Test 4 Review

Polydipsia

. This symptom of diabetes can result in electrolyte imbalances and dehydration.

Blood sugar

70-110 mg/dl is normal for what?

High density lipids

>35% mg/dl of this is cardioprotective. What is is?

Check glucose level before, during, and after swimming- The change in exercise will affect blood glucose, and the patient will need to monitor glucose carefully to determine the need for changes in diet and insulin administration. Because exercise tends to decrease blood glucose, patients are advised to eat before exercising. Increasing the morning NPH or timing the insulin to peak during exercise may lead to hypoglycemia, especially with the increased exercise.

A 38 year-old client who has type 1 diabetes plans to swim laps daily at 1:00 PM. The clinic nurse will plan to teach the patient to: -Check glucose level before, during, and after swimming -Delay eating the noon meal until after the swimming class -Increase the morning dose of neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin -Time the morning insulin injection so that the peak occurs while swimming

16-20 hours-NPH duration is 16-20 hours

A bedtime snack is provided for Albert. This is based on the knowledge that intermediate-acting insulins are effective for an approximate duration of: -6-8 hours -10-14 hours -16-20 hours -24-28 hours

Intravenous Fluids containing 5% dextrose-During management of DKA, when the blood glucose level falls to 250 to 300 mg/dL, the infusion rate is reduced and 5% dextrose is added to maintain a blood glucose level of about 250 mg/dL, or until the client recovers from ketosis. NPH insulin is not used to treat DKA. Fifty percent dextrose is used to treat hypoglycemia. Pheytoin (Dilantin) is not a usual treatment measure for DKA.

A client is admitted to a hospital with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). The initial blood glucose level was 950 mg/dL. A continuous intravenous infusion of regular insulin is initiated, along with intravenous rehydration with normal saline. The serum glucose level is now 240 mg/dL. The nurse would next prepare to administer which of the following? -Ample of 50% dextrose -NPH insulin subcutaneously -Intravenous Fluids containing 5% dextrose -Phenytoin (Dilantin for the prevention of seizures)

6-10 hours after administration-NPH peak is 6-10 hours

A client is taking NPH insulin daily every morning. The nurse instructs the client that the most likely time for hypoglycemic reaction to occur is: -2-4 hours after administration -6-10 hours after administration -16-18 hours after administration -18-24 hours after administration

Elevated blood glucose level and low plasma bicarbonate-In diabetic acidosis the arterial pH is less than 7.35. Plasma bicarbonate is less than 15mEq/L, and the blood glucose level is higher that 250mg/dl and ketones are present in the blood and urine. The client would be experiencing polyuria, and Kussmauls respirations would be present. A comatose state may occur if DKA is not treated, but coma would not confirm the diagnosis

A client with a diagnosis of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is being treated in the ER. Which finding would a nurse expect to note as confirming this diagnosis? -Elevated blood glucose level and low plasma bicarbonate -Decreased urine output -Increased respiration and an increase in pH -Comatose state

Prednisone (Deltasone)-Prednisone may decrease the effect of oral hypoglycemics, insulin, diuretics, and potassium supplements.

A client with diabetes mellitus visits a health care clinic. The client's diabetes previously had been well controlled with glyburide (Diabeta), 5 mg PO daily, but recently the fasting blood glucose has been running 180-220 mg/dL. Which medication, if added to the clients' regimen, may have contributed to the hyperglycemia? -Prednisone (Deltasone) -Atenolol (Tenormin) -Phenelzine (Nardil) -Allopurinol (Zyloprim)

Administer the insulin as ordered- A value of 258mg/dl is above the expected range of 70-105 mg/dl; the nurse should administer the insulin as ordered.

A client with type 1 DM has a fingerstick glucose level of 258mg/dL at bedtime. An order for sliding scale insulin exists. The nurse should: -Call the physician -Encourage the intake of fluids -Administer the insulin as ordered -Give the client ½ cup of OJ

Continue taking anti-hypertensives as prescribed

A client with type 2 DM asks "What can I do to prevent cardiovascular problems?" The most appropriate response is what? -Maintain a Hg AIC of 8% -Keep cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dl -Continue taking anti-hypertensives as prescribed -Continue to take your insulin as prescribed

Administer 50% dextrose IV per protocol.- The patient is experiencing signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia- Dextrose is the treatment for hypoglycemia and should be ordered PRN on diabetic patients.

A diabetic patient has the following presentation: unresponsive to voice or touch, tachycardia, diaphoresis, and pallor. Which of the following actions by the healthcare provider is the priority? -Send blood to the lab for analysis. -Administer oxygen via nasal cannula. -Administer 50% dextrose IV per protocol. -Administer the prescription insulin.

Administer regular insulin intravenously-lack (absolute or relative) of insulin is the primary cause of DKA. Treatment consists of insulin administration (regular insulin), IV fluid administration (normal saline initially), and potassium replacement, followed by correcting acidosis. Applying an electrocardiogram monitor is not a priority action.

A nurse is caring for a client admitted to the ER with DKA. In the acute phase the priority nursing action is to prepare to: -Administer regular insulin intravenously -Administer 5% dextrose intravenously -Correct the acidosis -Apply an electrocardiogram monitor

Myopia (nearsightedness)

A nurse is caring for a patient with a detached retina. The patient is anxious and asks why this happened. The nurse knows the patient was a risk due to what? -Myopia -Presbycusis -Photophobia -Diabetes

Temperature- An elevated temperature may indicate infection. Infection is a leading cause of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome or diabetic ketoacidosis.

A nurse performs a physical assessment on a client with type 2 DM. Findings include a fasting blood glucose of 120mg/dL, temperature of 101, pulse of 88, respirations of 22, and BP of 140/84. Which finding would be of most concern of the nurse? -Pulse -BP -Respiration -Temperature

I will notify my physician if my blood glucose level is higher than 250 mg/dL- During illness, the client should monitor blood glucose levels and should notify the physician if the level is higher than 250 mg/dL. Insulin should never be stopped. In fact, insulin may need to be increased during times of illness. Doses should not be adjusted without the physician's advice and are usually adjusted based on blood glucose levels, not urinary glucose readings.

A nurse provides instructions to a client newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The nurse recognizes accurate understating of measures to prevent diabetic ketoacidosis is when the client states: -I will stop taking my insulin if I'm too sick to eat -I will decrease my insulin dose during times of illness -I will adjust my insulin dose according to the level of glucose in my urine -I will notify my physician if my blood glucose level is higher than 250 mg/dL

insulin resistance

A pathologic condition in which cells fail to respond to normally to insulin

-Diagnosed with hypothyroidism -Drinks a six-pack of beer per day -Employed as a computer operator

A patient comes into the office complaining of numbness and tingling of his feet and hands. Which of the following findings could contribute to the patient's symptoms? SATA -Stands on a concrete floor all day at work -Diagnosed with hypothyroidism -Drinks a six-pack of beer per day -Employed as a computer operator -Plays tennis every weekend

Stress-related states such as infections increase risk of hyperglycemia- Diabetic patients will often times be ordered a sliding scale insulin protocol while hospitalized in order to treat the elevated blood sugar levels related to infection or the acute process that is occurring. This does not mean they will have to continue insulin injections once they are discharged.

A patient diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus is admitted to the medical unit with pneumonia. The patient's oral antidiabetic medication has been discontinued and the patient is now receiving insulin for glucose control. Which of the following statements best explains the rationale for this change in medication? -Stress-related states such as infections increase risk of hyperglycemia -Infection has compromised beta cell function so the patient will need insulin from now on -Insulin administration will help prevent hypoglycemia during the illness -Acute illnesses like pneumonia will cause increased insulin resistance

Avoid sunlight and bright light for 5 days post procedure

A patient received verteporfin treatment for macular degeneration. Which of the following needs to be included in the discharge instructions? -Use artificial tears to keep the eye moist -Do not lift objects > 20 pounds x 4 weeks -Wear an eye shield at night -Avoid sunlight and bright light for 5 days post procedure

systemic absorption; punctal occlusion

A patient taking beta blocker opthalmic drops for glaucoma present with decreased blood pressure, this may be due to ___ and the patient should be taught ___.

macular degeneration

A patient that states "I can read better if i look to the left" may be showing signs of __

Take the normal dose of insulin

A recently diagnosed client with insulin-dependent DM is sick and calls asking for advice. The nurse Instructs the patient to do what? -Double the amount of insulin -Hold the insulin for today -Take the normal dose of insulin -Wait until the BG is > 450 to take insulin

Reduced sweat gland activity: thinning and drying of the skin lining the ear canal

After performing an assessment and determining that there are no other causes, the nurse concludes that the older adult's recent hearing loss in one ear may be from cerumen accumulation for age-related changes. The nurse's conclusion was based on which age-related changes that contribute to the cerumen accumulation? -Reduced sweat gland activity: thinning and drying of the skin lining the ear canal -Ossibicular bone calcification: Longer and thicker hair growth in the ear canal -Degenerative structural changes of the eardrum preventing cerumen passage -Over-activity of the sweat glands contributing to the development of presbycusis.

1330 and 1930-NPH peak is 6-10 hours

Albert, a 35 year-old insulin dependent diabetic, is admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia. He has been febrile since admission. His daily insulin requirement is 24 units of NPH. Every morning Albert is given NPH insulin at 0730. Meals are served at 0830, 1230, and 1830. The nurse expects that the NPH insulin will reach its maximum effect (peak) between the hours of: -1130 and 1330 -1330 and 1930 -1530 and 2130 -1730 and 2330

Gives small continuous dose of regular insulin subcutaneously, and the client can self-administer a bolus with an addition dosage from the pump before each meal.-An insulin pump provides a small continuous dose of regular insulin subcutaneously throughout the day and night, and the client can self-administer a bolus with additional dosage from the pump before each meal as needed. Regular insulin is used in an insulin pump. An external pump is not attached surgically to the pancreas.

An external insulin pump is prescribed for a client with DM. The client ask the nurse about the functioning of the pump. The nurse bases the response on the information that the pump: -Gives small continuous dose of regular insulin subcutaneously, and the client can self-administer a bolus with an addition dosage from the pump before each meal. -Is timed to release programmed doses of regular or NPH insulin into the bloodstream at specific intervals. -Is surgically attached to the pancreas and infuses regular insulin into the pancreas, which in turn releases the insulin into the blood stream. -Continuously infuses small amounts of NPH insulin into the bloodstream while regularly monitoring blood glucose levels.

check blood sugar

Before exercising, a diabetic should do what?

yellow; blue; white

Beta Blocker opthalmic drops for glaucoma usually have a ___ or ___ top. Regular eyedrops have a __ top.

polydipsia

Can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Can lead to CV problems; ESRD; blindness; non—traumatic amputations; costs $174B in lost productivity and care/yr

beta cells

Cells that produce insulin

Hypoglycemia-Type 1 diabetics do not make enough insulin therefore HYPERglycemia would be more likely To occur, not HYPOglycemia

Clinical manifestation associated with a diagnosis of type 1 DM include all of the following except: -Hypoglycemia -Hyponatermia -Ketonuria -Polyphagia

polyphagia

Decreased energy production is responsible for this

Wear sunglasses during the day and an eye shield at night

Fred has undergone an introacular lens implant and is being discharged home. Which discharge instructions should the nurse discuss with the client? -Do not push or pull objects heavier than 50 pounds -Have the client lie on the affected side with two pillows at night -Wear sunglasses during the day and an eye shield at night -Bend and stoop carefully when picking up objects.

glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C)

Gives a 3 month "picture" of blood glucose levels

Type II DM

Gradual onset

polyuria

Increased UOP due to hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia

Increased doses of diabetic medications may result in what?

NPH insulin

Insulin that peaks in 6-10 hours

Lispro (Humalog)

Insulin with 5-15 minute onset

1

Ketosis is more common for Type __ Diabetes

obesity

Most significant risk factor for Type 2 DM

4-6 hours after receiving insulin

Mrs. Franklin received 16 units of NPH insulin this morning at 0800. When would she be at greatest risk for developing hypoglycemia? -10-12 hours after receiving insulin -30 minutes-1 hour after receiving insulin -1 hour before receiving insulin -4-6 hours after receiving insulin

High antioxidant diet

Research on patients with macular degeneration has shown that diet plays a moderate role in lessening the disease progression. What dietary changes do you anticipate will lead to improvement? -High carbohydrate diet -Low fat diet -Keto diet -High antioxidant diet

pancreatic hormones

Responsible for metabolism and cellular utilization of carbs, proteins, & fats

Novolin R, Humulin R

Short-acting insulin with duration of effect that lasts 5-7 hours

Type 1 DM onset

Sudden onset

True- you can have hyperglycemia from hospitalization (stress/ fight or flight)

T/F A person that has high blood sugar is not always Diabetic.

True - has rapid onset (95% have genetic markers)

T/F Type 1 diabetes is normal to underweight children

Corticosteroid use

The FRAX assessment is a tool that includes questions that estimate an individual's fracture risk. Which of the following are included in the questions? -Calcium consumption -Alcohol consumption -Corticosteroid use -Specific gender

Regular-this patient needs a fast acting insulin

The blood glucose of a patient who is newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes mellitus has a blood glucose level of 340mg/dL. Which type of insulin prescribed for the patient is appropriate to administer at this time? -NPH + regular (70/30) -NPH -Regular -Glargine

Growth of abnormal blood vessels in the macula has occurred. ("tangled web" vessels that tend to leak)

The client tells the nurse about being diagnosed with "wet type" macular degeneration. Which finding should the nurse expect to observe when examining the client's eyes using an ophthalmoscope? -Growth of abnormal blood vessels in the macula has occurred. -Structures in the macula have atrophied. -The lens of the eye has become cloudy. -The edge of the cornea has a thin grayish arc.

1.5 mL (100units in 100m:= 1 unit per mL)

The client with DM is to receive insulin IV at 1.5 units per hour. The insulin bag contains 100 units of regular insulin in 100 mL of NS. The nurse should set the infusion pump to deliver how many mLs per hours? Round to the nearest tenth. -0.15 mL -15 mL -1.5 mL -10 mL

Difficulty seeing in dimly lit environments Visual distortions in the central vision

The client with macular degeneration is told the condition is progressing to an advanced stage. Which findings should the nurse expect when completing the assessment? SATA -Curtain appearance over part of the visual field -Loss of peripheral vision in the affected eye -Difficulty seeing in dimly lit environments -Visual distortions in the central vision -Clouding of the lens in both eyes

-Use a white board and a black marker when writing out lists. -Place Velcro tabs on wall light switches to ease locating them. -Ensure that doorknobs on the doors are a bright contrasting color.

The client with severely diminished vision has difficulty with visual discrimination. Which interventions should the nurse recommend to improve the client's sight in the home environment? SATA -Ensure that all room walls are painted with colors that blend. -Use a white board and a black marker when writing out lists. -Place Velcro tabs on wall light switches to ease locating them. -Ensure that doorknobs on the doors are a bright contrasting color. -Match the color of dished with the color of tablecloths or placemats.

Notify the prescribing HCP about the client's surgery and ask about any insulin changes.

The client with type 1 DM is scheduled for major surgery in the morning. The nurse on the night shift observes that the client's daily insulin dose remains the same as previously given. Which nursing action is most appropriate? -Do nothing; the HCP would want the client to receive the usual insulin dose prior to surgery. -Notify the prescribing HCP about the client's surgery and ask about any insulin changes. -Have the day shift nurse check a morning glucose level and, if normal, hold the insulin dose. -Give the prescribed dose of insulin since this patient's blood sugars have been stable on the amount of prescribed insulin.

Cancel cardiac rehab; blood glucose levels will increase further with exercise. (Rationale: Exercising with blood glucose levels > 250 mg/dL and ketonuria increases the secretion of glucagon, growth hormone, and catecholamines, causing the liver to release more glucose)

The client with type 2 DM is scheduled for cardiac rehab exercises. The nurse notes that the client's blood glucose level is 300 mg/dL and that the urine is positive for ketones. How should the nurse proceed? -Send the client to cardiac rehab; exercise will lower the client's glucose level. -Give insulin; send the client for exercises with a 15-gram carbohydrate snack. -Delay cardiac rehab; blood glucose levels will decrease too much with exercise. -Cancel cardiac rehab; blood glucose levels will increase further with exercise.

12:00 PM-NPH peaks at 6-10 hours

The healthcare provider administers NPH Insulin to a patient who has diabetes at 6:00 AM. When will the patient be at highest risk of experiencing hypoglycemia? -7:00 AM -8:00 AM -10:00 AM -12:00 PM

Hemoglobin A1c- measures effectiveness of treatments in blood sugar control.

The healthcare provider is assessing the glucose level of a patient with a diagnosis of diabetes. Which of these is most helpful in evaluating this patient's long-term glucose management? -Fasting blood glucose levels -Hemoglobin A1C -Urine specific gravity -The patient's food diary

Destruction of pancreatic beta cells- Type 1 diabetics do not produce enough insulin due to the malfunction of pancreatic beta cells.

The healthcare provider is teaching a group of students about the characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Which of the following describe the underlying cause of the disease? -Atrophy of pancreatic alpha cells -Destruction of pancreatic beta cells -Cellular resistance to insulin -Increased hepatic glycogenesis

126mm/dL- fasting glucose > 126 is suggestive of DM diagnosis

The lowest fasting plasma glucose level suggestive of a diagnosis of DM is: -90mm/dL -115mg/dL -126mm/dL -180mm/dL

metabolic syndrome

The name for a group of symptoms that occur together and promote the development of CAD, stroke, & Type 2 DM

Palpitations, Diaphoresis, Slurred Speech-Palpitations, an adrenergic symptom, occur as the glucose levels fall; the sympathetic nervous system is activated and epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted causing this response. Diaphoresis is a sympathetic nervous system response that occurs as epinephrine and norepinephrine are released. Slurred speech is a neuroglycopenic symptom; as the brain Receives insufficient glucose, the activity of the CNS becomes depressed.

The nurse is admitting a client with hypoglycemia. Identify the signs and symptoms the nurse should expect. Select all that apply. -Thirst -Palpitations -Diaphoresis -Slurred Speech -Hyperventilation

Serum osmolality 364 mOsm/kg Very dry mucus membranes Blood pressure of 90/42 mm Hg

The nurse is assessing the client who has type 2 DM. Which findings indicate to the nurse that the client is experiencing HHNS? SATA Serum osmolality 364 mOsm/kg Blood glucose level of 160 mg/dL. Very dry mucus membranes Blood pressure of 90/42 mm Hg Urine output 500 mL past 8 hours

-Serum osmolality of 364 mOsm/kg -Very dry mucus membranes -BP of 90/42 mm Hg

The nurse is assessing the client who has type 2 DM. Which findings indicate to the nurse that the patient is experiencing HHNS? SATA -Serum osmolality of 364 mOsm/kg -Very dry mucus membranes -BP of 90/42 mm Hg -Blood glucose level of 160 mg/dL -Urine output of 500 mL/8 hours

The client who states his diabetes is well controlled with diet and exercise: Hgb A1C is 11%

The nurse is caring for multiple clients with DM. It is Most important for the nurse to initiate a referral to a diabetes educator for which client? -The client who states his diabetes is well controlled with diet and exercise: Hgb A1C is 11% -The client requesting diabetes information; fingerstick glucose is 132 mg/dL, Hgb A1C is 5.6% -The client who states perfect compliance with diet, exercise, and meds; Hgb A1C is 7% -The client with short-term memory loss; fingerstick glucose is 110 mg/dL, Hgb A1C id 4.5%

-2,1,3,4 2. The 45 yo who is dyspneic and has chest pressure and new-onset atrial fibrillation. 1. The 60 yo client who is nauseated and has just vomited for the second time. 3. The 75 yo client with a fingerstick blood glucose level of 300 mg/dL. 4. The 50 yo client with a fingerstick blood glucose level of 70 mg/dL.

The nurse is planning to complete noon assessments for four assigned clients with type 1 DM. All of the clients received SQ aspart insulin at 0800 this morning. Place the clients in the order of priority for the nurse's assessment. -The 60 yo client who is nauseated and has just vomited for the second time. -The 45 yo who is dyspneic and has chest pressure and new-onset atrial fibrillation. -The 75 yo client with a fingerstick blood glucose level of 300 mg/dL. -The 50 yo client with a fingerstick blood glucose level of 70 mg/dL.

2, 1,3,4 2. The 45 year-old patient who is dyspneic and has chest pressure and new-onset A-Fib 1. The 60 year-old patient who is nauseated and has just vomited for the second time. 3. The 75 year-old patient with a blood glucose of 300 mg/dL 4. The 50 year-old patient with a blood glucose of 70 mg/dL

The nurse is planning to complete noon assessments for four assigned patients with type 1 DM. All of the patients received SQ insulin aspart at 0800 this morning. Place the patients in the order of priority for the nurse's assessment. 1. The 60 year-old patient who is nauseated and has just vomited for the second time. 2. The 45 year-old patient who is dyspneic and has chest pressure and new-onset A-Fib 3. The 75 year-old patient with a blood glucose of 300 mg/dL 4. The 50 year-old patient with a blood glucose of 70 mg/dL

Normal intraocular pressure (IOP) (IOP would be high with closed-angle glaucoma)

The nurse reviews the chart of the client diagnosed with closed-angle glaucoma. Which documented finding should the nurse questions with the HCP? -Sudden onset of eye pain -Reduced central visual acuity -Normal intraocular pressure -Nausea and vomiting

1,3,2,4-Cloudy, Clear, Clear, Cloudy

The physician orders 36 units of NPH and 12 units of regular insulin. The nurse plans to administer there drugs in 1 syringe. Identify the steps in this procedure by listing them in priority order. 1. Inject air equal to NPH dose into NPH vial 2. Invert regular Insulin bottle and withdraw regular insulin dose 3. Inject air equal to regular dose into regular dose 4. Invert NPH vial with withdraw NPH dose. -1,2,3,4 -1,4,3,2 -1,4,2,3 -1,3,2,4

ketosis

The term for an acculumation of ketone bodies produced during the oxidation of fatty acids is what?

Neuropathy

The term for tingling, numbness, and sensation of "pins and needles" is called what?

Check blood glucose level; provide carbohydrates if less than 70 mg/dL.

Two hours after taking a regular morning dose of regular insulin, the client presents to a clinic with diaphoresis, tremors, palpitations, and tachycardia. Which nursing action is most appropriate? -Check pulse oximetry; if 94% or less, start oxygen at 2 L per nasal cannula. -Give a baby aspirin and one nitroglycerin tablet; obtain an EKG. -Check blood glucose level; provide carbohydrates if less than 70 mg/dL. -Check heart rate; if the HR is > 120 beats per minute, give atenolol 25 mg orally.

Pt has normal beta cells & insulin

Type 2 DM

polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia

What are the primary manifestations of diabetes?

Lipoproteins

What carries cholersterol in our blood?

hypoglycemia

What do you anticipate is happening to this client?

Glucose

What does insulin regulate?

Obesity

What is the most significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes?

Metabolic Syndrome

What is the name for a group of symptoms that occur together and promote the development of coronary artery disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes?

Diabetes Mellitus

What is the result of relative or absolute deficiency of insulin or cellular resistance to insulin?

Education

What nursing intervention is critical in supporting clients and families with diabetes mellitus?

Metabolic

What type of disorder is Diabetes Mellitus?

Fluid Replacement- As a result of osmotic pressures created by increased serum glucose, the cells become dehydrated; the client must receive fluid and then insulin.

When a client is first admitted with hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS), the nurse's priority is to provide: -Oxygen -Carbohydrates -Fluid Replacement -Dietary Instructions

Islets of Langerhans

Where specifically is insulin produced in the body?

Low PCO2, Acetone breath-Metabolic acidosis initiates respiratory compensation in the form of Kussmaul respirations to counteract the effects of ketone buildup, resulting in a lowered PCO2. A fruity odor to the breath (acetone breath) occurs when the ketone level is elevated in ketoacidosis.

Which adaptations should the nurse caring for a client with diabetic ketoacidosis expect the client to exhibit? Select all that apply: -Sweating -Low PCO2 -Retinopathy -Acetone breath -Elevated serum bicarbonate

Hypokalemia

Which electrolyte imbalance results from Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and can be life-threatening?

Retinopathy, neuropathy, and coronary artery disease- These are all chronic complications of diabetes, Dizziness, Dyspnea on exertion, and coronary artery disease are symptoms of aortic valve stenosis. Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and cardiac arrhythmias are symptoms of hyperparathyroidism. Leg ulcers, cerebral ischemic events, and pulmonary infarcts are complications of sickle cell anemia.

Which of the following chronic complications is associated with diabetes? -Dizziness, dyspnea on exertion, and coronary artery disease -Retinopathy, neuropathy, and coronary artery disease -Leg ulcers, cerebral Ischemic events, and pulmonary infarcts -Fatigue, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, and cardiac arrhythmia's

Endocrine

Which system is responsible for hormone production for metabolism and cellular utilization of carbs, proteins, and fats?

Type 1

Which type of diabetes mellitus has a genetic disposition factor?

Insulin

Women with gestational diabetes must take this medication to lower blood sugar levels

postpranial

after a meal