Test
Scholars estimate that turnout would be roughly ________ percentage points higher in the United States if the U.S. had European-style registration. Multiple Choice 7 15 10 2 5
10
The only presidential election in which the Gallup poll erred badly was Multiple Choice 2000 Bush-Gore. 1928 Hoover-Smith. 1964 Johnson-Goldwater. 1936 Roosevelt-Landon. 1948 Truman-Dewey.
1948 Truman-Dewey.
Ticket splitting was MOST prominent during which decade? Multiple Choice 1970s 1950s 1960s 1990s 1980s
1970s
Abraham Lincoln was first elected in 1860 with ________ percent of the popular vote. Multiple Choice 20 60 50 40 80
40
About ________ percent of people who regularly listen to National Public Radio do not donate money to their local station. Multiple Choice 50 90 10 30 70
90
Members of the ________ generate more mail to Congress than any other group. Multiple Choice AARP NEA ACLU NAACP NRA
AARP
A basic reason for the existence of so many interest groups in the United States is Multiple Choice America's federal system of government. the American tradition of free association. All of these answers are correct. the separation of powers in American government. the extent of diverse interests in American society.
All these answers are correct.
Voting Multiple Choice is the most widespread form of political participation. is a limited form of political participation. All these answers are correct. is both a means by which government controls the people and a means by which the people control government. provides citizens with a regular way to express themselves.
All these answers are correct.
If Americans vote less than Europeans, why are they more likely to work for a political campaign than are citizens in Europe? Multiple Choice U.S. candidates pay campaign workers, whereas European candidates do not. European candidates seldom need campaign workers. Americans have more leisure time than Europeans. America's federal system provides more campaign opportunities. Laws in some U.S. communities require citizens to participate in campaigns.
America's federal system provides more campaign opportunities.
Which of the following countries has had the HIGHEST estimated voter turnout in major national elections in recent decades? Multiple Choice Denmark Belgium France United States Germany
Belgium
A candidate for which minor party in 1912 managed to earn more votes than one of his major party opponents? Multiple Choice Populist Socialist Prohibition Reform Bull Moose
Bull Moose
The FCC restriction requiring broadcasters to "afford reasonable opportunity for the discussion of conflicting views of public importance" was known as the Multiple Choice Fairness Doctrine. common-carrier function. "Equal Time" rule. objective-reporting model. signaling function.
Fairness Doctrine.
Of the following television networks, which is typically considered the MOST partisan? Multiple Choice Fox News NBC PBS CBS ABC
Fox News
Staunch conservatives are MOST likely to pay regular attention to Multiple Choice the Daily Show. MSNBC. NPR. Fox News. Rush Limbaugh.
Fox News.
________ is associated with the Era of Good Feeling. Multiple Choice James Monroe Abraham Lincoln George Washington Andrew Jackson Franklin D. Roosevelt
James Monroe
The circulation battle of which two newspapers may have contributed to the outbreak of the Spanish-American War? Multiple Choice Gazette of the United States and National Gazette San Francisco Examiner and San Francisco Chronicle New York Journal and New York World Chicago Tribune and Boston Herald Los Angeles Times and New York Times
New York Journal and New York World
Over the last century, which newspaper has had a lasting reputation as the country's best newspaper? Multiple Choice Miami Herald New York Times Chicago Tribune Washington Times Los Angeles Times
New York Times
What was especially unique about the "Era of Good Feeling"? Multiple Choice Federalists won the election of 1820. The president and vice president were from competing parties. Political parties were banned. President Monroe ran unopposed in 1820. Jefferson's faction adopted the label "Republican."
President Monroe ran unopposed in 1820.
In 1992, ________ won 19 percent of the popular vote in the presidential election. Multiple Choice Bill Clinton Pat Buchanan George H. W. Bush Ralph Nader Ross Perot
Ross Perot
Which region of the country overall has the LOWEST connectivity to the Internet? Multiple Choice South Plains states Northeast West Coast Midwest
South
Yellow journalism contributed most notably to public support for the Multiple Choice Civil War. Spanish-American War. American Revolution. Mexican War of 1848. War of 1812.
Spanish-American War.
________ does not have a competitive multiparty system. Multiple Choice The United States Sweden The Netherlands Italy Germany
The United States
One of the reasons voter turnout is lower in the United States than in Western European countries is that Multiple Choice Americans pay less attention to politics. U.S. registration laws place a greater burden on the individual. Europeans must pay a huge fine if they fail to vote. None of these answers is correct. the U.S. population is not as well educated.
U.S. registration laws place a greater burden on the individual.
Which of the following states is solidly Democratic? Multiple Choice Washington Texas Utah Idaho Georgia
Washington
________ once said that he spent nearly all his adult life in government and yet had never seen a government. Multiple Choice Theodore Roosevelt George W. Bush Abraham Lincoln Harry Truman Woodrow Wilson
Woodrow Wilson
As distinct from alienation, apathy is Multiple Choice a feeling of powerlessness. widespread among affluent Americans. a general lack of interest in politics. associated with a high rate of voter turnout. a sign that the political system is working properly.
a general lack of interest in politics.
One consequence of today's high-choice media system is Multiple Choice that individual choice is actually more limited. None of these answers is correct. a narrowing in the information divide. that individuals are more informed. a widening in the partisan divide.
a widening in the partisan divide.
The news provides a refracted version of reality because it Multiple Choice is biased in favor of a Democratic viewpoint. is biased in favor of a conservative perspective. is biased in favor of a liberal perspective. emphasizes dramatic and compelling news stories. is biased in favor of a Republican viewpoint.
emphasizes dramatic and compelling news stories.
In twentieth-century American history, the most important minor parties were ________ parties. Multiple Choice reform factional ideological non-aligned single-issue
factional
The accuracy of polling is diminished when respondents Multiple Choice admit they are not familiar with an issue and offer no opinion. have an opinion and reveal it. are asked about familiar issues. give what they regard as the socially correct response. None of these answers is correct.
give what they regard as the socially correct response.
On both radio and television, the most successful partisan talk shows Multiple Choice have been hosted by conservatives. have been hosted by teams of journalists holding multiple partisan viewpoints. have been hosted by nonpartisan journalists. have had no discernible political bias. have been hosted by liberals.
have been hosted by conservatives.
Most broadcast news journalists Multiple Choice are strong Republicans. are strong Democrats. lean Republican. have no political views. lean Democratic.
lean Democratic.
In the dynamics of an iron triangle, what benefit do interest groups provide to friendly government agencies? Multiple Choice services for constituents administration of mutually beneficial policies travel funds lobbying support for agency programs campaign contributions
lobbying support for agency programs
Multiple Choice more in the United States than in Europe. None of these answers is correct. more in Europe than in the United States. only in national elections in Europe. only in national elections in the United States.
more in the United States than in Europe.
Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann's "spiral of silence" theory contends that Multiple Choice most individuals are reluctant to speak out against the dominant opinion. All these answers are correct. most individuals like to challenge dominant opinions. people tend not to express their views until asked. people holding deviant opinions tend to be more vocal, and hence silence the majority.
most individuals are reluctant to speak out against the dominant opinion.
What term do scholars use for a purported opinion offered by a respondent who is unfamiliar with the specific issue? Multiple Choice faulty opinion non-opinion uninformed response invalid answer confused response
non-opinion
Selective perception is primarily a result of Multiple Choice partisanship. religion. race and ethnicity. economic class. age and generational beliefs.
partisanship.
The Watergate scandal illustrates the Multiple Choice ability of the press to serve as the public's representative in political disputes. power of the media to serve as watchdog to safeguard against abuses of power. inadequacy of the media as a common-carrier to the public. abuse of power by journalists in the United States. futility of media attempts to forecast political events.
power of the media to serve as watchdog to safeguard against abuses of power.
Grassroots lobbying is based on the assumption that officials will respond to Multiple Choice the opportunity for extensive media publicity. the efforts of party organizations. well-reasoned policy arguments. moral pleas. pressure from constituents.
pressure from constituents.
One special contribution of Internet-based news is that it Multiple Choice provides slower, more deliberative reporting. None of these answers is correct. prevents rampant editorializing. offers more unbiased reporting. provides the ordinary citizen with an opportunity to be part of the news system.
provides the ordinary citizen with an opportunity to be part of the news system.
The most powerful religious force in contemporary American society is the Multiple Choice religious right. Jews. Protestants. Catholics. Muslims.
religious right.
The accuracy of a poll is usually expressed in terms of Multiple Choice sampling error. population error. population density. interview error. census parameter.
sampling error.
On-the-scene coverage of a natural disaster is an example of the press's role of Multiple Choice watchdog. signaler. common-carrier. partisan advocate. interpreter.
signaler.
The Supreme Court ruling in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) ultimately led to the creation of Multiple Choice PACs. the AARP. super PACs. independent-expenditure-committees (IECs). election reform.
super PACs.
The reason the news product is designed to fascinate as well as to inform is Multiple Choice of the need to compete with Hollywood productions. that news organizations are fundamentally businesses and must obtain revenue to survive. None of these answers is correct. that the print media wish to emulate the broadcast media. of the high level of illiteracy.
that news organizations are fundamentally businesses and must obtain revenue to survive.
Some analysts predict that soon the most important medium of election politics will be Multiple Choice the Internet. newspapers. television. magazines. radio.
the internet.
The news media's common-carrier role is based on the idea that Multiple Choice the press should not charge for public service announcements. the press should provide a channel through which political leaders can communicate their views to the public. the press should be patriotic in the reporting of the news. various news organizations should interpret the news in nearly the same way. the news will be available to all citizens.
the press should provide a channel through which political leaders can communicate their views to the public.
The news media's common-carrier role is based on the idea that Multiple Choice the press should provide a channel through which political leaders can communicate their views to the public. the press should be patriotic in the reporting of the news. the press should not charge for public service announcements. various news organizations should interpret the news in nearly the same way. the news will be available to all citizens.
the press should provide a channel through which political leaders can communicate their views to the public.
What development brought about a dramatic reduction in television's capacity to generate an interest in news? Multiple Choice the rise of Internet news consumption the loss of objective journalistic standards the rapid spread of cable a drop in education levels in the United States an increase in newspaper circulation
the rapid spread of cable
To accurately poll the citizens of the United States as opposed to the citizens of a single state, Multiple Choice a much larger sample size will be required. the sample requirements will be nearly the same. a smaller sample size will be required. a larger sampling error can be accepted. less randomization will be needed because the sample size will be larger.
the sample requirements will be nearly the same.
Citizens' interest groups are distinguished from economic interest groups by the fact that Multiple Choice All of these answers are correct. they do not lobby government officials directly, but rely instead on public service announcements to get their views across to society. they always pursue goals in which there is a high level of agreement among society members. their leaders are elected by secret ballot among the group's members. their members receive no direct economic benefit from attainment of the group's goals.
their members receive no direct economic benefit from attainment of the group's goals.
States with the most restrictive voter registration laws also have Multiple Choice the highest rates of verified voter fraud. the highest percentage of eligible voters registered. turnout rates well below the national average. the lowest rates of verified voter fraud. turnout rates comparable to the national average.
turnout rates well below the national average.
In comparison with citizens in Western European democracies, Americans are LESS likely to Multiple Choice All these answers are correct. vote in national elections. join an interest group. participate in community activities. actively work in an election campaign.
vote in national elections
Voter turnout is LOWEST in which age group? Multiple Choice Voter turnout is essentially the same for all age groups. middle-aged adults older adults senior citizens young adults
young adults
When democratic governments came into existence, tax and food riots and other forms of protest greatly diminished. Why? Multiple Choice A government safety net ensured basic needs were met. None of these answers is correct. The wealth of citizens increased dramatically with democratic freedoms and liberty. Citizens had less-disruptive ways to express themselves. Social scientists have been studying this phenomenon but do not have a conclusive answer.
Citizens had less-disruptive ways to express themselves.
Partisan talk radio got its start Multiple Choice on the day of Rush Limbaugh's first broadcast. after cable television led the way. in the early 1990s after the election of Democrat Bill Clinton. after the abolition of the Fairness Doctrine. during the late 1930s.
after the abolition of the Fairness Doctrine.
An informal grouping of officials, lobbyists, and policy specialists who come together temporarily around a policy problem is Multiple Choice a policy system. an issue network. an iron triangle. a caucus. an ideological network.
an issue network
In his definition of public opinion, the author states that the opinions of private individuals become public opinion when they Multiple Choice become part of the conflict between populists and libertarians. first enter people's heads. are openly expressed. are measured in opinion polls. become part of the conflict between the Republican and Democratic parties.
are openly expressed.
The news media are MOST likely to focus on, among the following, events that Multiple Choice happen to ordinary citizens. occur in other countries. affect small numbers of people. are complicated to report. are timely.
are timely.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has regulatory oversight over which of the following? Multiple Choice Internet content newspapers broadcast radio magazines All of these answers are correct.
broadcast radio
Some groups pursue collective goods. A collective good is one that Multiple Choice cannot be selectively granted or denied to individuals; it must be shared. is secured by the president. is provided by a public service organization. is secured by Congress. None of these answers is correct.
cannot be selectively granted or denied to individuals; it must be shared.
Which of the following would NOT be considered a secondary socializing agent? Multiple Choice the media leaders None of these answers is correct, as ALL represent secondary socializing agents. peers church
church
All of the following ideological types are prevalent in the United States EXCEPT Multiple Choice communists. populists. libertarians. conservatives. liberals.
commiunists.
In comparison with today's newspapers, early American newspapers Multiple Choice could not have survived without political party support. were more widely read. were written by hand. All of these answers are correct. were so inexpensive that nearly everyone read a daily paper.
could not have survived without political party support.
Theodore Lowi's theory of interest-group liberalism Multiple Choice constitutes a partial and wrongful abdication by government of its authority over policy. deals with the tendency of officials to support the policy demands of the interest group or groups that have a special stake in a policy. argues that lawmakers are rightly prevented from using government to promote group interests. posits that interest groups result in an efficient use of society's resources. describes the effect of groups on policy, resulting in a system of rule by majorities.
deals with the tendency of officials to support the policy demands of the interest group or groups that have a special stake in a policy.
During the era of objective journalism, the commitment of newspapers to two-sided news reporting Multiple Choice did not extend to their editorializing. was uniform throughout the sections of a newspaper. All of these answers are correct. was enshrined in the editorial section. deteriorated democracy in the United States.
did not extend to their editorializing.
Literacy tests were used to Multiple Choice ensure that women voted with their husbands, who legally controlled the money in a marriage. ensure that the people who voted would take the vote seriously. help subsidize public education in the North. disenfranchise African Americans in the South. finance election campaigns.
disenfranchise African Americans in the South.
One's sense of civic duty and sense of apathy are attitudes that are usually acquired from one's Multiple Choice community. economic status. experience with voting. parents. education.
parents.
Daily Kos and the Drudge Report are MOST similar to Multiple Choice news programs. talk shows. entertainment shows. reality TV. weekly news magazines.
talk shows.
The reason the news product is designed to fascinate as well as to inform is Multiple Choice that the print media wish to emulate the broadcast media. None of these answers is correct. of the high level of illiteracy. of the need to compete with Hollywood productions. that news organizations are fundamentally businesses and must obtain revenue to survive.
that news organizations are fundamentally businesses and must obtain revenue to survive.
During what decade did the American television network news audience change from a growing to a shrinking one? Multiple Choice the 1970s the 1990s the 1980s The audience has not yet begun to shrink. the 1960s
the 1980s
Which citizens' group did a Fortune magazine survey rank as the nation's most powerful lobbying group? Multiple Choice the NAACP the AFL-CIO the AARP Common Cause MADD
the AARP
The dominant labor interest group is Multiple Choice the AFL-CIO. the Teamsters Union. the Communication Workers of America. United Auto Workers. the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers.
the AFL-CIO.
Which of the following represents the greatest blow to the organizational strength of U.S. parties? Multiple Choice the direct primary Jacksonian democracy the national convention voter registration the emergence of PACs
the direct primary
Negative campaigning in presidential elections was first used in Multiple Choice the early years of the country. the 1860 election. the 1960s. Andrew Jackson's campaigns for the presidency. the Depression years.
the early years of the country
Which of the following is true of age differences in news consumption? Multiple Choice About 60 percent of young adults pay little or no attention on a regular basis to any news source. Age differences in news consumption shrink for Internet-based news but do not disappear. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to access the web. The disparity in age for news consumption is greater with television than with newspapers. Younger adults are more than twice as likely as older adults to use the web for news consumption.
Age differences in news consumption shrink for Internet-based news but do not disappear.
Which of the following is true of age differences in news consumption? Multiple Choice About 60 percent of young adults pay little or no attention on a regular basis to any news source. Age differences in news consumption shrink for Internet-based news but do not disappear. The disparity in age for news consumption is greater with television than with newspapers. Younger adults are more than twice as likely as older adults to use the web for news consumption. Older adults are more likely than younger adults to access the web.
Age differences in news consumption shrink for Internet-based news but do not disappear.
Political parties serve to Multiple Choice provide a way for like-minded leaders and citizens to work together. connect citizens with government. offer the public a choice between policies and leaders. All these answers are correct. enable people with different backgrounds and opinions to act together.
All these answers are correct.
________, a Populist, won electoral votes in six states in the presidential election of 1892. Multiple Choice Theodore Roosevelt James B. Weaver Benjamin Harrison Chester Arthur William Jennings Bryan
James B. Weaver
Which of the following statements about Americans and ideology and political thinking is true? Multiple Choice Liberalism and conservatism have such imprecise meanings that it is not useful to think about politics in these terms. Only a minority of Americans can be classified as true ideologues. Americans overwhelmingly identify themselves as liberals. Americans are highly consistent in their political thinking. Americans are highly sophisticated in their political thinking.
Only a minority of Americans can be classified as true ideologues.
________ elections tend to draw the largest percentage of voters in the U.S. Multiple Choice Primary Gubernatorial Presidential Congressional Mayoral
Presidential
What party has made big gains in recent decades among white fundamentalist Christians, based on its positions on topics like abortion and school prayer? Multiple Choice Democratic Green Socialist Reform Republican
Republican
Historically, the American press has shifted from Multiple Choice a journalistic to a political orientation. objectivity to subjectivity. partisan to very partisan. a political to a journalistic orientation. negative to positive.
a political to a journalistic orientation.
An interest group that focuses on policy benefits for senior citizens would be an example of Multiple Choice a single-issue group. a business group. a philosophical interest group. an ideological group. a professional group.
a single issue group.
All of the following are characteristic of a party realignment EXCEPT Multiple Choice a very close electoral result. an enduring change in the parties' coalitions. an election in which voters shift their partisan support. an enduring change in the parties' policies. the emergence of unusually powerful and divisive issues.
a very close electoral result.
The most fully organized interests are those that have which of the following as their primary purpose? Multiple Choice reform of government economic activity civil liberties labor reform environmental protection
economic activity
Students are MOST likely to hear stories about America's heroes and greatness when they are in Multiple Choice elementary school. high school. graduate school. middle school. an undergraduate college program.
elementary school
In terms of news consumption, since the 1980s young adults Multiple Choice have been less informed than older ones. have remained on par with older adults in terms of news consumption. have experienced a rise in news consumption because of the Internet. have experienced a rise in news consumption because of cable news channels. have been more informed than older ones.
have been less informed than older ones.
In terms of news consumption, since the 1980s young adults Multiple Choice have remained on par with older adults in terms of news consumption. have been less informed than older ones. have experienced a rise in news consumption because of cable news channels. have been more informed than older ones. have experienced a rise in news consumption because of the Internet.
have been less informed than older ones.
When it comes to protest activities, a majority of Americans are Multiple Choice supportive of violent activities if the cause warrants such an approach. actively involved only later in their lives, when they feel more secure that a protest is justified. not highly supportive of such activities, despite America's tradition of free expression. actively involved in protests at one time or another in their lives. willing to contribute through financial support but not through active participation.
not highly supportive of such activities, despite America's tradition of free expression.
Negative television campaign ads Multiple Choice are, while negative, usually factually accurate. can only be run by the official campaign of a candidate. are less prominent now than they were three decades ago. None of these answers is correct. now constitute the largest share of political ads.
now constitute the largest share of political ads.
The main reason for the high cost of American political campaigns is the cost of Multiple Choice actually raising campaign funds. paying pollsters. paying campaign managers. paying for media ads. complying with Federal Election Commission rules.
paying for media ads.
Which of the following is NOT a primary socializing agent? Multiple Choice school peers family None of these are primary socializing agents. church
peers
The term "framing" is used to describe the Multiple Choice nature of media reporting when objectivity has weakened and the system has tilted in favor of yellow journalism. media's obligation to convey a uniform and standard interpretation of a situation. primary right of the media that is protected by the First Amendment. process of selecting certain aspects of reality and then crafting news stories around those aspects. media's ability to influence what is on people's minds.
process of selecting certain aspects of reality and then crafting news stories around those aspects
Effective inside lobbying is based upon Multiple Choice using the media to exert pressure. bribing or threatening officials. mobilizing the group's members. countering the aims of other groups. providing useful and persuasive information to key officials.
providing useful and persuasive information to key officials.
The "long tail" is a phenomenon related to the Multiple Choice degree of editorializing by broadcast news. rate of Internet news readership. partisan nature of Internet news. increase in the age gap of news readership. partisan flavor of talk shows.
rate of Internet news readership.
MSNBC responded to Fox's ratings success by Multiple Choice increasing the number of talk shows hosted by liberals. attempting to lure audiences by focusing on their unbiased news reporting. reducing the number of talk shows in their line-up. installing talk-show hosts with nonpartisan appeal. recasting themselves as the liberal alternative to Fox.
recasting themselves as the liberal alternative to Fox.
In recent decades, lobbyists in Washington, D.C., have increasingly Multiple Choice relied exclusively on inside lobbying as the means of achieving their policy goals. targeted the executive branch in their efforts to influence policy decisions. worked to defeat incumbent members of Congress in order to replace them with members who would be more supportive. ignored the judicial branch as a means of influencing policy decisions. relied on coercive tactics, such as threats of withdrawing election support.
relied exclusively on inside lobbying as the means of achieving their policy goals.
Objective journalism is based on the idea that the reporter's job is to Multiple Choice scrutinize the partisan debate, and inform the news audience about which party has the better argument. report the facts and cover alternative sides of a partisan debate. discover what other reporters are saying and provide a uniform interpretation of events. All of these answers are correct. report what political leaders want them to report.
report the facts and cover alternative sides of a partisan debate.
The key factors in determining the accuracy of an opinion poll are the Multiple Choice sample size and whether the sample has the same percentage of men and women as the population. sample size and the timeline over which the sample was taken. anonymous nature of the sampling process and sample size. population size and the sample size. size of the sample and whether the sample was selected from the population by a random method.
size of the sample and whether the sample was selected from the population by a random method.
National party organizations can dictate the day-to-day decisions of Multiple Choice state party organizations only. neither local nor state party organizations. party leaders in Congress. local and state party organizations. local party organizations only.
state party organizations only.
Regular voters tend to be characterized by a Multiple Choice desire to use government as a vehicle to help other Americans rather than themselves. strong sense of alienation, which motivates them to try to change government. All these answers are correct. strong sense of civic duty. strong sense of independence, which motivates them to try to defeat incumbents.
strong sense of civic duty.
The rise of the Internet as a news source has Multiple Choice led to a small but significant increase in the partisan divide. led to a small but significant decrease in the partisan divide. had no appreciable impact on the partisan divide. substantially decreased the partisan divide. substantially increased the partisan divide.
substantially increased the partisan divide.
The yellow journalism of the late nineteenth century was characterized by Multiple Choice its appearance solely in weekly and monthly magazines. prejudice against Asian people and countries. an unwillingness to take editorial positions because of a fear of losing circulation. the emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers. the desire to present the news in an objective manner.
the emphasis on sensationalism as a way of selling newspapers.
A flaw in pluralism theory is the fact that Multiple Choice the interest group system is unrepresentative, because some interests are far better organized and more powerful than others. political parties better represent different interests than do interest groups. All of these answers are correct. larger groups always prevail politically over smaller groups. the public interest is never served by policies that promote special interests.
the interest group system is unrepresentative, because some interests are far better organized and more powerful than others.
One of the reasons the reporting of national news is relatively uniform among news sources is that Multiple Choice there are only a few important events each day that merit news coverage. modern journalists have become fairly lazy and use mostly wire reports to create news copy for the network newscasts. the network newscasts are brief and the day's top stories tend to dominate. reporters are not given much freedom by their editors. the government dictates much of what is reported.
the network newscasts are brief and the day's top stories tend to dominate.
The news media's common-carrier role is based on the idea that Multiple Choice the press should provide a channel through which political leaders can communicate their views to the public. various news organizations should interpret the news in nearly the same way. the press should not charge for public service announcements. the news will be available to all citizens. the press should be patriotic in the reporting of the news.
the press should provide a channel through which political leaders can communicate their views to the public.