the promoter.
regulatory gene
A(n) _________________ codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes
50%
According to Mendel's law of segregation, what is the probablity that a gamete (egg or sperm) from an Rr parent carries an R allele?
genetic drift
Allele frequencies in a gene pool may shift randomly and by chance. What is this random shift called?
a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
An adaptation is __________
the host cell's DNA is destroyed
As a result of the lytic cycle, ____________
the fertilized egg
Bicoid mRNA is translated in _____.
Disruptive selection
Black-bellied seedcrackers have either small beaks (better for eating soft seeds) or large beaks (better for hard seeds). There are no seeds of intermediate hardness; therefore, which kind of selection acts on beak size in seedcrackers?
Crickets must have more noncoding DNA.
Crickets and fruit flies are both insects. Which of the following statements could explain why a certain cricket genome has eleven times as many base pairs as that of the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster?
Sickle cell disease and malaria are both potentially lethal diseases.
Compare sickle cell disease and malaria.
nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Crossing over, resulting in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between ____
provirus
Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a _____.
Extension
During which step in the PCR cycle are nucleotides used?
Annealing
During which step in the PCR cycle do primers form bonds with a single-stranded template?
ability to maintain constant internal conditions even when environmental conditions change.
Homeostasis is a living organism's
the amino acid acts as a corepressor
If a particular operon encodes enzymes for making an essential amino acid and is regulated like the trptrp operon, then
The person is susceptible to malaria. The person is homozygous at the hemoglobin locus.
If a person has two normal copies of the hemoglobin allele, which statements are true?
restriction fragments
If a restriction enzyme is combined with a piece of DNA that contains its restriction site, the result will be ____________.
The larva would be normal with one head at the anterior pole.
If bicoid mRNA is injected at the anterior end of an egg from a bicoid mutant mother, what would the phenotype of the resulting larva be?
He hypothesized that there was a connection between malaria and sickle cell disease.
In 1949, Dr. Tony Allison observed a high frequency of Kenyans carrying the sickle cell allele in coastal areas and near Lake Victoria, but a lower frequency in the highlands. What did he hypothesize?
inactivates
In an inducible operon, an inducer ____________ the repressor
active form
In an inducible operon, the repressor is synthesized in an ____________
negative ... positive
In gel electrophoresis DNA molecules migrate from _____ to _____ ends of the gel
viral DNA is replicated along with host DNA
In the lysogenic cycle _____.
Directional selection
Long necks make it easier for giraffes to reach leaves high on trees, while also making them better fighters in "neck wrestling" contests. In both cases, which kind of selection appears to have made giraffes the long-necked creatures they are today?
The sickle cell allele will decrease in frequency.
Predict what will happen to the frequency of the sickle cell allele in areas where malaria has been eradicated.
operator
Regulatory proteins bind to the ___________ to control expression of the operon
anabolic enzymes
Repressible operons usually contain genes that code for _______________
Eukaryotic genomes are larger than prokaryotic genomes.
Select the correct statement(s) about genome size and density.
Stabilizing selection
Small Aristelliger lizards have difficulty defending territories, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which kind of selection acts on the adult body size of these lizards?
a test for the presence of cells that contain DNA
Suppose you were in charge of sending an unmanned space probe to a new planet in search of life. The probe would be able to collect and test samples and make observations, but the planet is too far away for the probe to be able to bring samples back to Earth. The probe is small and would only be able to run a few tests, so you want to pick a test for evidence of life that is broad enough to incorporate all forms of life as we know it. Which one of the following tests would be the best to use in this situation?
egg-polarity
The bicoid gene is a type of _____ gene.
nurse cells
The bicoid gene is transcribed by _____
the establishment of the anterior-posterior axis
The bicoid gene product is directly responsible for _____ in a developing Drosophila embryo.
the population size is small
The evolutionary effects of genetic drift are greatest when _________
X chromosome inactivation in the embryo is random and produces different patterns
The first cloned cat, called Carbon Copy, was a calico, but she looked significantly different from her female parent. Which of the following best explains the reason for the differences?
q arm
The gene that codes for gastrin is located on the _____ of chromosome 1
single stranded RNA
The genetic material of HIV consists of ____
rupture of the bacterium
The lytic cycle of bacteriophage infection ends with the _________
mutation
The original source of all genetic variation is __________.
viral protein coat
The pointer is indicating the _____
-ACGT
The sticky end of the DNA restriction fragment shown here will pair with a DNA restriction fragment with the sticky end _____
sticky ends
The unpaired nucleotides produced by the action of restriction enzymes are referred to as ____
starting DNA; target DNA
To create a molecule of recombinant DNA, which of the following is cut with a restriction enzyme?
True
True or False? Pattern formation refers to events that organize embryonic cells in space
True
True or false? Comparison of the sequences of the same gene across species can give some insight into the existence of a common ancestor with that gene.
false
True or false? Heterozygote advantage refers to the tendency for heterozygous individuals to have better fitness than homozygous individuals. This higher fitness results in less genetic variation in the population.
False
True or false? The Taq enzyme is a type of DNA polymerase that allows researchers to separate the DNA strands during the annealing step of the PCR cycle without destroying the polymerase.
not alive because they are not made of cells and require a host cell for reproduction.
Viruses are
the set of proteins present within a cell or tissue type
What can proteomics reveal that genomics cannot?
Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals
What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand?
land-dwelling mammals
What do DNA evidence and the fossil record indicate are the ancestors of the living cetaceans, the mammalian group that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises?
lysogenic cycle
What does this show?
lytic cycle
What does this show?
reverse transcriptase
What enzyme allows a retrovirus to make DNA from an RNA template?
Whether the gene is methylated.
What information can not be obtained from the sequence of a gene?
It catalyzes the formation of DNA from an RNA template
What is the function of reverse transcriptase?
A method to amplify a fragment of DNA
What is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
host cell membrane
What is the source of a viral envelope?
Fertilized egg
Where is bicoid mRNA translated?
Abdomen
Which body part develops in regions with a low concentration of Bicoid protein?
sequencing DNA from a community of species from the same ecosystem
Which of the following best describes metagenomics?
cell membrane
Which of the following can be found in bacteria, but not viruses?
creating energy
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things?
Antenna
Which of the following is not a body segment of the fruit fly embryo?
A cow that produces a large quantity of milk
Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?
Offspring will show a mutant phenotype if the mother has a mutant genotype
Which of the following statements about a gene that shows maternal effect inheritance is true?
Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others.
Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
The Bicoid protein is a regulatory transcription factor.
Which of the following statements about the Bicoid protein is true?
The widespread use of antibiotics has led to resistant strains of viruses.
Which of the following statements about viruses is FALSE?
Embryonic stem cells can give rise to all cell types in the organism, and adult stem cells cannot
Which of the following statements correctly describes one of the main differences between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells?
E
Which of these DNA molecules is the shortest?
A
Which of these binds to receptor molecules on the host cell membrane?
C and D
Which of these directly bind(s) to the promoter?
The conservation of "junk DNA" sequences in diverse genomes suggests that they have important functions.
Why is the outdated term "junk DNA" a misnomer for noncoding regions of the human genome?
Stabilizing selection
Women often have complications during labor while giving birth to very large babies, whereas very small babies tend to be underdeveloped. Which kind of selection is most likely at work regarding the birth weight of babies?
Cytokinesis
You are a researcher at a pharmaceutical company working on drug development. You develop a drug that will prevent the second mutation that leads to acute lymphoblastic leukemia. What are you targeting?
Activators
_____ bind(s) to DNA enhancer region
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
bind to complementary sequences in mRNA and block its translation
Piwi-associated RNAs (piRNAs)
reestablish appropriate methylation patterns in the genome during gamete formation
involved in the regulation of the cell cycle
the TP53 gene of chromosome 17 codes for a protein _____
Phosphate group
which part of a dna nucleotide contains a negative charge?